CASE STUDY: BIOMASS IN INDIA 2011

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.1. National electricity policy 2002..2 1.2. Achievement....3 1.3Installation cost.3

2. Case Study: Biomass power Project in Andhra Pradesh

2.1 Overview 4 2.2 Factors influencing the programme ..4 2.3 Fuel procurement 4 2.4 Fuel processing/preparation.5 2.5 Investment .5 2.6 Parameters of main equipment 5 2.7 Problems and constraints ..6 2.8 Power generation. 6

3. Case Study: Biomass based Power Project at Kothara, Gujarat

3.1 The demonstration project: Blazing a new trail ..8 3.2 Tree species .8 3.3 Cost break-up ..8 3.4 Location ...8 3.5 Capacity details ...9 3.6 Power from a Mad Tree9 3.7 Learning and experience ...10

4. Case study: Kasai Village electrification with 100% biomass

4.1 Location.11 4.2 Participation of the local community.11 4.3 Village Energy Committee.11 4.4 Project execution and capacity building 11 4.5 End-users and benefits of the project.11

5. Case study: Energy recovery from urban wastes in India

5.1 Potential for urban waste ..12 5.2 Municipal solid-waste based power project at Hyderabad .12 5.3 Process of pelletization .13 5.4 Phase II 6.6 MW power project...13 5.5 Design of the boiler13

References..14

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CASE STUDY: BIOMASS IN INDIA 2011 BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE IN INDIA 1. INTRODUCTION
Biomass has always been an important energy source in India. Although, the energy scenario in India today indicates a growing dependence on the conventional forms of energy, about 32% of the total primary energy use in the country is still derived from biomass and more than 70% of the countrys population depends upon it for its energy needs. The Government of India, through its Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES), has been aware of the potential and role of biomass energy in the Indian context and, hence, has initiated a number of programmes for promotion of modern technologies for its use in various sectors of the economy to ensure derivation of maximum benefits. Biomass power generation in India is an industry that attracts investments of over Rs.600 crores ever y year, generating more than 5000 million units of electricity and yearly employment of more than 10 million man-days in the rural areas. The three main technologies being promoted by the MNES for productive utilization of biomass are bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar mills, biomass power generation, and biomassgasification for thermal and electrical applications. The Government of India has a well-framed national policy with objectives to promote biomass power generation systems. Requisite clauses are inserted in the Electricity Act, 2003. There is an installed capacity of 302 MW through biomass gasification and 437 MW through cogeneration till March 2005. Case studies of a few of the installed plants are collected and analyzed to consolidate the value of learning and experience. 1.1.1. National electricity policy 2005 a) The National Electricity Policy aims at achieving the following objectives: b) Access to Electricity available for all households in the next five years, c) Availability of power demand to be fully met by 2012. Energy and peaking shortages to be overcome and spinning reserve to be available, d) Supply of reliable and quality power of specific standards in an efficient manner and at reasonable rates, e) Per capita availability of electricity to be increased to over 1000 units by 2012, f) Minimum lifeline consumption of 1 unit/household/day as a merit good by 2012,
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g) Financial turnaround and commercial viability of electricity sector, and h) Protection of consumers interests.

1.2. Achievements
A power-generation capacity of about 302 MW has been commissioned through 54 projects, as on March 2005. A further capacity addition of about 270 MW through 39 projects is reported to be under implementation. The biomass materials that have been used for power generation in these projects include rice husk, cotton stalk, mustard stalk, Prosopis juliflora (Vilayati babul), poultry litter, bagasse, cane trash, etc. State-wise distribution of the commissioned plants and the plants under implementation is given in Table 1 below (as on 31 March, 2005). : Table 1 Details of power projects commissioned and under implementation State Andhra Pradesh Chhatisgarh Gujrat Haryana Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab Rajasthan Tamilnadu Uttarpradesh Total Commissioned capacity No. of projects 37 2 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 4 54 (MW) 194.2 11.0 0.5 4 36 1 3.5 10 7.8 34.5 302.5 Under implementation capacity No. of projects 11 5 11 1 1 4 6 39 (MW) 70.25 51 61 6 6 29.10 48.50 271.85

Source: Booklets on Renewable Energy - No.2 Biomass published by Ministry of Nonconventional Energy Sources, Government of India

1.3 Installation cost

The typical capital cost for biomass power projects range from Rs.3.00 crores/MW to Rs.4.00 crores/MW. The cost of generation depends upon the cost of biomass, the plant load factor, and the efficiency of the conversion.
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2. Case Study: Biomass power Project in Andhra Pradesh

2.1 Overview
This case study is about a multi-biomass based on direct combustion grid-connected power plant using steam turbine. Biomass based power projects are promoted in Andhra Pradesh by Ministry of Non- Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), Non-Conventional Energy Development Agency (NEDA) and Government of Andhra Pradesh. The first project was commissioned in 1996 and most of the plants are established in 2001. The present installed capacity in the State is 206 MW. The typical size of the plants is 6 MW. In ever y district of the State, these plants are in operation.

2.2 Factors influencing the programme

The State has a favorable tariff regime. The third-party sale is permitted. There are lower wheeling charges and availability of multiple biomass is abundant. Later the regulator has prohibited the third-party sale, but allowed the MNES tariff rate from the year 2000. The tariff was revised to Rs.2.88 per kWh in place of Rs.3.46. Again the rate was enhanced to Rs.3.18 from Rs.2.88 with the intervention of court. The Plant Load Factory (PLF) was pegged to 80%. Due to these factors there was a loss of interest for developers to set up new plants. The project was commenced in June 2000 and completed by December 2001. 2.3 Fuel procurement Different types of biomass was utilized and the procurement methods are as follows: a) Rice husk from rice mills b) Bagasse from sugar plants c) Jute stick from farmers d) Casuarinas trees from Agro-Farming e) Cotton and red gram stalks from farmers f) Woody biomass from farmers g) Groundnut shell from oil mills h) Jute waste from jute mills The plant was installed by Varun Power Projects (P) Ltd. The capacity of the plant was 6 MW. The project is first of its kind without much industrial experience. The plant is located at Chilakapalem, at Srikakulam District in Andhra Pradesh. The selection of appropriate location is done with the following criteria:
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a) Ensuring the availability of biomass resources, in surplus b) Only one plant in the district c) Adequate availability of ground water resources d) Location of the plant adjacent to the existing grid of 132 KV sub-station e) Location of the site on the National Highway connecting Howrah, Chennai f) Ensured logistic requirement, including biomass mobilization

2.4 Fuel processing/preparation

Only rice husk was fired as it is without processing. All wood biomass was chipped in to smaller pieces using chipping machine. Bushy wastes like stalks are cut into small pieces using biomass shredder.

2.5 Investment
The project is set up at a total cost of Rs.2440 lakhs including land, buildings, plant and machinery and fixed deposit collected by IREDA Means of finance: Term Loan Equity Rs. 1827 lakhs Rs. 613 lakhs

The project was funded by IREDA. Subsequently due to increase in the cost of biomass fuel, reduction in tariff, the company shifted the loan to a commercial bank to reduce the interest cost. Equipment packages: a) Turbo generator and auxiliaries b) Boiler and Auxiliaries c) Fuel handling system d) Cooling water circulation system e) Ash handling system f) Compressed Air System g) RO/DM Water treatment system h) Air conditioning and Ventilation i) Fire protection j) Power evacuation and auxiliary power distribution system k) Controls and instrumentation l) Civil and structural works 2.6 Parameters of main equipment
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a) Boiler configuration is as follows. b) 495 Deg.C, 65 kg /cm - 27 TPH Travelling grate fired boiler 2 c) Turbine configuration is given bellow. d) 495 Deg. C, 65 kg /cm - fully condensing type 9000 rpm machine 2.7 Problems and constraints a) New kind of industry and market b) Fuel processing. c) Continuous and constant fuel feeding rate d) Fuel required, size of the fuel to feed is up to a maximum of 20 mm. e) Woody and bushy biomass is needed to be processed for required size f) Because of volumes in nature, low bulk density procurement of biomass to the site adds high overhead expenses g) Biomass ash is highly alkaline in nature. It r enquires frequent cleaning and maintenance of the tubes. h) Being grid connected to rural sub-stations, occurring of high grid fluctuation, it demands continuous attention. i) High moisture content of the fuel results in low boiler efficiency j) Frequently reducing and varying tariff rate maintains high PLF k) PLF has been pegged to 80% 2.8 Power generation. The unit operates at more than 80% of PLF. The average power generation rate, over a period of three years, is 438 lakhs of unit per annum. 1.1 kg of biomass per kWh, is considered as base for tariff calculation. The details of power generation are provided in the following table 2: Table 2 Details of power generation Sl. No 1 2 3 4 Year 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 Average *The average PLF (Plant Load Factor) is 83 .3% Units generated in lakhs 428 471 415 438

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A view of the Biomass storage and conveyer system of the biomass power plant in Andhra Pradesh

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CASE STUDY: BIOMASS IN INDIA 2011 3. Case Study: Biomass based Power Project at Kothara, Gujarat
3.1 The demonstration project: Blazing a new trail The Gujarat Energy Development Authority (GEDA) took up Energy Plantation Programmes in the wastelands of Kuch in a major way since the early 1980s. These programmes are multidimensional in nature with linkages to energy supply, food and fodder, soil regeneration, ecological development and local employment generation. 3.2 Tree species The tree species for plantation were Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora, Acacia tortillas, Eucalyptus, Subabul and Casurina. These are hardy specimens that can survive in harsh climates, poor soils and minimal water conditions. At the same time, they are also able to regenerate the soil. By their very name, energy plantations mean that they are grown for cyclical harvesting whereby the trees, once they attain specific height, are cropped or coppiced periodically for their biomass, a sustainable resource. Biomass yields from energy plantations usually range from 4-8 tonnes per ha per year. GEDAs energy plantations in district Kuch cover 1450 ha at different agro-climatic locations in villages Moti Sindhodi, Lathedi, Vingabe and Kosha in taluka Abdasa. 3.3 Cost break-up The total project cost is Rs.200 lakhs, with plant and machinery at Rs.160 lakhs and civil work at Rs.30 lakhs. The project objective is to feed a minimum of 500 kW electric power into the grid at Kothara Sub-station. The salient features are as under in table 6.13

Table 6: Salient features

3.4 Location When the proposal for a demonstration power project was mooted, village Kothara was selected as the project site from among two other sites, Moti Sindhodi and Nalia, for the
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various advantages it offered. Biomass feedstock comes here f rom the Kuch Energy Plantation sites. The project has a status of a National Demonstration Project with a significant R&D component. The Kothara Biomass Power Plant is located in village Kothara, taluka Abdasa, district Kuch. Kothara is 80 km from Bhuj, the district headquarters, and at a distance of 1.2 km from the GEB gridline of Kotharas 66 Sub-station. This closeness to the gridline is one of the most critical plus points for the selection of Kothara site since grid connectivity costs were eliminated and the project investment based on a preliminary survey came down drastically. The analysis also brought down the transmission costs considerably since T & D losses were very low. The recurring expenditure also dropped considerably. Kothara is located at a distance of average 20 km from each of the GEDA Energy Plantation sites at Moti Sindhodi, Lathedi and Kosha. This reduces transportation costs of the feedstock to the power plant site. The database generated will help study the techno-economic feasibility of large capacity biomass-based generation on grid parallel operation with GEB. Kothara was also selected because the load at the GEB Sub-station at Kothara was the minimum amongst the other sub-stations in the taluka, and it allowed easy and more viable grid connectivity. The fact that the land for the Power Plant was available on easy terms very near the Substation (1.2 km) also considerably reduced the cost of the transmission line installation for the project and therefore, made Kothara an attractive proposition. 3.5 Capacity details The demonstration plant is equipped with a single unit of 500 kW gasifier. It has state-of-the art electrical including control panels, transformer, synchronizing equipment with complete safety systems for grid paralleling. The plant is equipped with extensive instrumentation, data logging and laboratory materials. It is the first such project in the country and will prove conclusively that if such projects are set up in appropriate locations with proper organizational infrastructure, rural areas can benefit from them on a long-term basis. 3.6 Power from a Mad Tree Prosopis juliflora or gando bawal (the mad tree) was introduced in Kuch in the 1950s and 1960s to check the spread of the Little Rann of Kuch. Now the problem is the thorny trees unrestricted spread in the shrinking pasturelands of Banni, which is losing its pastures at the rate of 2673 ha per year to the gando bawal, as data from Indian Remote Sensing Satellites has shown. The gando bawal is a highly aggressive tree. It coppices well annual average growth
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has been recorded to be up to 3-5 meters. It thrives in difficult physical conditions, and due to its ability to strike root and flourish in highly degraded soils. 3.7 Learning and experience a. Due to several reasons, the project did not sustain: b. Collection and transportation of thorny biomass from a large geographical area, c. Poor quality of the local grid, d. Constrains due to dual-fuel mode, particularly 30% of the diesel cost and certain logical problems of organizing it to the site, e. Miss-match of the existing load and installed capacity. It is, therefore, proposed to go for a 100% gasifier based power generation system and to improve the quality of the grid.

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4. Case study: Kasai Village electrification with 100% biomass

4.1 Location Kasai is a remote tribal village in the Betul District of Madhya Pradesh in India. In Madhya Pradesh, eleven such villages were selected to electrif y using biomass gasifier system under the electrification programme of the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES). 4.2 Participation of the local community a. Participation of the local community was ensured after detailed group discussions at the initial stages of the project. b. Active participation is essential for wood collection and day-to-day operation and maintenance of the system. c. Community participation in overall system management. 4.3 Village Energy Committee a. A Committee comprising 11 members (of which five women) were constituted. b. A village energy fund was created by contribution from all the users. c. A sum of Rs.120/- per month per household was collected to meet the expenditure on operation and maintenance of the system. d. A Village Energy Committee (VEC) was set up by the Gram Panchayat. e. The VEC was responsible for operation and maintenance of the system. f. Fixation and collection of user charges and overall management. 4.4 Project execution and capacity building A 10 kWe 100% biomass based power generation project was executed in May 2005 and commissioned within two months by the local Forestry Department. 4.5 End-users and benefits of the project a. Lighting of households, school, and streets. b. Bring music systems and television into the village for entertainment. c. 10 ha of land around the village is planted with fast growth species to ensure sustainable biomass supply. d. Oil expellers to produce bio-oil from Jatroppha seeds is under planning stage. e. Flour mill, water pump, milk chilling units is also being planned.

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CASE STUDY: BIOMASS IN INDIA 2011 5. Case study: Energy recovery from urban wastes in India
5.1 Potential for urban waste Indias population as per census 2001 is 1027 million, of which 285.35 million reside in 5161 urban areas. It constitutes 27.8% of the total population of the country. The problem of urban waste management is notable for only because of large quantities of waste involved, but also due to its spatial spread across 5161 urban local bodies, and the enormity and variety of problems faced in setting up of systems for collection, transportation, and disposal of waste. According to a recent estimate, about 42 MT (million tonnes) of solid waste (1.15 lakh tonnes per day) and 6000 million cubic meter of liquid waste are generated every year by our urban population. The composition of the urban waste in given in table 10 below: Table 10: Composition of urban waste

This translates into a potential for generation of over 1700 MW of power from urban waste in the country. 5.2 Municipal solid-waste based power project at Hyderabad A waste-to-energy plant was taken by M/s SIL (Selco International Ltd) in 1999 based on the RDF (refuse derived fuel) technology, for production of RDF pellets, which can be used as an alternative to coal for energy production. While a project for production of RDF pellets was taken in 1999 as Phase I of the project, the second phase of the project for utilization of RDF for generation of power was completed in November 2003. The total cost of the project is about Rs.43.50 crores. The plant was commissioned in November 2003, and has been operational since then with maintenance shutdown for 1-3 days per month. Phase I (Pelletization project) This plant is located next to the Gandhamguda municipal waste dump, which receives 1300 MT of garbage every day from Hyderabad city. The installed capacity of the plant is 1000 TPD (tonnes per day), and it has the capacity to produce 200-250 TPD of fuel pellets. The calorific value of fuel pellets produced in the first phase was of the order of 3000 kcal/kg (kilocalories per kilogram), and pellets were reported as having ash content
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of less than 10%. Technology for production of RDF and fuel pellets from MSW was obtained from TIFAC (Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council) and DST (Department of Science and Technology). SIL is processing about 500 MT of MSW for production of about 150 TPD of RDF fluff. 5.3Process of pelletization a. Solar drying yard: a rotary dryer fired with MSW has also been installed for drying of MSW, especially during monsoon, to improve removal of inerts. b. Manual segregation of large objects. c. Sieving for removal of grit and soil. d. Air classification: this equipment aids the removal of heavy components such as bricks and stones. e. Size reduction: by shredding large pieces of biomass and other organic waste f. Screening: final screening for removal of more soil and grit. 5.4Phase II 6.6 MW power project The salient features of the project and its performance are as follows: 5.4.1Feeding mechanism The fuel is spread from side of the boiler. The rotary spreaders and its blades are designed to suit the RDF spreading. The drag-chain conveyor is also specially designed for conveying the RDF. Second conveyor with half an hour storage silo and three screw feeders with variable frequency drives has also been installed as a standby fuel-feeding system. 5.5 Design of the boiler

The special design features are as follows: a) The boiler tubes are protected with special alloy coating. This alloy has a high thermal conductivity and protects the boiler tubes from corrosion and erosion. b) This was also filed for an Indian patent. c) Secondary air is pre-heated and sent into the boiler at various points for proper burning of RDF. d) Air-cooled condenser has been employed in place of conventional water-cooled condenser. e) The initial ash fusion starts at a temperature of 860 C, hence low- furnace temperature has to be maintained, and the boiler is designed accordingly to prevent clinker

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formation.

References: 1. http://powermin.nic.in/rural_electrification/definition_village_electrification.htm 2. Mr. A Mohan Reddy, Zenith Corporate Services, Hyderabad, at One-day Business Meet on Biomass Energy and Co-generation (Non-Bagasse) Projects for Industries on 22.12.05 organised by Haryana Renewable Energy Development Agency. 3. NH Ravindranath, HI Somashekar, S Dasappa and CN Jayasheela Reddy 2004 on Sustainable biomass power for rural India: Case Study of biomass gasifier for village electrification a Special Section of S&T to rural areas. 4. Gujarat Energy Development Agency (GEDA), Suraj Plaza-II, Sayajiganj, Vadodara390005, Ph:+91-265-363123, Fax:+91-265-363120, Email: [email protected] 5. Akshay Urja (an MNES publication), Vol.1, Issue 5 (Sep-Oct.2005) 6. Biomass Gasifier illuminates Gosaba Island, Sundarbans, published in Success Story section in Akshay Urja, of Nov-Dec.05, Vol.I. 7. Energy recovery from urban wastes in India by AK Dhussa, Director, MNES, in Technology section in Akshay Urja, of Nov.-Dec.05, Vol.1 Issue

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