NOTES OW THER MH oD NR CS BP Veat- eseeef 2o22-t4 Hiifiicion lan HeEn dsb, CR mining (ide 5200) : es RT Ve RG Mtv e MetMR Iaibl Chir, Fer SPT An = Ny C Cem Int ~ Rin? +50?) Se= mo. C Ca tmr zene +Sn°) P= ba+be The sobbis OF He tee Kerrpmnte PhS tee Sims nf CL Grr — etn py +559) SBme ng C Paint ~ A ba + S52) ASm= Shm+5SBn, — Se — Sp > —hMARWL bad, — np Rin af, Ns NAT NA Xo = Pe /p Ape Pa), ASm ~ TMA RR In Pa "8 an fd ~My Rly 1% —np a Aln Xe PF NK CXplnry 4 XO Iran) S. Jenevak fev. WAP tog ca ony Meumber of Jee agae = mR z He Inru:— FREER SD Tenchi ons A NNN Critene of epudibuium Gu Looe? By skins With” omly —Breosun- veLume mw: a _— a * a AS 2 E> STE Fras, mp Crcteny for a peace ce SYM Librium. Conavde a hosed pyntem with only Preroure- Vofume ont dy= du+t pay a Looiated Sr 3len, a : at Cmotang VoRuwmme, dv, ~ hie 2¢Duvreo ds > dy 7 o >= ~ dow 2, [Ahedu) Jw og a. a 7 x . 27 femme nau ee Mn ny any Cechated nhhy Intvewess £3 AD Maroney — ee . Hest trana at Korotant Bvedoun ap [dy, ce) sup > o = MO Change ih enleby of Ma. Qvrvoundings ee gee , * cg = U+Pv = ee du trav eco H= Tds+vap Nome Of Mise cxvterie for ppomtansows Change ia fmmediably wefe tw Te Chamiolg hob hun Price, ave Grid Ou ab Gmokeal Komp And voleme Ov Move framently , ef Congtast lip. SLE bole m ons =cleo (nae aes ; Let f¢%y) be a funSien, then : x eee 25) dy = darv aaa ee Ne as eae wee S27 Where 28) = 4A and (8)=” - oa Oy Df We mao’ Want a Pundhon of x ard WY, he: ca hich am of8 Vawiable Yio G be Teplaced by New Vawtatle w, then fe naw funtion Kan — Rw) = fangy- Vy cert Recause ths lends fo AG = ef — Vey -yAw = ude evdy—- vey -ydw = udt-ydu Writtew a, If, however, We dente O veblacement” Of Te OLA Vawter Hby U Crew vawaby), Me new um Soom Wd be wy) = f(ry)y— xu (2 Newduncdiovs (ord function) — Product of Mi outsoing ; O18 and te ty oriny > (2 = V, Jn Core tte Pavtint LAH Vawable. wy devivatiive (2s =-18, tte nuo Run Sion . ey Orotd-be, fy = f- (vy) = ft vg nee dus Tdgs— PAU Vina Puncio of S4V @ To trveals a Ran diton of Ct, v), (The Vaweble Sito & be peplacad by T) - As Yo TS, We The 020% cfm feton fr Aa = du—TdS -—SET = TAS — PAV — SLIT =~pdv-SET e ust eapaten 4), : = Hz Ue Cry) = Utty, Atik 3 Ma emthathy A= dutty tvab = Tds- pau + pou eveld STeast evap yo ucs,p)Free Energy famtions ~— WeLrmbroliz free enerasg Or Was functron, A | Q]obba) ea zmerap, . “b Therma ments pot | emmat or Gi bap! hunetion or Qube ‘amen. | Hekmbente se neror (A): As U- Ty ‘A! in Mi Legend : ramefurm ofinlrmd | A= dAU- tTds— SOT trong, = dy-pav—Tas- SET [4yedu +pev) tas bev — TeS- S87 [Ay =ds) : = —bev- SOT The Criteria fy prpurlarum, Change and Byram i’ a cChoped pryskm vit Pracune- voltime bam cm go heqenda, tran de efer othe Gebbe' enarag ab Oe" Geu-TS -. aes au ae ae -. dGz autrhav udp - tds -StT = rds ¢vap- Ths - SOT = vdp- Sez [46= say evap | [29er £0 Thus, be any inwsarble Pros. ab Komoteanl- Tand Pim aheck Only Prrpoun— vehume WIV Aone, te Gebke enwvsy duress, and bo a a Perr en te pree = a een Pov Frmwernible proase | Pe Raum. frruve C4)uu>o (Agu —pav- sey ABM tamer 1 For an 10% Chere. Prana, QA) = S (20 tharonag pran, i : Ae oo. ARO b= nore Ge v+tpy—r- : -. 465 .4U TPAV4V 40 — Tas SAT -" 4607 = 4ut Pav rag = 40+ Pave rag P5HT = Cm — bay) = Pave Way SD mann rem- axpannin orn[- 44¢@7 = @max — PAY A Paves “ime Aamicah COoK frvekve® In Ka pypatem (faetp cluving Ha tromofly onal, W =e mani mim teak toa ontput (o~ bav © Amount ue “nal tne. CF wom reais for wy exky Free 2neve CG) 5 thug a propa Of te prslax ees Aaevanse Tp Re ha we Of ealsrmnak wt Weatlable duvens Me frame fer anafien Of Mi (yySlim. _ TEPC CLEP rtf eee dg = vap— Sop © Fee inabevic dwann, (26), ~~ { : oF JP ~ © Pw mw 1O0 Raven of Press 26 a; 7 Ge)r c Stomdardé Yalan : (2 : ae cee -Vv at (a : r ) ; ap /T j ase_[fyir P vn G- 6's [eae net Yy 4 od ‘G2 G8t mdr leP 7 Gey Standowd denen “ G T C rae tae Porne Warp.) onsen (can), dsras’=0 @ Pe a reeves ble 4raco 9 Fer a Rpetamenn —prere O 6 nndinin Dd Bw vevnarble OCcurme, iy Fo iruawerble OCC, — Ginny QUE Wind Bae we kam, Wew D Wins oe Yr 7 Vine Aiebres fv am inkinitaima Uamge, Aimy — dyn SOWV iey — Atm <0 : © Ge Utev— ts ~ AG > du «pay tvep —Tds~ Sor = Vrvap —Tds- Sd agate vee come an rie Honally af- Fined (mp. amd Prsourn, Merete AGar=s Y- Tas Forma Chomtomiuns Fonte Irvediovpn ble Preos, 4607 = Vinw Tds = FD st Snctinh and Rnat Rts ane tn A ache bum OG) __temperature dependence of Gibbs Energy 29: F- SOT fr ; (2 -S, (2) _. dG =VaP— sar (2) =-s (Dye Brey Hp (34) Dr=-b & AG/T) G We AzU-7TS cea) (46.0) a ee ° | Acuer (ee AG/ 2) H A/T) 1 ie ase Cooma y = ( Pp © rT [% Cmr) = HA), (2) -(22/0) gi gee or Vo-$ A/T) aX ), ait r =~ (at7y - (aseen) =AH (Gibbs~ Helmholtz equation) a 4G: an 77 iy) 4h = aver. (0) iy Pressure dependence o of T Gibbs ergy 4G (2). =V; : [ace [ine G= G+ [yap Ip Casel: liquid | solid, V const -. G, C=G°+V(P_ pr) casell: for gases [ec =nRT ce —=nRT [ dinP 'G=G° +nRT Ine. ; Pee Volume aaquinud Geobv’ =G,+V(2,-B);sAcmMULLZ ANd GIDDS Free | Energy A=U~-Ts; dA = dU ~ TdS ~ SdT=~ Pav — SaT dG= dH — TdS — SdT = dU + PdV +VdP —TdS — SdT G=H-Ts; dG = —SdT + Vap : f= Fug) a i Af. (OF) . Of) di Maxwell Relations f= (5), dat @ aed The tao kiffvantinl Coeff, (Gf Randy, . q Qe), = Mug), 7 Ty, 4. Afar darn dy ay Ft an ak = EE me (Bey aaah = ou) dU = TAS pap” = S77 FSI -. Comparing, (2) =T and (z v S dH =TdS +Vadp + dA =—SdT ~ Pav dG =~SdT +VaP vy ——S +Gy Thermodynamic Equations of State =p Relates ta thy ‘a i: Mmodynamic Variables 2) a(S) -- dus tds —Pdv ND Dv. 2) (a) neetawe [G2 (REP MH), Nath ye ca 24). r(2e), ~ (. (2-8) re 7 t ee iE He ( axe ry Y= + an inobanc, annie G4), Serer [a | aa 7 Dharwuy PR ae aT) + (zy : i all ty ou ow ided gor, wet and Les ven, 2) =T eu = On). i (Br =e + (4), |* (r= a win, Me intivnel eneray of an (deat 7 Va indsperdey o ie valume DME Anthatby io Tdepemdenk OF Jum Prwooure, 7 oot oe tGY Joule Thomson experiment porous plug Y, Cooling oa af ga by aSiabetic t ‘ Rx banana —> 4 TLPr LAr, -— T>T, “he -ti & : P>P, ne. w=PiV,-P,V, or, ~w=U2—-U)=P,V, —P,V, ; /-U2+ P2V2 =U, + PV, = H, -H\= AH=0 = gee 2) AT ello =] from <7) Sor different values of P 3 H AP? jy = s(P,1); an =(@) dP + (2) aT Ply OT? p 28-7 4,434 OL) p\ EP! y\ GL) » \P) 5 AH) »\ ap), Haz (3) Len C,\P) From the second law : Har <0 heating No HX) _(H#/af),-v ba) -(J), aber T > Upp Hy >0 cooling ideal Bases: yp =020 ee (sh e),-% wf Usually on “mey ees eT cee ea eA tVe Ak Lino temp. ang Lovo prersure: oe =-ve 3 Ke te op J) At Hes presen 2 {2c co te ot ap OST fee 6 a. PF Jenrnlly Aao 3 Tnvernion Kamp. Of he 96a IT.” =p Nie Ranking” nie “Cooking i u = Cooking”c= FT) ey ds = C 47 (25, = & ap "er ep [a= 5) Bm dupe PavtvdP = rdop USP a. “ds = a ye” Charge, <3 Linz ' eee c *) (4) = Rr An der Waals! 9a i oe @ (2 < vs : or a Oars Deo) a 7a 24 ; a “EB Geet pring o eo a a | | a (oe or, Pe” Pars © a aye = foe. vy Ss fe Ses = ere = (xs) [i 24 (u-g) _* ~VX Zafer an, | are ~ ~ Yer ~5m2(27),- L [2a = (FE )a= Cp a i AE Risk fembarrMives : Roy Tnvvpran VEimpevobe Rb Liquefaction of 9000: @ Torle- TAsmpor Cuo Len @ Linde pn ana @ Dry av is forest Compvacoed te oa a bash preenuves poy loo fim inf Parned throusk a Coif Puvrounded by a vefvi gvant (2) [ Evapor aking mt, er S07 Relatevely Coole gar then prrees Farangh “te Cole C1. Finally ip fet eons through a throttle E from a tere 2 eee e arin wen Kk lin Cee Bhs Comets 4 fmm edontely / Ths ; Se a mde Jas ip Used ty Con/ Te. iin Come ng e » Chambay C any & PeEraALAD B- Sh freeouve One gb Repetston Of Te mately G da ULfim low len Peck am welete =p Prooiny hroagh Veh es Pips thts Wary,fdiabrie demagndbvartion 3 A Cooking prowoo7 | ~~ wo OES meee re Zonk Enlopy of a pow armapmie Perbstane at avery lor of. (no magmrtite fretd or im s fred fren ste 4 Thevmat + Spin magne a L phan ae Vebr tone ~~ tahrn apm wm nLisin Fon ameprhi. mai oD > 6d CS0g),, &H,9° Co pede bo) C Rowe Ha ww patna FrekD oe Yrome av orvenrdtedD Wl Anrpad & oltenae Gerd “H. - eS eve tuard = Wwe 150 ther madly by Ma mebysed => Shen T Ree meatrDe avranjens CPhae mab) 87 eh frrbien diy Be Knauer ard cd proce. Three SOP 6, CPacme) Sess. Simitns 2 Siat 6 Sra = cB + Spr CPocnak) TST DB Pacmae ten lower Hie erm p mes Line ABiabeia nuchear of ermeprtnitin