jkpo;ehL gs;spf;fy;tpj; Jiw

kJiu khtl;lk;
12 – fzpjk;
rpwg;G gapw;rp ifNaL 2021-22
topfhl;ly; Nkw;ghh;it
cah;jpU. ,uh.Rthkpehjd; mth;fs; jpU.g. FkNurd; mth;fs;
Kjd;ikf; fy;tp mYtyh; jiyik Mrphpah;
kJiu khtl;lk; muR khjphp Nky;epiyg;gs;sp
P. mk;khgl;b.
Mrphpah; FO:-
xUq;fpizg;ghsh;fs;:
1. C. jkpo;Fkud; 2. D. ghz;bad;
KJfiy Mrphpah; KJfiy Mrphpah; fhe;jp[p
my;mkPd;> Nky;epiyg;gs;sp epidT muR Mz;fs;
GJhh;> kJiu. Nky;epiyg;gs;sp Ngiua+h;.
P. nre;jpy; Fkhh;> R. jkpo;r;nry;tp>
KJfiy Mrphpah; muR KJfiy Mrphpah;
Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> PKN Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> jpUkq;fyk;
cwq;fhd;gl;b> kJiu
R. tp[aFkhh;> M. rq;fu%h;j;jp>
KJfiy Mrphpah; = fe;jrhkp tpj;ahyak;
TVS Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> kJiu. Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> ghg;Gehaf;fd;gl;b.
K.S. yjh> S. KUNf];thp>
KJfiy Mrphpah; KJfiy Mrphpah;>
muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> mtdpahGuk; muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp>T. fy;Yg;gl;b
D. tpNtfp> K.R.P. epj;ah Njtp>
KJfiy Mrphpah; KJfiy Mrphpah;
VHN Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> kJiu. muR ngz;fs; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp>
fUq;fhyf;Fb
V. tp[aghG> N. ,uhkfpU\;zd;>
KJfiy Mrphpah; KJfiy Mrphpah;>
muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> M. Rg;GyhGuk; muR Mz;fs; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp>
vOkiy
S. jpyPg; Fkhh;> M. Rgh\pdp> KJfiy Mrphpah;
KJfiy Mrphpah; muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> rj;jpug;gl;b
muR Mz;fs; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp>
fUq;fhyf;Fb
 12 fzpjk; - rpwg;G gapw;rp ifNaL
 khzth;fSf;F vspikahfg; GhpAk; tifapy; Kf;fpa tpdhf;fSf;F> tpilfs;
kpfTk; vspa Kiwapy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 khzth;fs; ,e;jf; ifNal;by; cs;s fzf;Ffis Ghpe;J gbg;gJld; kPz;Lk;>
kPz;Lk; vOjpg;ghh;g;gJ mtrpak;.
 ghlg;Gj;jfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s midj;J xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fspy; ed;F
gapw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lhy; 14 kjpg;ngz;fs; vspjhfg; ngwyhk;.
 Njh;tpy;> tpdhtpid gyKiw gbj;J> Nfs;tpiag; Ghpe;J> tpiliaf; fz;lwpe;j
gpd;G tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;. KOikahd tpil njhpatpy;iy vd;whYk;>
me;j tpdhtpw;F tpilia cq;fSf;F njhpe;j mstpw;F gjpy; mspj;jhy;
epiwa kjpg;ngz;fisg; (Step Mark) ngwyhk;.
 khzth;fs; ve;jf; Nfs;tpiaAk; tpl;Ltplhky; fz;bg;ghf midj;J
Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; cq;fSf;F njhpe;j mstpy; tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Njitahd ,lq;fspy; glq;fs; tiua Ntz;Lk;. #j;jpuq;fs; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
,tw;wpw;F kjpg;ngz;fs; cz;L.
 jd;dk;gpf;ifNahL fzpjj; Njh;tpid vjph;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Kaw;rp + gapw;rp = ntw;wp

CHAPTER - 1
Applications of Matrices and Determinants
Important points:
1
1. 𝐴−1 = |𝐴|
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
1
2. 𝐴−1 = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|
1
3. 𝐴 = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|

4. The rank of a matrix is equal to the number of non-zero rows in row-echelon

form of the matrix
5. Matrix inversion method: A X = B ==> 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
6. Cramer’s method:
∆1 ∆2 ∆3
x= , y= , z=
∆ ∆ ∆

7. If 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 then A is orthogonal

1
2, 3 Mark Questions:
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
1. Find the inverse of the matrix [−𝟓 𝟑 𝟏]
−𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
Solution:
2 −1 3
|𝐴| = |−5 3 1| = 2 (9 – 2) + 1 (-15 + 3)+3 (-10 +9)
−3 2 3
= 2(7)+1(-12)+3(-1) = 14-12-3 = -1≠0
2 −1 3 2 −1 3
9−2 −3 + 15 −10 + 9 𝑇 −5 3 1 −5 3 1
⌈
adj A = [ 6 + 3 6+9 3−4 ] ⌈−3 2 3 −3 2 3
−1 − 9 −15 − 2 6−5 ⌈2 −1 3 2 −1 3
⌈−5 3 1 −5 3 1
⌈−3 2 3 −3 2 3
7 12 −1 𝑇 7 9 −10
adjA = [ 9 15 −1] = [ 12 15 −17]
−10 −17 1 −1 −1 1
7 9 −10 −7 −9 10
1 1
𝐴 −1 = |𝐴| adj A = [ 12 15 −17] = [−12 −15 17 ]
−1
−1 −1 1 1 1 −1
𝟖 −𝟒
2. If A= [ ], verify that A (adj A) = (adj A) A= |𝑨|𝑰𝟐
−𝟓 𝟑
Solution :
3 4
adj A= [ ]
5 8
|𝐴| = | 8 −4| = 24 – 20 = 4
−5 3
|𝐴|𝐼2 = 4 [1 0] = [4 0] ……….. (1)
0 1 0 4
4 0
A (adj A) = [ ] ……………… (2)
0 4
4 0
(adj A) A= [ ] ………………..(3)
0 4
From (1), (2) and (3)
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |𝐴|𝐼2

2
 𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟑
3. If A= [ ] and B= [ ],verify that (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏
Solution:
0 −3 −2 −3 0+0 0+3 0 3
AB= [ ][ ] =[ ]= [ ]
1 4 0 −1 −2 + 0 −3 − 4 −2 −7
|𝐴𝐵| = 0 + 6 = 6; −7 −3
adj (AB) = [ ]
2 0
1 1 −7 −3
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = adj (AB) = [ ] ……… (1)
|𝐴𝐵| 6 2 0
1 −7 −3
𝐵−1 𝐴−1 = [ ] ………………… (2)
6 2 0
From (1) and (2)
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1
𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟑
4. If A= [ ] and B= [ ] verify that (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏
𝟕 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
Solution:
3 2 −1−3 −3 + 10 −9 + 4 7 −5
AB= [ ][ ] =[ ]= [ ]
7 5 5 2 −7 + 25 −21 + 10 18 −11
|𝐴𝐵| = -77 + 90 = 13; adj (AB) = [−11 5]
−18 7
1 1 −11 5
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = adj (AB) = [ ] ……… (1)
|𝐴𝐵| 13 −18 7

1 −11 5
𝐵−1 𝐴−1 = [ ] ………………… (2)
13 −18 7

From (1) and (2)

(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1
𝟐 −𝟒 𝟐
5. Find a matrix A if adj A = [−𝟑 𝟏𝟐 −𝟕]
−𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
Solution:
1
𝐴=± adj (adj A)
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|

|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = 2 (24 -0) +4 (-6 -14) +2 ( 0 + 24)

= 48 – 80 + 48 = 16
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = √16 = 4

3
 2 −4 2 2 −4 2
24 − 0 14 + 6 0 + 24 𝑇 ⌈−3 12 −7 −3 12 −7
−2 2 2 −2 0 2
adj (adj A) = [ 0 + 8 4+4 8−0 ] ⌈
2 0 2 2 −4 2
28 − 24 −6 + 14 24 − 12 ⌈⌈−3 12 −7 −3 12 −7
⌈−2 0 2 −2 0 2
24 20 24 𝑇
=[8 8 8]
4 8 12
24 8 4
= [20 8 8 ]
24 8 12
24 8 4 6 2 1
1 1
𝐴=± adj (adj A) = ± [20 8 8 ] = ± [5 2 2]
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| 4
24 8 12 6 2 3
𝟏
−𝟖 𝟏 𝟒
6. If 𝑨 = 𝟗 [ 𝟒 𝟒 𝟕] Prove that 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝑻
𝟏 −𝟖 𝟒
Solution:
AAT = I  AT = A-1
−8 4 1
1
𝐴𝑇 = [ 1
4 −8]
9
4 7 4
−8 1 4 −8 4 1 81 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = [ 4 4 7 ] [1 4 −8] = 81
[ 0 81 0 ] = [0 1 0] = I
9 9
1 −8 4 4 7 4 0 0 81 0 0 1
𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
7. If F(𝜶) = [ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 ] show that (𝑭(𝜶))−𝟏 = F(-𝜶)
−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
Solution:
cos(−𝛼) 0 sin(− 𝛼)
F(−𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ]
−sin(− 𝛼) 0 cos( −𝛼)
cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼
F(−𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ] …….. (1)
sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼
(𝐹(𝛼))−1 = [ 0 1 0 ] …….. (2)
sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼

From (1) and (2), (𝐹(𝛼))−1 = F(-𝛼)

4
 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟎
8. If adj (A) = [ 𝟔 𝟐 −𝟔], find 𝑨−𝟏
−𝟑 𝟎 𝟔
Solution:
|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = 0 (12 -0) +2 (36 -18) + 0 (0 +6) =36

√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = √36 = 6
1
𝐴−1 = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|

0 −2 0
1
= ± [ 6 −2 −6]
6
−3 0 6
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
9. If adj A = [ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑨−𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
Solution:
|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = −1(1 − 4) − 2(1 − 4) + 2(2 − 2) = 3 + 6 + 0 = 9

√|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = √9 = 3
−1 2 2
1 1
𝐴−1 = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = ± 3 [ 1 1 2]
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|
2 2 1
10. Verify the property (𝑨𝑻 )−𝟏 = (𝑨−𝟏 )𝑻 with 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟗]
𝟏 𝟕
Solution:
|𝐴| = 14 − 9 = 5
7 −9
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ ]
−1 2
1 7 −9
1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 5[]
|𝐴| −1 2
1 7 −1
(𝐴−1 )𝑇 = 5[ ] ………………….. (1)
−9 2
1 7 −1
(𝐴𝑇 )−1 = [ ] ………………….. (2)
5 −9 2
From (1) and (2)(𝐴−1 )𝑇 = (𝐴𝑇 )−1

5
 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
11. Prove that [ ] is orthogonal
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Solution
If AAT = ATA = I then A is orthogonal
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
A= [ ] ⇒ 𝐴𝑇 = [ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = [ ][ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

= [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos 𝜃]

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1 0
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = [ ]=I 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼
0 1
∴ A is orthogonal.
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏𝟒 𝟕
12. Find the matrix A for which A [ ]= [ ]
−𝟏 −𝟐 𝟕 𝟕
Solution:
14 7 14 7 −1
AB = [ ]⇒A=[ ]𝐵
7 7 7 7
5 3 −2 −3
|B|= | | = −10 + 3 = −7 ; 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵 = [ ]
−1 −2 1 5
1 1 −2 −3
𝐵−1 = |𝐵| adj B = − [ ]
7 1 5
14 7 1 −2 −3 1 −28 + 7 −42 + 35
A=[ ] (− ) [ ]=− [ ]
7 7 7 1 5 7 −14 + 7 −21 + 35
1 −21 −7 3 1
A=− [ ]=[ ]
7 −7 14 1 −2
𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
13. Find the rank of the matrix [𝟏 𝟏 𝟐] by minor method
𝟑 𝟑 𝟔
Solution:
3 2 5
Let A = [1 1 2] Then A is a matrix of order 3 x 3
3 3 6
(A) ≤ min (3, 3) = 3
3 2 5
|𝐴| = |1 1 2| = 3 (6 -6) -2 (6 – 6) + 5 (3 – 3) = 0
3 3 6
3 2
⌊ ⌋=3–2=1≠0
1 1
∴  (𝐴 ) = 2
6
 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟒 𝟑
14. Find the rank of the matrix [−𝟑 𝟒 −𝟐 −𝟏] by reducing it to an echelon
𝟔 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟕
form:
Solution:
The rank of a matrix is equal to the number of non-zero rows in a row –echelon
form of the matrix.
2 −2 4 3 2 −2 4 3 𝑅2 → 2𝑅2 + 3𝑅1
A = [−3 4 −2 −1] ~ [0 2 8 7 ] 𝑅 → 𝑅 − 3𝑅
3 3 1
6 2 −1 7 0 8 −13 −2

2 −2 4 3 2 −2 4 3
~ [0 2 8 7 ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 4𝑅2 ~ [0 2 8 7] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 ÷ (−15)
0 0 −45 −30 0 0 3 2
∴  (𝐴 ) = 3
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
15. Find the rank of the matrix = [𝟐 𝟒 −𝟔] by minor method
𝟓 𝟏 −𝟏
Solution:
1 −2 3
Let A = [2 4 −6] p(A) ≤ min (3, 3) = 3
5 1 −1
1 −2 3
|𝐴| = |2 4 −6| = 1 (-4 + 6) +2 (-2 + 30) +3 (2 – 20)
5 1 −1
= 2 + 56 – 54 = 4
∴  (𝐴 ) = 3
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
16. Find the rank of the matrix [𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 ] by reducing it to an echelon form:
𝟓 −𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟏
Solution:
The rank of a matrix is equal to the number of non-zero rows in a row-echelon form of
the matrix
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
A = [2 −1 3 4 ] ∼ [0 −3 1 −2]
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 5𝑅1
5 −1 7 11 0 −6 2 −4

1 1 1 3
∼ [0 −3 1 −2] R3 R3 - 2R2
0 0 0 0
(A) = 2

7
 𝟓 𝟑
17. A=[ ]show that A2 -3A – 7I2 = 0 Hence find A-1.
−𝟏 −𝟐
Solution:
5 3 5 3 25 − 3 15 − 6 22 9
A2 = AA = [ ][ ] = [ ] = [ ]
−1 −2 −1 −2 −5 + 2 −3 + 4 −3 1
22 9 5 3 1 0
A2 -3A – 7I2 = [ ] − 3[ ]−7 [ ]
−3 1 −1 −2 0 1
22 − 15 − 7 9 − 9 − 0
= [ ] |𝐴| = −10 + 3 = −7
−3 + 3 − 0 1 + 6 − 7
0 0 −2 −3
= [ ] = 02 adj A = [ ]
0 0 1 5
1 2 3
𝐴−1 = 7 [ ]
−1 −5
18. Solve 2x – y = 8 ; 3x + 2y = -2 Using matrix inversion method
Solution:
2 −1 𝑥 8
[ ] [ ]= [ ]
3 2 𝑦 −2
AX = B
|𝐴| = |2 −1|= 4 + 3 = 7 ≠ 0; adj A = [ 2 1]
3 2 −3 2
1 1 2 1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 7 [ ]
−3 2
X = A-1B
1 2 1 8
= 7[ ][ ]
−3 2 −2
1 16 − 2 1 14 2
= 7[ ]= 7 [ ] = [ ]
−24 − 4 −28 −4
 x = 2, y = -4
𝟑 𝟐
19. Solve + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐, + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑 by Cramer’s rule
𝒙 𝒙

Solution:
3 2
∆ =| | = 9–4 = 5
2 3
12 2
∆1 = | | = 36 – 26 = 10
13 3
3 12
∆2 = | | = 39 – 24 = 15
2 13
1 ∆1 10 1
= = = 2 ⟹𝑥=
𝑥 ∆ 5 2
∆2 15
𝑦= = = 3
∆ 5
1
𝑥 = , y=3
2

8
20. Solve : 5x – 2y + 16 = 0, x + 3y – 7 = 0 by Cramer’s rule
Solution:
5x – 2y = -16, x + 3y = 7
5 −2
∆ =| | = 15 + 2 = 17
1 3
−16 −2
∆1 = | | = -48 +14 = -34
7 3
5 −16
∆2 = | | = 35 +16 = 51
1 7
∆1 −34
𝑥 = = = −2
∆ 17
∆2 51
𝑦= = = 3
∆ 17

𝑥 = −2 , y = 3

5 Marks questions:
𝟖 −𝟔 𝟐
1. If A = [−𝟔 𝟕 −𝟒]verify that; A(adj A) = (adj A) A = |𝑨|𝑰𝟑
𝟐 −𝟒 𝟑
Solution:
8 −6 2
|𝐴| = |−6 7 −4| = 8(21-16) + 6(-18 + 8) +2(24-14)
2 −4 3
8 −6 2 8 −6 2
−6 7 − 4 − 6 7 − 4
2 −4 3 2 −4 3
= 40- 60 + 20 = 0 8 −6 2 8 −6 2
−6 7 − 4 − 6 7 − 4
2 −4 3 2 −4 3
1 0 0 0 0 0
|𝐴|𝐼3 = 0 [0 1 0] = [0 0 0] ………… (1)
0 0 1 0 0 0
5 10 10
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [10 20 20]
10 20 20
0 0 0
𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = [0 0 0] ………… (2)
0 0 0
0 0 0
(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = [0 0 0] ………… (3)
0 0 0
From (1), (2) and (3)
A(adjA) = (adjA)A = |𝐴|𝐼3

9
 −𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
2. A = [−𝟕 𝟏 𝟑 ] and B = [𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟐]find the products AB and BA and
𝟓 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
hence solve the system of equations x – y + z = 4, x – 2y – 2z = 9, 2x + y +3z = 1
Solution:
−4 4 4 1 −1 1
AB = [−7 1 3 ] [1 −2 −2]
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
−4 + 4 + 8 4 − 8 + 4 −4 − 8 + 12
= [−7 + 1 + 6 7 − 2 + 3 −7 − 2 + 9 ]
5 − 3 − 2 −5 + 6 − 1 5+6−3
8 0 0 1 0 0
AB = [0 8 0] = 8 [0 1 0] = 8I
0 0 8 0 0 1
1 −1 1 −4 4 4 1 0 0
BA = [1 −2 −2] [−7 1 3 ] = 8 [0 1 0] = 8I
2 1 3 5 −3 −1 0 0 1
AB = BA = 8I
1
AB = 8I  𝐴 = 𝐵 −1
8

1 −1 1 𝑥 4
[1 −2 −2] [𝑦] = [9]
2 1 3 𝑧 1
𝑥 4
𝐵 [𝑦] = [9]
𝑧 1
𝑥 4
−1
[𝑦] = 𝐵 [9]
𝑧 1
−4 4 4 4
1
= 8 [−7 1 3 ] [9]
5 −3 −1 1
−16 + 36 + 4 24
1 1
= 8 [ −28 + 9 + 3 ] = 8 [−16]
20 − 27 − 1 −8
𝑥 3
[𝑦] = [−2]
𝑧 −1
 x= 3, y = -2, z = -1

10
3. Solve: 2x + 3y –z = 9, x + y + z = 9 , 3x – y – z = -1 using inversion method:
Solution:
2 3 −1 𝑥 9
[1 1 1 ] [𝑦] = [ 9 ]
3 −1 −1 𝑧 −1
AX = B
2 3 −1
|𝐴| = |1 1 1 | = 2(-1 +1) - 3(-1-3) -1(-1-3)
3 −1 −1
2 3 1 2 3 −1
1 1 1 1 1 1
3−1−1 3 −1−1
= 0 + 12 + 4 = 16 ≠ 0 2 3 1 2 3 −1
1 1 1 1 1 1
3−1−1 3 −1−1
−1 + 1 3 + 1 −1 − 3 𝑇
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ 1 + 3 −2 + 3 9 + 2 ]
3 + 1 −1 − 2 2 − 3
0 4 −4 𝑇 0 4 4
= [4 1 11 ] = [ 4 1 −3]
4 −3 −1 −4 11 −1
−1 1
𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
0 4 4
1
= [ 4 1 −3]
16
−4 11 −1
X = A-1B
0 4 4 9 0 + 36 − 4 32
1 1 1
= [ 4 1 −3 ] [ 9 ] = [ 36 + 9 + 3 ] = [48]
16 16 16
−4 11 −1 −1 −36 + 99 + 1 64
𝑥 2
[𝑦] = [3]
𝑧 4
 x = 2, y = 3, z = 4
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟒
4. Solve − − − 𝟏 = 𝟎 , + + −𝟐=𝟎, − − + 𝟏 = 𝟎 by Cramer’s rule
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
Solution:
3 −4 −2
∆ = |1 2 1 | = 3(-8 + 5) + 4(-4 -2) -2(-5-4)
2 −5 −4
= -9 -24 + 18 = -15
1 −4 −2
∆1 = | 2 2 1| = 1(-8 +5) + 4(-8 +1) – 2(-10 +2)
−1 −5 −4
= -3-28 +16 = -15
11
 3 1 −2
∆2 = |1 2 1 | = 3(-8+1) – 1(-4-2) -2(-1-4)
2 −1 −4
= -21 + 6 + 10 = -5
3 −4 1
∆3 = |1 2 2 | = 3(-2+10) + 4(-1-4) +1(-5-4)
2 −5 −1
= 24 - 20 - 9 = -5
1 ∆1 −15
= = =1 ⟹𝑥 =1
𝑥 ∆ −15
1 ∆2 −5 1
= = =3⟹𝑦 =3
𝑦 ∆ −15
1 ∆3 −5 1
= = =3⟹𝑧 =3
𝑧 ∆ −15

 x = 1, y = 3, z = 3
5. A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes using both pumps A and B
simultaneously. However, pump B can pump water in or out at the same
rate. If pump B is inadvertently run in reverse, then the tank will be filled in
30 minutes. How long would it take each pump to fill the tank by itself? (Use
Cramer’s rule to solve the problem.
Solution:
1 1 1
+ =
𝑥 𝑦 10
1 1 1
−𝑦 =
𝑥 30

1 1
∆ =| | = -1-1 = -2
1 −1
1
1 1 1 −3−1 −4 −2
∆1 = |10
1 | = - 10 − 30 = = =
30 30 15
−1
30

1
1 1 1 1−3 −2 −1
10
∆2 = | 1| = − = = =
30 10 30 30 15
1 30
1 ∆1 −2⁄15 −2 1 1
= = = × = ⟹ 𝑥 = 15
𝑥 ∆ −2 15 −2 15
1 ∆2 −1⁄15 −1 1 1
= = = × = ⟹ 𝑦 = 30
𝑦 ∆ −2 15 −2 30

x = 15minutes y = 30 minutes

12
6. In a T-20 match, a team needed just 6 runs to win with 1 ball left to go in the last
over. The last ball was bowled and the batsman at the crease hit it high up. The
ball traversed along a path in a vertical plane and the equation of the path is
y = ax2 + bx + c with respect a xy-coordinate system in the vertical plane and the
ball traversed through the points (10> 8)> (20>16)> (40> 22) can you
conclude that the team won the match? Justify your answer. (All distances are
measured in metres and the meeting point of the plane of the path with the farthest
boundary line is (70, 0)
Solution:
y = ax2 + bx + c
100a + 10b + c = 8
400a + 20b + c = 16
1600a + 40b + c = 22
100 10 1 1 1 1
∆ = | 400 20 1| = 1000 | 4 2 1|
1600 40 1 16 4 1
= 1000 [(1(2-4) -1(4-16) +1(16-32)]
= 1000 [-2+12-16] = 1000(-6)
 = -6000
8 10 1 4 1 1
∆1 = |16 20 1| = 20 | 8 2 1|
22 40 1 11 4 1
= 20 [4(2-4) – 1(8 -11) +1(32-22)]
= 20 [-8+3+10] = 20 (5)
∆1 = 100
100 8 1 1 4 1
∆2 = | 400 16 1| = 200 | 4 8 1|
1600 22 1 16 11 1
= 200[1(8 -11) – 4(4-16) +1(44-128)]
= 200(-3+48-84)
∆2 = -7800
100 10 8 1 1 4
∆3 = | 400 20 16| = 2000 | 4 2 8|
1600 40 22 16 4 11
= 2000 [1(22-32) – 1(44-128) +4(16-32)]
= 2000[-10+84-64]
∆3 = 20000
13
 ∆1 100 −1
𝑎 = = =
∆ −6000 60
∆2 −7800 13
𝑏 = = =
∆ −6000 10
∆2 20000 −10
𝑐 = = =
∆ −6000 3
−1 13 10
𝑦= 𝑥2 + 𝑥−
60 10 3

245 85
−1 13 10 255
𝑥 = 70 ⟹ 𝑦 = × 4900 + 10 × 70 − = − + 91
60 3 3

3
y = 6 metres
The ball went for a super six. The team won the match
7. The upward speed (t) of a rocket at time t is approximated by v(t) = at2 + bt + c,
0 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 where a, b and c are constants. It has been found that the speed at
times t = 3, t = 6 and t = 9 seconds are respectively 64, 133 and 208 miles per
seconds. Find the speed at time t = 15 seconds (Use Gaussian elimination method):
Solution:
V(t) = c + bt + at2
V(3) = 64 ⟹ 𝑐 + 3𝑏 + 9𝑎 = 64
V(6) = 133 ⟹ c + 6b + 36a = 133
V(9) = 208 ⟹ c+ 9b + 81a = 208
1 3 9 64 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 −𝑅1 1 3 9 64
[𝐴| 𝐵] = [1 6 36⌋ 133] → [0 3 27⌋ 69 ]
1 9 81 208 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 0 6 72 144
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 ÷3 1 3 9 64 𝑅3 →𝑅3−𝑅2 1 3 9 64
→ [0 1 9 ⌋ 23] → [0 1 9⌋ 23]
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 ÷ 6 0 1 12 24 0 0 3 1
1
3a = 1 ⇒ a =
3

b +9a = 23⟹b + 9 (1/3) = 23 ⟹ b = 23 -3 = 20

c + 3b + 9a = 64 ⟹ c +3 (20) + 9(1/3) = 64
⟹ c =64 – 60-3 = 1
2
V(t) = 1/3 t + 20 t+1
V(15) = 1/3 (225) + 20 x15 + 1 =75 + 300 + 1= 376 m/s

14
8. A boy is walking along the path y = ax2 + 6x + c through the points (-6, 8), (-2, -12)
and (3, 8). He wants to meet his friend? (Use Gaussian elimination method)
Solution:
y = c + bx + ax2
c- 6b + 36a = 8
c – 2b + 4a = -12
c + 3b + 9a = 8
1 −6 36 8 𝑅2 →𝑅2 −𝑅1 1 −6 36 8
[𝐴 |𝐵] = [1 −2 4 |−12] → [0 4 −32 |−20]
1 3 9 8 𝑅3 → 𝑅 3 − 𝑅 1 0 9 −27 0
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 ÷4 1 −6 36 8 𝑅 →𝑅 −𝑅 1 −6 36 8
→ [0 1 −8 |−5] →
3 3 2
[0 1 −8 |−5]
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 ÷ 9 0 1 −3 0 0 0 5 5
5
5a = 5 ⇒a= =1
5

b – 8a = -5 ⇒ b-8 = -5 ⇒ 𝑏 = −5 + 8 = 3
c – 6b + 36 = 8 ⇒ c – 18 + 36 = 8 ⇒c = 8 + 18 – 36 = -10
y = x2 + 3x -10
x = 7 ⇒ y = 49 + 21 – 10 = 60
He will meet his friend
9. If 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 is divided by x + 3, x – 5 and x – 1, the remainders are 21, 61
and 9 respectively. Find a, b and c (Use Gaussian elimination method).
Solution: p(x) = c + bx + 𝑎𝑥 2
P(-3) = 21 ⇒ c – 3b + 9a = 21
P(5) = 61 ⇒ c + 5b + 25a = 61
P(1) = 9 ⇒ c + b + a = 9
1 −3 9 21 1 −3 9 21
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 𝑅 →𝑅 ÷8
[𝐴| 𝐵] = [1 5 25 |61] [0 8 16 | 40 ] 2 2
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 ÷ 4
1 1 1 9 0 4 −8 −12
1 −3 9 21 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 1 −3 9 21
[0 1 2 | 5 ]→ [0 1 2 |5]
0 1 −2 −3 0 0 −4 −8
−8
−4𝑎 = −8 ⇒ a = =2
−4
𝑏 + 2𝑎 = 5 ⇒ 𝑏 + 4 = 5 ⇒ 𝑏 = 5 − 4 = 1
𝑐 − 3𝑏 + 9𝑎 = 21 ⇒ 𝑐 − 3 + 18 = 21 ⇒ 𝑐 = 21 + 3 − 18 = 6
∴ 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐=6

15
 CHAPTER - 2
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Important Hints:
 𝑖 2 = −1, 𝑖 3 = −𝑖 , 𝑖4 = 1 , 𝑖 4𝑛 = 1
 𝑅𝑒ctangular form of a complex number is x + iy real part is x, Imaginary part is y.
 The conjugate of the complex number z = x + iy is x –iy and is denoted by 𝑧
 If z = x + iy then modulus of z is |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
 Triangle inequality:
For any two complex number 𝑧1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 , |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧1 |
|𝑧|+𝑎 𝑖𝑏 |𝑧|−𝑎
 √𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = ± [√ + |𝑏| √ ]
2 2

 Additive inverse of z is –z multiplicative inverse of z is 1/z

 z is real if any only if z = 𝑧 and z is purely imaginary if and only if z = - 𝑧
 Distance between two complex numbers, 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 is |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |
 |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟 is the complex form of the equation of a circle. Centre is 𝑧0 and radius is r.

Two Marks Questions:

1. a. Simplify: 𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟖 - 𝒊−𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟗
= 𝑖 1948 - 𝑖 −1868 𝑖 −1
1
= 1 – (1) 𝑖
𝑖
= 1− = 1+𝑖
𝑖2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
b. Simplify: 𝒊𝟓𝟗 + = 𝒊𝟓𝟔 . 𝒊𝟑 + = 𝒊𝟑 +
𝒊𝟓𝟗 𝒊𝟓𝟔 .𝒊𝟑 𝒊𝟑
1× 𝑖
= −𝑖 − 𝑖 ×𝑖
𝑖
= −𝑖 − 𝑖2

= −𝒊 + 𝒊 = 𝟎
10
c. Simplify: i
n 1
n 50
= 𝒊𝟓𝟏 + 𝒊𝟓𝟐 + 𝒊𝟓𝟑 + ⋯ … + 𝒊𝟔𝟎 [∵ 𝒊𝟓𝟏 + 𝒊𝟓𝟐 + 𝒊𝟓𝟑 + 𝒊𝟓𝟒 = 𝟎

= 𝑖 59 + 𝑖 60 = 𝑖 56 . 𝑖 3 + 𝑖 60 𝑖 55 + 𝑖 56 + 𝑖 57 + 𝑖 58 = 0
= −𝑖 + 1 = 1 − 𝑖
Do it yourself:
Simplify: a) 𝑖 −1924 + 𝑖 2018 b) ∑10
𝑛=1 𝑖
𝑛
𝑐) 𝑖 𝑖 2 𝑖 3 … . . 𝑖 40

16
2. If z= 5- 2i, w = -1+3i find a) z –iw b) 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛𝒘 + 𝒘𝟐
a) z – iw = 5 – 2i –i(-1 + 3i)
= 5 – 2i + i - 3𝑖 2 = 8 − 𝑖
b) 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧𝑤 + 𝑤 2 = (𝑧 + 𝑤)2 = [(5 − 2𝑖) + (−1 + 3𝑖)] = (4 + 𝑖)2
= 42 + 𝑖 2 + 8𝑖 = 15 + 8𝑖
Do it yourself:
(i) zw (ii) 2z + 3w
3. If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒊, 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟒𝒊, 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟓 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆: (𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 )𝒛𝟑 = 𝒛𝟏 ( 𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟑 )
LHS = (𝑧1 𝑧2 )𝑧3 = {(1 – 3i) (-4i)} 5= (-4i+12i2)5
= -20i+60i2 = -60 – 20i
RHS = 𝑧1 (𝑧2 𝑧3 ) = (1 − 3𝑖){(−4𝑖)5}= (1 – 3i) (-20i)
= -20i + 60𝑖 2 = −60 − 20𝑖
Do it yourself:
(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 )
4. Write in rectangular form:
1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
( ) −( )
1−𝑖 1+𝑖

1+𝑖 1+𝑖 (1+𝑖)2 1+𝑖 2 +2𝑖 2𝑖

1−𝑖
x 1+𝑖 = 12 −𝑖 2
= 2
= 2
=i
1−𝑖 1− 𝑖 (1− 𝑖)2 1+𝑖 2 −2𝑖 −2𝑖
x = = = = -i
1+ 𝑖 1− 𝑖 12 −𝑖 2 2 2
1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
( ) −( ) = (𝑖)3 − (−𝑖)3 = 𝑖 3 + 𝑖 3 = 2𝑖 3 = −2𝑖
1−𝑖 1+𝑖

5. If z = (2 + 3i) (1 – i) find 𝒛−𝟏

z = (2 + 3i) (1 – i) = 2 – 2i + 3i - 3𝑖 2 = 5 + 𝑖
1 1 1 5−𝑖 5−𝑖 5−𝑖
𝑧 −1 = = = × = =
𝑧 5+𝑖 5+𝑖 5−𝑖 52 −𝑖 2 26

Do it yourself:
3+4𝑖
1) Write in the x + iy form, hence find its real and imaginary parts:
5 −12𝑖
𝑧1
2) If 𝑧1 = 3 – 2i, 𝑧2 = 6 + 4𝑖 find
𝑧2
in the rectangular form

17
 𝟏
6. Write ̅̅̅̅
𝟑𝚤 + in rectangular form:
𝟐−𝒊

̅̅̅̅ 1 1×(2+𝑖) 2+𝑖

3𝚤 + = −3𝑖 + = −3𝑖 +
2−𝑖 (2−𝑖)(2+𝑖) 22 −𝑖2
2+𝑖 −15𝑖+2+𝑖 2−14𝑖 2 14
= -3i + = = = − 𝑖
5 5 5 5 5

7. If z = x + iy, write 𝑹𝒆(𝒊𝒛̅) in rectangular form

𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧̅) = 𝑅𝑒(𝑖 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)) = 𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑦
Do it yourself:
1) (5 + 9i) + (2 -4i) 2) 𝑅𝑒(1⁄𝑧)
𝒊 (𝟐+𝒊)𝟑
8. Find | |
(𝟏+𝒊)𝟐
3 3
𝑖 (2+𝑖)3 |𝑖||2+𝑖|3 1 (√4+ 1) √5 5 √5
| 2
|= |1+𝑖|2
= 2 = 2 =
(1+𝑖) (√1+1) √2 2

Do it yourself:
Find the modulus of the following:
2𝑖
1. 2. (1 − 𝑖)10
3+4𝑖

9. If |𝒛| = 𝟑, prove that 7 ≤ |𝒛 + 𝟔 − 𝟖𝒊| ≤ 𝟏𝟑

* ||𝑧1 | − |𝑧2 || ≤ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 |
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑧, 𝑧2 = 6 − 8𝑖 |𝑧2 | = √36 + 64 = 10
||𝑧| − |6 − 8𝑖|| ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ |𝑧| + 10
|3 − 10| ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 3 + 10
7 ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 13
Do it yourself:
If |𝑧| = 2, 𝑃. 𝑇. 3 ≤ |𝑧 + 3 + 4𝑖| ≤ 7

18
10. Find the square root of the following:
i) -6 + 8i ii) -5 – 12i
|𝑧|+𝑎 𝑖𝑏 |𝑧| −𝑎
√𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = ± [√ + √ ]
2 |𝑏| 2

Let z = -6+8i a = -6, b=8, |𝑧| = √36 + 64 = 10

10+(−6) 𝑖8 10−(−6)
√−6 + 8𝑖 = ± [√ + |8|
√ ] = [√2 + 𝑖 √8]
2 2

ii) z = -5-12i
a = -5, b = -12
|𝑧| = √25 + 144 = 13
13+(−5) 𝑖 (−12) 13−(−5)
√−5 − 12𝑖 = ± [√ + |−12|
√ ] = ±[2 − 3𝑖]
2 2

Do it yourself:
√6 + 8𝑖, √4 + 3𝑖 - find
11. Obtain the Cartesian form of the locus of z = x + iy in each of the following:
1. [𝑹𝒆(𝒊𝒛)]𝟐 = 𝟑 2. 𝒛̅ = 𝒛−𝟏
z = x + iy
𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑖𝑥 – 𝑦 = −𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥  𝑅𝑒[𝑖𝑧] = −𝑦
[𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧)]2 = (−𝑦)2 = 3
𝑦2 − 3 = 0
2. 𝑧̅ = 𝑧 −1
1
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) (𝑥 – 𝑖𝑦) = 1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
Do it yourself:
i) |𝑧| = |𝑧 − 𝑖| ii) |𝑧 + 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 1|
12. Show that the following equations represent a circle and find its centre and radius
1. |2𝑧 + 2 − 4𝑖| = 2
(2) |𝑧 + 1 − 2𝑖| = 1
|𝑧 − (−1 + 2𝑖)| = 1 It is of the form |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝑟 and so it represents a circle
Centre = -1+2i = (-1, 2) radius = 1

2. |3𝑧 − 6 + 12𝑖| = 8
(3) |𝑧 − 2 + 4𝑖| = 8⁄3
|𝑧 − (2 − 4𝑖| = 8⁄3
Centre = 2 – 4i = (2, -4) radius = 8⁄3
Do it yourself:
1. |𝑧 − 2 − 𝑖| = 3 2. |3𝑧 − 5 + 𝑖| = 4

19
13. If 𝒛 = 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒊 then show that 𝒛, 𝒊𝒛 and 𝒛 + 𝒊𝒛 form the vertices of an isosceles
right triangle
A  z = 3 + 2i
B  iz = i (3 + 2i) = -2+3i
C  z + iz = 1 + 5i
AB = |𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧|
= |3 + 2𝑖 + 2 − 3𝑖|
= |5 − 𝑖| = √25 + 1 = √26
BC = |𝑖𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧|
= |−𝑧| = |−3 − 2𝑖|
= √9 + 4 = √13
AC = |𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧|
= |− 𝑖𝑧|
= |2 − 3𝑖| = √4 + 9 = √13
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
2

/ ABC is an isosceles right triangle.

THREE MARKS QUESTION

1. Find the values of the real numbers x and y, if the complex numbers
(3-i)x - 2(2-i)y + 2i + 5 and 2x + (-1 + 2i) y + 3 + 2i Equating real and imaginary parts
(3-i)x – (2-i)y + 2i+5 = 2x + (-1 + 2i)y + 3 + 2i
3x –ix – 2y + iy + 2i + 5 = 2x – y +2iy + 3 + 2i
3x – 2y + 5 = 2x - y + 3 -x + y + 2 = 2y + 2
x – y + 2 = 0 …(1) -x – y = 0 ………… (2)
(1) + (2)  -2y + 2 = 0
y = 1 from equ. (2)–x -1 = 0
x = -1
Do it yourself:
Find the value of the real numbers and y if the complex number
(2+i)x + (1-i)y + 2i -3 and x+(-1+2i)y + 1 + i are equal

20
2. Find the additive and multiplicative inverse of -3-4i
Solution: let z = -3 -4i
Additive inverse of z => -z = 3 + 4i
1 1
Multiplicative inverse of z => 𝑧 = −3−4𝑖
1 ×(−3+4𝑖) −3+4𝑖 −3+4𝑖
=(−3−4𝑖)(−3+4𝑖) = =
9+16 25
Do it yourself:
1). Find the additive and multiplicative inverse of 2+5i
2) If z1 = 3, z2 = -7i , z3 = 5+4i then prove that z1(z2+z3) = z1 z2 + z1 z3
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
3. The complex numbers u, v and w are related by = + . If v = 3 – 4i and
𝒖 𝒗 𝒘
w = 4+3i find u – in rectangular form.
1 1 1
= +
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
1 1
= 3− +
4𝑖 4+ 3𝑖
1 3+4𝑖 4−3𝑖 7+𝑖
= + =
𝑢 9+16 16+9 25
25 75(7−𝑖) 25(7−𝑖) 7−𝑖
u = = (7+𝑖)(7−𝑖) = 50 =
7+𝑖 2
4. Which one of the points 10-8i, 11+6i is closest to 1 + i
Let z = 1 + i, z1 = 10 - 8i, z2 = 11 + 6i
|𝑧 − 𝑧1 | = |(1 + 𝑖) − (10 − 8𝑖)| = |−9 + 9𝑖| = √81 + 81 = √162
|𝑧 − 𝑧2 | = |(1 + 𝑖) − (11 − 6𝑖)| = |−10 − 5𝑖| = √100 + 25 = √125
√125 < √162
z2 = 11 + 6i is closest to 1 +i
5. If z1, z2 and z3are complex numbers such that |𝒛𝟏 | = |𝒛𝟐 | = |𝒛𝟑 |
1 1 1
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1 find the value of | + + |
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 1 2 3
|𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = 1
|𝑧1 |2 = 1  𝑧1 𝑧̅1 = 1
𝑧̅1 = ⁄𝑧1 , ⟹ 𝑧̅2 = 1⁄𝑧2 , 𝑧̅3 = 1⁄𝑧3
1
1 1 1
|𝑧 + + |=|𝑧̅1 + 𝑧̅2 + 𝑧̅3 |=|𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 |=|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1
1 𝑧2 𝑧3
6. Show that the equation 𝒛𝟐 =̅̅̅
𝒛 has four solutions:.
𝑧 2 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑧
|𝑧 2 |=|𝑧̅| = |𝑧|
|𝑧 2 | = |𝑧| |𝑧|= 1
|𝑧|(|𝑧| − 1) = 0 |𝑧 2 | = 1
|𝑧| = 0 𝑧̅𝑧 =1
𝑧 = 0 is a solution / 𝑧̅ = 1⁄𝑧
1
𝑧 2 = 𝑧̅ = 𝑧
𝑧 3 = 1 𝑧 3 − 1 = 0 It has 3 non zero solution including zero solution, there are four
solutions.
Do it yourself:
1. Show that the equation 𝑧 3 + 2 ̅
𝑧 = 0 has five solution

21
 Five mark Questions
1. Prove the following:
1. (𝟐 + 𝒊√𝟑)𝟏𝟎 − (𝟐 − 𝒊√𝟑)𝟏𝟎 is purely imaginary
10 10
𝑧 = (2 + 𝑖√3) − (2 − 𝑖√3)
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧 = (2 + 𝚤√3)10 − (2 − 𝚤√3)10
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(2 + 𝚤√3)10 − ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(2 − 𝚤√3)10
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(2 + 𝚤√3)10 − (2̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
− 𝚤√3)10
= (2 − 𝑖√3)10 − (2 + 𝑖√3)10
= - [(2 + 𝑖√3)10 − (2 − 𝑖√3)10 ] = −𝑧
/ 𝑧̅ = −𝑧 z is purely imaginary
𝟏𝟗−𝟕𝒊 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟎 −𝟓𝒊 𝟏𝟐
2. ( ) + ( 𝟕−𝟔𝒊 ) is real
𝟗+𝒊
19−7𝑖 19−7𝑖 9−𝑖 171−19𝑖−63𝑖+ 7𝑖 2
= × =
9+𝑖 9+𝑖 9− 𝑖 81+1
164−82𝑖 82(2−𝑖)
= = = 2 –i
82 82
20 −5𝑖 20 −5𝑖 7+6𝑖 140−120𝑖−35𝑖+ 30𝑖 2
= × =
7−6𝑖 7−6𝑖 7+6𝑖 49+36
170+85𝑖 85(2+𝑖)
= = = 2+i
85 85
19−7𝑖 12 20 −5𝑖 12
( ) + ( 7−6𝑖 ) = (2 − 𝑖)12 + (2 + 𝑖)12 = 𝑧 say
9+𝑖
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧 = (2 − 𝚤)12 + (2 + 𝚤)12 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(2 − 𝚤)12 + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(2 − 𝚤)12
= ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(2 − 𝚤)12 + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(2 + 𝚤)12
=(2 + 𝑖)12 + (2 − 𝑖)12 = 𝑧
𝑧̅ = 𝑧  z is purely real
Do it yourself:
Prove 1. (2 + 𝑖√3)10 + (2 − 𝑖√3)10 is purely real and
19+9𝑖 15 8 −𝑖 15
2. ( 5−3𝑖 ) − (1+2𝑖) is purely imaginary
−𝟏 𝒊√𝟑 −𝟏 𝒊√𝟑
2. Show that the points 1, + and − are the vertices of an equilateral
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
triangle
− 1+𝑖√3 − 1−𝑖√3
z1 = 1 , z2 = , z3=
2 2
− 1+𝑖√3 3 − 𝑖 √3 √9 +3 2√3
|𝑧1 − 𝑧2 | = |1 − ( )| = | | = = = √3
2 2 2 2

− 1+𝑖√3 − 1−𝑖√3 0+2𝑖√3 2

|𝑧2 − 𝑧3 | = |( )−( )| = | | = √02 + √3 = = √3
2 2 2
1 𝑖√3 −3 − 𝑖√3 √9 +3
|𝑧3 − 𝑧1 | = | − −1| = | | = = √3
2 2 2 2
Since the sides are equal, the given points form an equilateral triangle.

22
3. Let𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒛𝟑 be complex numbers such that|𝒛𝟏 | = |𝒛𝟐 | = |𝒛𝟑 | = 𝒓 > 𝟎and
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 +𝒛𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 +𝒛𝟏
𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 0 then prove that| |=𝒓
𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑
Solution:
|𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = 𝑟
𝑧1 𝑧̅1 = 𝑟 2
𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟2
𝑧1 = ̅̅̅
, 𝑧2 = ̅̅̅
, 𝑧3 = ̅̅̅
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑧2 𝑧3 +𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = ̅̅̅
+ ̅̅̅
+ ̅̅̅
= 𝑟2 [ ]
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑧2 𝑧3 +𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑟 2 |𝑧2 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 𝑧2 |
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = |𝑟 2 | [ ] =
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 ||𝑧3 |
𝑟 2 [|𝑧2 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 𝑧2 |]
= 𝑟3
|𝑧2 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 𝑧2 | 𝑧2 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑟= |𝑧1 +𝑧2 + 𝑧3 |
=| |
𝑧1 +𝑧2 + 𝑧3
Do it yourself:
𝐼𝑓𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are three complex numbers such that |𝑧1 | = 1 , |𝑧2 | = 2 , |𝑧3 | = 3 and
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1show that |9𝑧1 𝑧2 + 4 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 | = 6
𝟐𝒛+𝟏
4) If z = x + iy is a complex number such that ; Im[ 𝒊𝒛+𝟏 ] = 0 , show that the locus of z is
2x2 + 2y2 + x – 2y = 0
2𝑧+1 2(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)+1 (2𝑥+1)+(2𝑖𝑦)
= =
𝑖𝑧+1 𝑖(𝑥+𝑖𝑦)+1 𝑖𝑥−𝑦+1
(2𝑥+1)+(2𝑖𝑦) (1−𝑦)−𝑖𝑥
= (1−𝑦)+𝑖𝑥
× (1−𝑦)−𝑖𝑥
2𝑧+1 −𝑥(2𝑥+1)+2𝑦(1−𝑦)
Im [ 𝑖𝑧+1 ] = = 0
(1−𝑦)2 + 𝑥 2
-2x2 – x + 2y – 2y2 = 0
(∴) 2x2 + 2y2 +x – 2y = 0
5. Obtain the Cartesian form of the locus of z = x + iy in |𝒛 + 𝒊| = |𝒛 − 𝟏|
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖| = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1|
|𝑥 + 𝑖((𝑦 + 1)| = |(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦)|
√𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = √(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2
Squaring on both sides 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2
2x + 2y = 0
( 2) x + y = 0
Do it yourself:
𝑧−4𝑖
If z = x + iy is a complex number such that |𝑧+4𝑖| = 1 show that the locus of> z is real
axis

23
 Chapter – 3
Theory of Equation
Important Points:
1. Quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0
The roots are , 
𝑏
Σ1 =  +  = - 𝑎
𝑐
Σ2 =  = 𝑎

If roots are given then the equation is

𝑥 2 − Σ1 𝑥 + Σ2 = 0
2. Cubic equation is ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
The roots are , , 
𝑏
Σ1 =  +  +  = − 𝑎
𝑐
Σ2 =  +  +  = 𝑎
𝑑
Σ3 =  = − 𝑎

If roots are given then the equation is

𝑥 3 − Σ1 𝑥 2 + Σ2 𝑥 − Σ3 = 0
3. Fourth degree equation is
ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0
The roots are , , , 
𝑏
Σ1 =  +  +  +  = − 𝑎
𝑐
Σ2 =  +  +  +  +  +  = 𝑎
𝑑
Σ3 =  +  +  +  = − 𝑎
𝑒
Σ4 =     = 𝑎

If roots are given then the equation is

𝑥 4 − Σ1 𝑥 3 + Σ2 𝑥 2 − Σ3 𝑥 + Σ4 = 0

24
1. If ,  are the roots of the equation 17x2 + 43x – 73 = 0 construct a quadratic equation
whose roots are  + 2,  +2
Solution:
17x2 + 43x – 73 = 0
a = 17, b = 43, c = -73
𝑏 43
Σ1 =  +  = − 𝑎 = − 17
𝑐 73
Σ2 =  = 𝑎 = − 17
Given roots are  + 2,  +2
43 43+68
Σ1 =  + 2 +  +2 =  +  + 4 = − 17 + 4 = − 17
25
= 17
Σ2 = ( + 2) ( +2)= + 2 + 2 + 4
=  + 2 ( +) + 4
73 −43
=− 17 + 2 ( 17 ) + 4
−73−86+68 −91
= =
17 17
/ equation x2 - Σ1 𝑥 + Σ2 = 0
25 −91
𝑥 2 − 17 × =0
17
x17 17x2 – 25x – 91 = 0
2. If ,  are roots of 2x2 – 7x + 13 = 0 construct a quadratic equation whose roots are
𝜶𝟐 , 𝜷𝟐 (Eg: 3.2)
Solution:
2x2 – 7x + 13 = 0
a = 2, b = -7, c = 13
−𝑏 −7 7
Σ1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 = = −( 2 ) =
𝑎 2
𝑐 13
Σ2 = 𝛼𝛽 = =
𝑎 2
To form the equation whose roots are 𝛼 2 , 𝛽 2
Σ1 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
7 2 13 49
= (2) − 2 ( 2 ) = − 13
4
49 −52 −3
= =
4 4
13 2 169
Σ2 = 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 =(𝛼𝛽)2=( 2 ) = 4
2
/ equation 𝑥 − Σ1 𝑥 + Σ2= 0
−3 169
𝑥2 − ( 4 ) 𝑥 + =0
4
3 169
𝑥2 + 4 𝑥 + =0
4

x4 4x2 + 3x + 169 = 0
25
3. Find the polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having
√𝟓 − √𝟑 as a root .
(Eg 3.2 (4))
Solution: √5 − √3 is a root
√5 + √3, −√5 + √3 , −√5 − √3 are also roots
x =√5 − √3
squaring both sides: [(a-b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab]
2 2 2
x2 = (√5 − √3) = (√5) + (√3) − 2√5√3
x2 = 5 + 3 – 2√5√3
x2 = 8– 2√5√3
x2 - 8 = – 2√5√3
Again squaring on both sides
2
(𝑥 2 − 8)2 = ( – 2 √5√3)
𝑥 4 + 64 − 2𝑥 2 (8) = 4(5)(3)
𝑥 4 + 64 − 16𝑥 2 = 60
𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 + 64 − 60 = 0
𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
√𝟐
4. Form a polynomial equation with integer coefficients with √ as a root
√𝟑

(Eg: 3.10)
√2
x =√
√3

√2
Squaring on both sides x2 =
√3

Again squaring on both sides

2
𝑥4 =
3

3𝑥 4 − 2 = 0

26
5. Show that the equation 2x2 – 6x + 7 = 0 cannot be satisfied by any real values of x
(Eg 3.11)
Solution::
Discriminant  = b2 – 4ac
Here a = 2, b = -6, c = 7
= (-6)2 - 4(2) (7) = 36 – 56
 = -20 < 0
∵  < 0 the roots are imaginary
6. If x 2 + 2(k+2)x + 9k = 0 has equal roots, find k (Eg 3.12)
Solution: Equal roots  = b2 – 4ac
Here a = 1 b = 2(K+2), c = 9k
Equal roots  = 0
[2(k+2)]2 – 4(1)(9k) = 0
4(k+2)2 -4(9k) = 0 4
4 (k+2)2 – 9k = 0 -4 -1 -5
K2 + 4 + 4k – 9k = 0
K2 – 5k + 4 = 0
(k -4) (k-1) = 0
k =4, k=1
7. Solve the cubic equation 2x3 – 9x2 + 10x = 3 (Eq.3.3 – 6(i))
Solution:
2x3 – 9x2 + 10x = 3 First rewrite the given equation as below
2x3 – 9x2 + 10x -3 = 0
The Coefficients are 2 ,– 9, 10, -3
Sum of the coefficients = 2 – 9 +10 – 3 = 12-12 = 0
x = 1 is root
If sum of the coefficients
x=1 2 -9 10 -3 6
0 2 -7 3 -6 -1 -7
2 -7 3 0 -6/2 -1/ 2
2x2 – 7x +3 = 0 -3 -1/2
(x – 3) (x – ½) = 0  x = 3, x = ½
Solution: x = 1, x = 3, x =1/2
27
8. Solve the equation: x3 – 3x2 – 33x + 35 = 0 (Eg: 3.17)
Solution:
The co-efficients 1 -3 -33 35 36
Sum of the roots 1- 3-33+35 = 36 – 36 = 0 12 -3 9
/ x = 1 is a real
x=1 1 -3 -33 35
0 1 -2 -35
1 -2 -35 0
x2 – 2x – 35 = 0 -35
(x - 7) (x + 5) = 0 -7 5 -2
x = 7 , x = -5
/ Solution: x = 1, x = 7, x = -5
9. Solve the cubic equation 8x3 – 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0 (Eg3.3 6(ii))
Solution:
The co-efficient are 8 -2 -7 3

S1 S2
S1 = 8 – 7 = 1, S2 = -2 + 3 = 1
S1 = S2 / x = -1 is a root
x = -1 8 -2 -7 3
0 -8 10 -3
8 -10 3 0
4
8x2 – 10x + 3 = 0 -6 -4 -10
3 1
(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 2)= 0 -6/8 -4 / 8
3 1
𝑥= , 𝑥= -3/4 -1/2
4 2
3 1
Solution: x = -1, 𝑥= , 𝑥=
4 2

28
10. Solve the cubic equation 2x3 + 11x2 -9x -18 = 0 (Eg: 3.18)
The co-efficient are 2 11 -9 -18

S1 S2
S1 = 2 – 9 = -7, S2 = 11-18 = -7
S1 = S2 / x = -1 is a root

x = -1 2 11 -9 -18 36
0 -2 -9 18 12 -3 9
2 9 -18 0 12/2 -3/2
2x2 + 9x -18 = 0 6 -3/2
3
(x + 6) (𝑥 − 2)= 0
3
x = -6 , 𝑥= 2
3
/ Solution: x = -6, 𝑥 = , x = -1
2

11. Solve the equation: 7x3 – 43x2 = 43 – 7 (Eg: 3.27)

Solution: 7x3 – 43x2 = 43 -7
Rewriting the equation in correct order 7x3 – 43x2 – 43x + 7 = 0
The coefficients are 7 -43 -43 7

S1 S2
S1 = 7 -43 = - 36, S2 = -43 + 7 = -36
S1 = S2 / x = -1 is a root
x = -1 7 -43 -43 7 49
0 -7 50 -7 -49 -1 -50
7 -50 7 0 -49/7 -1/7
7x2 – 50x + 7 = 0 -7 -1/7
1
(x – 7) (𝑥 − 7) = 0
1
x = 7, 𝑥 = 7
1
/ Solution: x = -1, x = 7, 𝑥= 7

29
12. Solve : x4 + 3x3 – 3x – 1 = 0 (Eg3.5 5(ii))
Solution:
The coefficients are 31 0 -3 -1 [Note x2 term is missing]
Sum of the coefficients1 + 3 + 0 – 3 -1 = 4 – 4 = 0
/ x = 1is a root
S2
1 3 0 -3 -1
S1
S1 = 1+0 -1 = 0 , S2 = 3 – 3 = 0
S1 = S2 / x = -1is a root
x =1 1 3 0 -3 -1
0 1 4 4 1
x = -1 1 4 4 1 0
0 -1 -3 -1
1 3 1 0
x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
a =1, b = 3, c =1
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−3 ± √32 −4(1)(1) −3 ± √9−4 −3 ± √5
= = =
2(1) 2 2
−3+ √5 −3 − √5
/ Solution: x = 1, x = -1, 𝑥= , 𝑥=
2 2
13. Solve the cubic equation 2x – x -18x + 9 = 0 if sum of its two roots vanishes:
3 2
(Eg3.3(1))
Solution: Clearly sum = 2-1 -18 + 9  0
x = 1 is not a root
S1 S2 / x = -1 is not a root
x =2, x = -2 are also not roots
By trail put x = 3
x=3 2 -1 -18 9
0 6 15 -9
2 5 -3 0
Remainder is 0 x = 3 is a root
Put x = -3
x= -3 2 5 -3
0 -6 3
2 -1 0

30
 Remainder is 0 x = -3is also a root
Note Clearly sum of two of its roots 3 -3 = 0 vanishes
2x -1 = 0
2x = 1
x=½
solution x = 3, x = -3, x=½
14. Find all zeros of the polynomial x6 – 3x5 – 5x4 + 22x3 – 39x2 – 39x + 135 if it is known that
1+2i and √𝟑 are two of its roots (Eg 3.3 (5))
Solution :
The root are 1 +2i, 1-2i, √3 , -√3 ,  , 
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 5
Σ1 = 1 + 2𝑖 + 1 − 2𝑖 + √3 − √3 + 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − -
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 6
−(−3)
2++ = =3
1
 +  = 1 …………… (1)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Σ6 = (1 + 2𝑖)(1 − 2𝑖)(√3)(− √3) 𝛼𝛽 =
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 6
(12 + 22) (-3)  = 135 / 1 = 135
(1 + 4) (-3)  = 135
5(-3) = 135
135
 = −15 = -9
 = -9
x – () x +  = 0
2

x2 – x – 9 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 1 ± √(−1)2 −4(1)(−9) 1 ± √1+36 1 ± √37
𝑥= = = =
2𝑎 2 2 2
1+ √37 1− √37
Solution : 1 + 2𝑖, 1 − 2𝑖, √3 , − √3 , ,
2 2

15. Solve the equation: x4 – 9x2 + 20 = 0 (Eg: 3.16)

Put x2 = y 20
y2 – 9y + 20 = 0 -5 -4 -9
(y – 5) (y -4) = 0
y =5, y=4
y = 5 If x2 = 5  x = √5
y = 4 If x2 = 4  x =  2
Solution x = 2, -2, √5 , −√5

31
 Solve the equation: y4 – 14x2 + 45 = 0 Eg: 3.3(7)
Put x2 = y 45
y2 – 14y + 45 = 0 -9 -5 -14
(y – 9) (y -5) = 0
y = 9, y=5
y = 9 If x = 9  x = 3
2

y = 5 If x2 = 5  x = √5
Solution x = 3, -3, √5 , −√5
16. Solve: 6x4 – 35x3 + 62x2 – 35x + 6 = 0 (Eg3.5.5 (i)
Solution: This is a reciprocal equation
x = 2put
x=2 6 -35 62 -35 6
0 12 -46 32 -6
6 -23 16 -3 0
Remainder is 0 , x = 2 is a root
x = 3 is a root
x=3 6 -23 16 -3
0 18 -15 3
6 -5 1 0
6x2 – 5x + 1 = 0
1 1
(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 2) = 0
Since the given equation is a reciprocal equation
x = 2, x = 3 are roots x = ½, x =1/3 are also root
/ Solution x = 2, x =3, x = ½, x = 1/3
17. Solve: 6x – 5x -38x – 5x + 6 = 0, if it is known that x = 1/3 is a solution
4 3 2

Solution: This is a reciprocal equation

Given x = 1/3 is a root x = 3 is a root
x=3 6 -5 -38 -5 6
0 18 39 3 -6
x = -2 6 13 1 -2 0 x = -2
0 -12 -2 2
6 1 -1 0
Remainder x = -2 is a solution
The given equation is a reciprocal equation x = -1/2 is also a solution
/Solution x = 3, x =1/3, x = -2, x=½
32
18. Solve : x4 – 10x3 +26x2 – 10x + 1 = 0 (Eg: 3.28)
Solution:
1
Put : 𝑥+ = 𝑦
𝑥

𝑦 2 – 10𝑦 + 24 = 0 24
(𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 6) = 0 -4 -6 -10
y=4 , y=6
1 𝑥 2 +1
(i) If y = 4 𝑥 + 𝑥= 4  = 4  x2 + 1 = 4x
𝑥

−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 𝑥= a = 1, b = -4, c = 1
2𝑎

4 ± √(−4)2 −4(1)(1) 4 ± √16−4 4 ± √12

x= = =
2 2 2
4 ± √4 ×3 4 ±2 √3 2 (2 ± √3)
= = = = (2 ± √3)
2 2 2
1 𝑥 2 +1
(ii) If y = 6  𝑥 + =6 = 6  x2 + 1 = 6x
𝑥 𝑥

6 ± √(−6)2 −4(1)(1)
x2 – 6x + 1 = 0 x= 2
6 ± √36 − 4 6 ± √32 6 ± √16 ×2
x= = =
2 2 2
6 ± 4√2 2 (3 ± √2)
= = = (3 ± √2)
2 2

Solution: 2 + √3, 2 − √3 , 3 + 2 √2 , 3 − 2√2

19. Discuss the maximum possible number of positive and negative roots of the polynomial
equation 9x9 – 4x8 + 4x7 – 3x6 + 2x5 + x3 + 7x2 + 7x + 2 = 0 (Ex: 3.6(1))
Solution : P(x) = 9x9 – 4x8 + 4x7 – 3x6 + 2x5 + x3 + 7x2 + 7x + 2 = 0
P(x) + - + - + + + + +

1 2 3 4
Number of sign changes in P(x) is 4
Maximum number of positive roots is 4
P(-x): - - - - - - + - +
1 2 3
Number of sign changes in P(-x) is 3
Maximum number of negative roots is 3

33
20. Determine the number of positive and negative roots of the equation x9 – 5x8 – 14x7
(Eg: 3.6(4))
Solution : P(x) = 9x – 4x + 4x
9 8 7

P(x) = + - -
1
Number of sign changes in P(x) is 1
Maximum number of positive roots is 1
P(-x) = - - +
1
Number of sign changes in P(-x) is 1
Maximum number of negative roots is 1
21. Find the exact number of real roots and imaginary of the polynomial
x9 + 9x7 + 7x5 + 5x3 + 3x (Eg: 3.6(5))
Solution : P(x) = + + + + +
No sign change
No positive real root
P(-x) = - - - - -
No sign change
No negative real root
Since there is no constant term x = 0 is a root
/ There are 8 imaginary roots
22. Show that the polynomial 9x9 + 2x5 – x4 – 7x2 + 2 = 0 has atleast six
imaginary roots. (Eg: 3.30)
Solution: P(x) = + + - - +

1 2
Number of sign changes in P(x) is 2
Maximum number of positive roots is 2
P(-x) = - - - - +
1
Number of sign changes in P(-x) is 1
Maximum number of negative roots is 1
There is a constant term (2) in P(x)
Zero is not a root
Minimum number of imaginary roots is
9 – (2 +1) = 9 -3 = 6

34
 CHAPTER - 4
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Important Points:
Function Domain Range
−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [−1, 1] [− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 [−1, 1] [0 , 𝜋]
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑅 (− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 𝑅 \ (−1, 1) [− 𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2] \ {0}

𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 𝑅 \ (−1, 1) [0 , 𝜋] \ {𝜋⁄2}

𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 𝑅 (0 , 𝜋)
2𝜋
If y = A sinx then the period = |𝛼|
and amplitude = |𝐴|

2 & 3 Mark Questions

1. Find the value of 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅⁄𝟑)
Solution:
𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin (𝜋 − ))
3
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin(𝜋⁄3))
= 𝜋⁄3  [− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2]
𝟓𝝅
2. Find the value of 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 )
𝟒
Solution:
𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin (𝜋 + ))
4
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−sin(𝜋⁄4))
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin(− 𝜋⁄4))
= - 4  [− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2]
𝜋

𝟕𝝅
3. Find the value of 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ))
𝟔
Solution:
𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos (𝜋 + ))
6
𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−cos )
6
−1 𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (cos (𝜋 − ))
6
5𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos )
6
5𝜋
= ∈ [0 , 𝜋]
6
35
 𝟓𝝅
4. Find the value: 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 )
𝟒
Solution:
5𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan (𝜋 + ))
4 4
−1 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (tan ⁄4)
=  (− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2)
𝜋
4
𝟐
5. Find the principal value of 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 ( )
√𝟑
Solution:
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (2⁄ ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (√3⁄2) = 𝜋⁄6
√3
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
𝑥
6. 𝒄𝒐𝒕 (𝟏⁄𝟕) =  Find the value of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 
−𝟏

Solution:
 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (1⁄7)
cot  = 1⁄7  tan  = 7
sec  = √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃= √1 + 49 =√50 = 5√2
1
cos  = 5√2
7. Find the principal value: 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (−√𝟐)
Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−√2) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1⁄ )
√2
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1⁄ ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
√2
= −𝜋⁄4 𝑥 𝜀 [−1, 1]
8. 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 )in Domain
Solution:
−1 ≤ 2 − 3𝑥 2 ≤ 1
(-2) −3 ≤ −3𝑥 2 ≤ −1
(3) −1 ≤ −𝑥 2 ≤ − 1⁄3
(-1) 1 ≥ 𝑥 2 ≥ 1⁄3
1 ≥ |𝑥| ≥ 1⁄ [ ] [ ]
√3
1 −1 1
≤ |𝑥| ≤ 1 -1 1
√3 √3 √3

𝑥𝜀 [−1, − 1⁄ ] ∪ [1⁄ , 1]
√3 √3

36
9. 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 [𝐜𝐨𝐬(− 𝝅⁄𝟔)] ≠ − 𝝅⁄𝟔 True? Justify your answer
Sol:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos(− 𝜋⁄6))= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos 𝜋⁄6)=𝜋⁄6

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos(− 𝜋⁄6)) ≠ − 𝜋⁄6

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
10. Find the Domain F(x) =𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝟐𝒙
)

Sol:
𝑥2 + 1
| | ≤1
2𝑥
𝑥 2 + 1 ≤ 2 |𝑥|
𝑥 2 + 1 − 2 |𝑥| ≤ 0
(|𝑥| − 1)2 ≤ 0
|𝑥| − 1 ≤ 0
𝑥 [−1, 1]
𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
11. 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( ) Find the Domain
𝟑
2 + sin 𝑥
Sol: -1 ≤ ≤1
3
(x 3)  −3 ≤ 2 + sin 𝑥 ≤ 3
(-2)  −5 ≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ≤ 1
−1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1
− 𝜋⁄2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋⁄2
𝑥 ∈ [− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2]
𝟓𝝅 𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝝅
12. Find the value 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
Sol:
5𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin ( + ))
9 9
6𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin ( ))
9

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin(2𝜋⁄3))

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin(𝜋 − 𝜋⁄3))

𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin )
3

∈ [− 𝜋⁄2 , 𝜋⁄2]
𝜋
=
3

37
 5 Mark Questions
|𝒙|−𝟐 𝟏− |𝒙|
1. Find the Domain: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( )
𝟑 𝟒
Sol:
|𝑥|−2 1− |𝑥|
−1 ≤ ≤1 −1 ≤ ≤1
3 4
−1 ≤ |𝑥| − 2 ≤ 3 −4 ≤ 1 − |𝑥| ≤ 4
−1 ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 5 −5 ≤ − |𝑥| ≤ 3
|𝑥| ≤ 5 5 ≥ − |𝑥| ≥ −3
−5 ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 5………. (1) −3 ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 5………… (2)
(1), (2)  −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝟒𝝅 𝟓𝝅
2. Find the value: 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ))
𝟑 𝟒
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 + )) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 + ))
3 4
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 − )) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 − ))
3 4
2𝜋 3𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ))
3 4
2𝜋 3𝜋 17𝜋
= + =
3 4 12
−𝟏 (
3. Find the value: 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟏⁄𝟐)) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟒⁄𝟓)
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1⁄2 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 4⁄5 = 𝐵

sin 𝐴 = 1⁄ sin 𝐵 = 3⁄5

√5
cos 𝐴 = 2⁄ cos 𝐵 = 4⁄5
√5
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1⁄2) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (4⁄5)) = sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1 4 2 3
= . − .
√5 5 √5 5

−2 √5
= ×
5√5 √5
−2 √5
=
25

38
4. Find the value: 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝟒⁄𝟓) − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟑⁄𝟒))
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3⁄4 = 𝐵
4
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 𝐴
5

sin 𝐴 = 4⁄5 sin 𝐵 = 3⁄5

cos 𝐴 = 3⁄5 cos 𝐵 = 4⁄5
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (4⁄5) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3⁄4) = cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)
= cos A cos B + sin A sin B
3 4 4 3
= . + .
5 5 5 5
24
=
25
𝒙
5. Verify: 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) = -1 < x < 1
√𝟏− 𝒙𝟐
𝑥
LHS: tan (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 )
1

𝑥
= tan (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 )
√1− 𝑥 2
𝑥
= -1 < x < 1
√1− 𝑥 2
LHS = RHS
𝟏 𝟏
6. Find the value: 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (−𝟏) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟐) + 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (− 𝟐)
𝟏 𝟏
= - 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 −3𝜋 +4𝜋−2𝜋
=− + − =
4 3 6 12
−𝜋
=
12
√𝟑
7. Find the value 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝟏) + 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (− ) −𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (−√𝟐)
𝟐

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− 1⁄ )

√3
2 √2
− − (𝜋 − 𝜋⁄4)
𝜋 𝜋
=
4 3
= − − 𝜋 + 𝜋⁄4
𝜋 𝜋
4 3
𝜋 𝜋
= − −𝜋
2 3
−5𝜋
=
6
39
 CHAPTER - 5
TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALTICAL GEOMETRY –II
Important Points:
Circle:
 Equation of circle having centre (0, 0) & radius r
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
 Equation of circle having centre (h, k) & radius r
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
 Equation of circle having (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) as end points of diameter
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0
 Equation of circle in general form
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Centre (−𝑔, −𝑓) radius = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
 Conditions for a second degree equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 to
represent a circle:
𝑖. 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥𝑦 = 0 (𝑖𝑒) ℎ = 0
𝑖𝑖. 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 2  0
2
(𝑖𝑒) 𝑎 = 𝑏 0
 Position of a point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with respect to a given circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is
>0 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 = { 0 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
<0 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
 Equation of tangent at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is got by substituting: 𝑥 2 → 𝑥𝑥1 ; 𝑦 2 → 𝑦𝑦1 ;
𝑥+ 𝑥1 𝑦 + 𝑦1
𝑥 → | 𝑦 →
2 2

 𝐼𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is an equation of tangent then equation of normal is of the form

𝑏𝑥 – 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 and k is got by substituting (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

40
Different form of parabola with vertex (h, k)
Equation Graph Axis of Equation of Equation
Focus symmetry directrix having vertex
(0, 0)
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (h + a, k + 0) 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑥 = ℎ−𝑎 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
= 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) Open right ward

(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (h – a , k + 0) 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑥 = ℎ+𝑎 𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥

= −4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) Open left ward

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (h + 0, k + a) 𝑥 = ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑘 –𝑎 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦
= 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘) Open up ward

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (h + 0, k –a) 𝑥 = ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑘+𝑎 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦

= −4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘) Open down
ward

 Length of Latus rectum = 4𝑎

 Distance between vertex and focus = 𝑎
 Distance between focus and directrix = 2𝑎

41
 Equation of ELLIPSE Equation of Major axis Center Vertices Foci
HYPERBOLA transverse axis
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 Parallel to (h, k) (h + a, (h + c,
+ =1 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
x-axis 0 + k) 0 + k)
(h – a, (h – c,
0 + k) 0 + k)

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2 Parallel to (h, k) (h + 0, (h + 0,

+ =1 − =1
𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑏2
x-axis k + a) k + c)
(h + 0, (h + 0,
k - a) k – c)

Conics 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 Accentricity Length of Latus

𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 rectum
Parabola - e=1 4a
Ellipse c =a –b
2 2 2
2𝑏 2
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑒= √ 𝑎
𝑎2
𝑒< 1
Hyperbola 2
c =a +b2 2
2𝑏 2
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑒= √ 𝑎
𝑎2
𝑒> 1
Condition for a line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 to be a tangent for conics.
Conics Condition Point of contact
i. Circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑎2 𝑚 𝑎2
(− , )
𝑐 𝑐
ii. Parabola 𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝑚 (𝑎⁄𝑚2 , 2𝑎⁄𝑚)
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
iii. Ellipse 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2 𝑎2 𝑚 𝑏 2⁄ )
𝑥2 𝑦2 (− , 𝑐
+ = 1 𝑐
𝑎2 𝑏 2
iv. Hyperbola 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 − 𝑏 2 𝑎2 𝑚 −𝑏 2⁄ )
𝑥2 𝑦2 (− , 𝑐
− = 1 𝑐
𝑎2 𝑏 2
42
 2, 3 Mark Questions
1. Find the general equation of a circle with center (-3, -4) and radius 3 units
Solution: Equation of circle : (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 + 4)2 = 32
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 16 = 0
2. Find the general equation of the circle whose diameter is the line segment joining
the points (-4, -2 ) and (1, 1)
Solution: Equation of circle: (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0
(𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 − 1) + (𝑦 + 2) (𝑦 − 1) = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6 = 0
3. A circle of radius 3 units touches both the axes. Find the equation of all possible
circles formed in the general form
Solution: Centers ( 3,  3) radius = 3 units
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 ± 3)2 + (𝑦 ± 3)2 = 32
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ± 6𝑥 ± 6𝑦 + 9 = 0
4. Find center and radius of the circle 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
Solution 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2 = 0
÷2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0
3
Center (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (2 , −1)

9
Radius = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √4 + 1 − 1 = 3⁄2 Units

5. Determine whether the points (-2, 1) , (0, 0) and (-4, -3) lie outside on or inside the
circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎
Solution : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0
Put: (−2, 1 )  4 + 1 + 10 + 2 – 5 = 1 2 > 0 (−2, 1) lies Outside
Put: (0, 0)  0 + 0 – 0 + 0 – 5 = −5 < 0 (0, 0) lies In side
Put: (−4, −3)  16 + 9 + 20 − 6 – 5 = 34 > 0 (−4, −3) lies out side

43
6. 𝑰𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + (𝟑 − 𝒑)𝒙𝒚 + 𝒒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒑𝒙 = 𝟖𝒑𝒒 Represents a circle, find
p and q. Also determine the centre and radius of the circle
Solution : Condition 3𝑥 2 + (3 − 𝑝)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑞𝑦 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 = 8𝑝𝑞
(𝑖) 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥𝑦 = 0  3 – 𝑝 = 0  𝑝 = 3
(𝑖𝑖) 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 2  3 = 𝑞
/ Equation of circle
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 72 = 0
3  𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 24 = 0
Centre (−𝑔, −𝑓) = (1, 0)
Radius = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √1 + 0 + 24 = 5Unit
7. 𝑰𝒇 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒄 is a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 9, find C.
Solution: Condition: c2 = a2 (1 + m2)
c2 = 9(1 +42) = 9 x 17  c =  3√17
8. A road bridge over an irrigation canal have two semi –circular vents each with a
span of 20m and the supporting pillar of width 2m. Use diagram to write the
equation that represent the semi-ventricular vents solution
(Fig 5.16)

Solution:
O1, (12, 0) , r = 10
Equation of first semicircle (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 ⇒
(𝑥 − 12)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 102
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 24𝑥 + 44 = 0 𝑦> 0
O2, (34, 0) , r = 10
Equation of second semicircle
(𝑥 − 34)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 102 
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 68𝑥 + 1056 = 0 𝑦> 0

44
9. Find the equation of parabola whose vertex (𝟏, −𝟐) and focus (𝟒, −𝟐).
Solution: Equation of parabola: (y –k) 2 = 4a (x –h)
Distance between vertex a = 3 and focus

(𝑦 – 𝑘) 2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)
(𝑦 + 2) 2 = 12(𝑥 − 1)
10. The maximum and minimum distances of the Earth from the Sun respectively are 𝟏𝟓𝟐 ×
𝟏𝟎𝟔 km and 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 km. The sun is at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Find the
distance from the sun to the other focus.
Solution: 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 152 × 106 …………. (1)
𝑎 − 𝑐 = 94.5 × 106 …………. (2)

(1)– (2) 2𝑐 = 57.5 × 106

Required distance = 57.5 × 106 𝑘𝑚

5 Marks Questions
1. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (𝟏, 𝟏) (𝟐, −𝟏) and (𝟑, 𝟐)
Solution: Equation of circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 …….. (1)
Sub (1, 1) 2𝑔 + 2𝑓 + 𝑐 = −2 …………… (2)
Sub(2, −1) 4𝑔 – 2𝑓 + 𝑐 = −5 ………….. (3)
Sub(3, 2) 6𝑔 + 4𝑓 + 𝑐 = −13 ………… (4)
(2) – (3) −2𝑔 + 4𝑓 = 3 …………… (5)
(4) – (3) 2𝑔 + 6𝑓 = −8 …………… (6)
(5) + (6) 𝑓 = −5⁄10
𝑓 = −1⁄2
Put: 𝑓 = −1⁄2 in (6) 2g -3 = -8  𝑔 = −5/2
Put 𝑔 = −5/2 , 𝑓 = −1/2 in (2)  -5 -1 + c = -2  𝑐 = 4
Put 𝑓 = −1/2 , 𝑔 = −5/2 , c = 4 in (1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0
45
2. Find the vertex, focus, directrix and length of the latus rectum of the
parabola 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
Solution: 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 5𝑦 + 1
(𝑥 − 2)2 − 4 = 5𝑦 + 1
(𝑥 − 2)2 = 5𝑦 + 5 = 5(𝑦 + 1)
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)
4𝑎 = 5  𝑎 = 5/4
Vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘) = (2, −1)
Focus : (ℎ + 0, 𝑘 + 𝑎) = (2, −1 + 5/4) = (2, ¼)
5 9
Equation of Directrix 𝑦 = 𝑘 – 𝑎  𝑦 = −1 − 4  𝑦 = − 4
Length of Latus rectum = 4𝑎 = 5
3. Find the vertex, focus, equation of directrix and length of the latus rectum of the
parabola 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
Solution: 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 12 = 0
𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 8𝑥 − 12
(𝑦 − 2)2 − 4 = 8𝑥 − 12
(𝑦 − 2)2 = 8𝑥 − 8
(𝑦 − 2)2 = 8(𝑥 − 1)
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) 4𝑎 = 8 𝑎 = 2
Vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘) = (1, 2)
Focus : (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 + 0) = (1 + 2, 2 = 0) = (3, 2)
Equation of Directrix: 𝑥 = ℎ – 𝑎  𝑥 = −1
Length of Latus rectum = 4𝑎 = 8
4. Find the foci, vertex and length of major and minor axis of the conic
𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝒚 + 𝟓𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎
Solution: 4𝑥 2 + 40𝑥 + 36𝑦 2 − 288𝑦 = −532
4(𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 25) + 36(𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16) = −532 + 100 + 576 = 144
(𝑥+5)2 (𝑦−4)2
+ =1
36 4
𝑎2 = 36, 𝑏2 = 4  𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 32
𝑎 = 6 𝑏 = 2 𝑐 = √32
Centre: (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−5, 4)
Transverse axis parallel to x-axis (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 + 0) = (1, 4)
(ℎ – 𝑎, 𝑘 + 0) = (−11, 4)
Focus: (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + 0) = (−5 + √32 , 4)
(ℎ – 𝑐 , 𝑘 + 0) = (−5 − √32 , 4)
Length of major axis = 2𝑎 = 12units
Length of minor axis = 2𝑏 = 4 units
46
5. Identify the type of conic and find centre foci, vertexs and vertices of
𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎
Solution:
Given Equation represent the hyperbola : 9𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 − 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = −18
9(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) − (𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9) = −18 + 36 − 9 = 9
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+3)2
9  1
− 𝑎
=1 𝑎2 = 1  𝑎 = 1

𝑏2 = 9  𝑏 = 3
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 10  𝑐 = √10
Centre: (2, −3)| Transverse axis parallel to x-axis
√10
Vertices: (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 + 0) = (3, −3) 𝑒 = 𝑐/𝑎 = = √10
1

(ℎ – 𝑎, 𝑘 + 0) = (1, −3)
Focus: (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + 0) = (2 + √10 , −3)
(ℎ – 𝑐 , 𝑘 + 0) = (2 − √10 , −3)

𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑎⁄𝑒 = 2 +
1
Equation of directices: √10

𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑎⁄𝑒 = 2 −
1
√10

6. Show that the line 𝒙 – 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 is a tangent to the ellipse 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 =

𝟏𝟐. 𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 find the co-ordinates of the point of contact:
Solution: 𝑥– 𝑦 = 4 = 0 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 12
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4 + =1
12 4

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 4
𝑚 = 1 𝑐 = 4 𝑎2 = 12 𝑏2 = 4
Condition: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2
𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2 = 12 × 1 + 4 = 16 = 𝑐 2
x - y + 4 = 0 is a tangent to x2 + 3y2 =12
−𝑎2 𝑚 𝑏2 −12 ×1 4
Point of contact: ( , 𝑐)=( , 4) = (−3, 1)
𝑐 4

47
7. A semielliptical archway over a one way road has a height of 3m and a width of
12m. The truck has a width of 3m and a height of 2.7m. Will the truck clear the
opening of the archway?
Solution: 2𝑎 = 12  𝑎 = 6 , 𝑏 = 3
𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of ellipse: + =1 (Fig.5.55)
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑥2 𝑦2
2 +
=1
6 32
3 (3/2)2 𝑦12
put (2 , 𝑦1 )  + =1
36 9
𝑦12 9
= 1−  y -1 = 2.9 > 2.7
9 144
/ The truck will clear the archway.
8. Cross section of a Nuclear cooling tower is in the shape of a hyperbola with
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
equation 𝟐
− = 𝟏.The tower is 150m tall and the distance from the top of
𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟒𝟐
the tower to the center of the hyperbola is half the distance from the base of the
tower to the center of the hyperbola. Find the diameter of the top and base of the
tower.
Solution (Fig 5.70)

𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of hyperbola: − =1
302 442
(1) Pass through (x1, 50)
𝑥12 502
− =1
302 44 2
𝑥12 2500
302
= 1 +  𝑥1 = 45.41 𝑚
1936
Diameter of the top = 2x1 = 90.82m
Passes through (𝑥2 , −100)
𝑥22 (−100)2
− = 1𝑥2 = 74.49
302 442
Diameter of the bottom; 2𝑥2 = 148.91m
48
9. Parabolic cable of a 6m portion of the roadbed of a suspension bridge are
positioned as shown below. Vertical cables are to be spaced every 6m along this
portion of the roadbed. Calculate the lengths of first two of there vertical cables
from the vertex:
(fig; 5.69)

Solution: Equation of parabola 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦

It passes through (30, 13)
900
900 = 49 × 13  4𝑎 = 13
2 900
𝑥 = 𝑦
13

It passes through (6, 𝑦1) It passes through (12, 𝑦2 )

900 900
36 = 𝑦1 144 = 𝑦2
13 13
36 ×13 144 ×13
𝑦1 = = 0.52 𝑦2 = = 2.08
900 900

Required length= 3.52 m Required length= 5.08 m

10. Assume that water issuing from the end of a horizontal pipe, 7.5m above the ground,
describes a parabolic path. The vertex of the parabolic path is at the end of the piple. At
a position 2.5m below the line of the outward 3m beyond the vertical line through the
end of the pipe. How far beyond this vertical line will the water strike the ground?

49
 Solution:
Equation of parabola: 𝑥 2 = − 4𝑎𝑦
It passes through (3, −2.5)
9
9 = −4𝑎 × (−2.5)  4𝑎 = 2.5
𝑑𝑦 2(−6) 4
= =
𝑑𝑥 −9 3
9
𝑥 2 = − 2.5 𝑦
9
It passes through (𝑥1 , −7.5)𝑥12 = − 2.5 × −7.5 = 9 × 3

𝑥1 = 3√3
Required distance = 3√3 m
11. On lighting a rocket cracker it gets projected in a parabolic path and reaches a
maximum height of 4m when it is 6m away from the point of projection. Finally it
reaches the ground 12m away from the starting point. Find the angle of projection.

Solution: Equation of parabola:

𝑥 2 = − 4𝑎𝑦
It passes through (−6, −4)
36 = −4𝑎 × −4  4𝑎 = 9
𝑥 2 = −9 𝑦
Diff: w.r.t. x
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 (−6) 4
2𝑥 = −9 (𝑑𝑥 ) = = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 (−6,−4) −9 3

𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (4/3)

50
12. A road of length 1.2m moves with its ends always touching the co-ordinate axis.
The locus of a point P on the road which is 0.3m from the end in contact with x-axis
is an ellipse. Find the eccentricity.
Solution

𝑥
𝑃𝐵𝐶y; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.91
𝑦
In 𝐴𝑃𝐷y; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.31
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
𝑦12 𝑥2
+ 0.912 = 1
0.32
𝑥2 𝑦2
/𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 + =1
0.92 0.32
2 2
𝑎 = 0.92, 𝑏 = 0.32
𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 0.72 0.72 8
𝑒= √ =√0.92 =√0.81 =√9
𝑎2
2√2
𝑒= 3
13. An engineer designs a satellite dish with a parabolic cross section. The dish is 5m
wide at the opening and the focus is placed 1.2m from the vertex
a) Position a coordinate system with the origin at the vertex and the x-axis on
the parabola’s axis of symmetry and find an equation of the parabola.
b) Find the depth of the satellite dish at the vertex.

Solution: 𝑎 = 1.2
i) Equation of parabola : 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑦 2 = 4 × 1.2𝑥 = 4.8𝑥 ………… (1)
Required depth

51
 ii) Equation of parabola 𝑦 2 = 4.8𝑥 through (𝑥1 , 2.5)
(2.5)2 = 4.8𝑥1
6.25
𝑥1 = 4.8 = 1.3
Required depth = 1.3 m
14. A tunnel through a mountain for a four lane high way is to have a elliptical
opening. The total width of the highway (not the opening) is to be 16m, and the
height at the edge 4m high road must be sufficient for a truck opening is to be 5m
approximately. How wide
Solution: Equation of Ellipse

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1 a=8 , b=5
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
64 25
𝑥12 16
It passes through (x1, 4)  + = 1
64 25
16 9
𝑥12 = 64 (1 − ) 𝑥12 = 64 ×
25 25
3×8
𝑥1 = = 4.8
5
Required width = 2𝑥1 = 2 × 4.8 = 9.6m
15. A search light has a parabolic reflector (has a cross section that forms a bowl). The
parabolic bowl is 40cm wide from rim to rim and 80cm deep. The bulb is located
at the focus:
1) What is the equation of the parabola used for reflector?
2) How far from the vertex is the bulb to be placed so that maximum distance
covered?
Solution: Equation of Parabola
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

It passes through (30, 20)

202 = 4𝑎 × 30
20 ×20 10
𝑎 = 4 ×30 = 3
40
i) Equation of parabola: 𝑦2 = 𝑥
3
10
ii) Required distance = 𝑎 = cm
3

52
 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
16. An equation of the elliptical part of an optical lens system is 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟗
= 1 . The
parabolic part of the system has a focus in common with the right focus of ellipse. The
vertex of the parabola is at the origin and the parabola opens to the right Determine the
equation of parabola:
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1. a2 = 16, b2 = 9
16 9
Foci c2 = a2 – b2 = 16 – 9 = 7
c = ±√7
The focus of the parabola is

The focus of the parabola is: (±√7 , 0) ; = (√7 , 0)

/ 𝑎 = √7
Equation of the parabola: 𝑦 2 = 4 √7𝑥
(𝒙−𝟏𝟏)𝟐 𝒚𝟐
17. If the equation of the ellipse: + =1. (𝒙 and 𝒚 are measured in cm)
𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝟔𝟒

Where to the nearest centimeter, should the patients kidney stone be placed. So
that the reflected sound hits the kidney stone?
Solution:
(𝑥−11)2 𝑦2
+ =1 a2 = 484
484 64

b2 = 64
(Fg 5.65)

c2 = a2 – b2 = 484 – 64 = 420  c = 20.5

The patient’s kidney stone should be placed 20.5cm from the center of the ellipse

53
 Chapter - 6
Applications of vector Algebra
Important Points:
1. 𝑎 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ||⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

2. 𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ||⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ̂
𝑛

3. 𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Work done 𝑊 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑
4. Torque ⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹

5. 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 are coplanar vectors  [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = 0

6. 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠  ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 = 0
7. 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 are parallel vectors  𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
0

8. Volume of parallelepiped with coterminous vectors 𝑉 = |[⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]| Cubic units
Equation of straight lines
Type of straight Parametric Non parameteric Cartesian form
lines vector form vector form
Type – I: Given one
𝑥− 𝑥1 𝑦− 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
point and one 𝑟⃗⃗ = 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡 𝑏 𝑎 ) × ⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗
0 𝑏1
=
𝑏2
=
𝑏3

parallel vector
𝑥− 𝑥1 𝑦− 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Type-II :Given two ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡(⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟⃗⃗ = 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ ) 𝑎 ) × (⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ) = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 0 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
= 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
= 𝑧2 − 𝑧1

points

2 marks/ 3 marks question

1. Cosine formulae:
With usual notations in ABC, prove a2 = b2 +c2 – 2bc cos A
Solution:

54
 In𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎 = −( ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 )
(𝑎)2 = (𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 )2
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑐
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2 𝑏𝑐 cos(𝜋 − 𝐴)
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2 𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
2. With usual notations prove that in  𝐴𝐵𝐶 , prove 𝑎 = 𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐵 by vector
method .
Solution:

In 𝐴𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐⃗⃗ = 0
⃗⃗⃗ = − 𝑏
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑎
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = − 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗⃗ . 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗
2
𝑎 = −𝑏𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 − 𝐶) − 𝑐𝑎 cos(𝜋 − 𝐵)
𝑎2 = 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑎 = 𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
3. With usual notations in 𝐴𝐵𝐶 prove that sin 𝐴 = sin 𝐵
= sin 𝐶
by vector method
Solution:

Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶
1 1 1
|𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = 2 |𝑏⃗ × 𝑐| = 2 |𝑐 × 𝑎|
2
|𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = |𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 | = |𝑐 × 𝑎|
𝑎𝑏 sin(𝜋 − 𝐶) = 𝑏𝑐 sin(𝜋 − 𝐴) = 𝑐𝑎sin(𝜋 − 𝐵)
𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 = 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑎 sin 𝐵
sin 𝐶 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =  sin 𝐴 = =
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

55
4. ̂ and−𝒊̂ − 𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
A particle acted upon by constant forces 𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝟓 𝒋̂ + 𝟔 𝒌 ̂ is displaced
from the point (4, -3, -2) to the point (6, 1, -3) find the total workdone by the forces:
Solution:
𝐹 = (2 𝚤̂ + 5 𝑗̂ + 6 𝑘̂) + (−𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = 𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (6 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂) − ( 4𝚤̂ − 3 𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂)
= 6 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂ − 4𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 2 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
The work done 𝑊 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑
= (𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂). (2 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)
= 2 + 12 – 5 = 9 Units
5. A particle is acted upon by the forces 𝟑 𝒊̂ − 𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟐 𝒌 ̂ and 𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
̂ is displaced
from the point(𝟏, 𝟑, −𝟏) to the point (𝟒, −𝟏, ). If the work done by the forces is 16
units, find the value of 
Solution:
𝐹 = (3 𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂) + (2 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = 5𝚤̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = (4 𝚤̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝜆𝑘̂) − (𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 4 𝚤̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝜆𝑘̂ − 𝚤̂ − 3 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 3 𝚤̂ − 4 𝑗̂ + (𝜆 + 1) 𝑘̂
Given W = 16
𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑 = 16
(5 𝚤̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘). (3 𝚤̂ − 4 𝑗̂ + (𝜆 + 1)𝑘̂) = 16
̂
15 + 4 + 𝜆 + 1 = 16
𝜆 + 20 = 16
𝜆 = 16 − 20
𝜆 = −4
6. A particle is acted upon by the forces 8𝑖̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 6 𝑘̂ and 6𝚤̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂ is displaced from
the point(1, 2, 3) to the point (5,4, −1). Find the total work done by the forces.
Solution:
= (8 𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 6 𝑘̂) + (6 𝚤̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹
= 14𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 8 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹
⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (5 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) − (𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂)
𝑑
⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 5 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ − 𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂
𝑑
⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 4 𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂
𝑑
The work done 𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑑
= (14 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 8 𝑘̂). (4 𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂)
= 56 + 8 + 16
= 80 Units

56
7. ̂ and
Forces of magnitudes 𝟓√𝟐 and 𝟏𝟎√𝟐 units acting in the directions 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟒 𝒋̂ + 𝟓 𝒌
̂ respectively, act on a particle which is displaced from the point with
𝟏𝟎 𝒊̂ + 𝟔 𝒋̂ − 𝟖 𝒌
̂ to the point with position vector 𝟔 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟑 𝒌
position vectors 𝟒 𝒊̂ − 𝟑 𝒋̂ − 𝟐 𝒌 ̂ Find the

work done by the forces.

̂)
5√2(3 𝑖̂+4 𝑗̂ +5 𝑘 ̂)
10√2(10 𝑖̂+16 𝑗̂ −8 𝑘
Solution: 𝐹= +
5√2 10√2

𝐹 = 13𝚤̂ + 10 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂
𝑑 = (6 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂) − (4 𝚤̂ − 3 𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂)

𝑑 = 6 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂ − 4𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂
𝑑 = 2 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
Work done 𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑑
= (13 𝚤̂ + 10 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂). (2 𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)
W = 26 + 40 + 3 = 69 Units
Torque(𝒕) :
If a force 𝐹 is applied on the particle at a point with position vector 𝑟 then the
torque or moment on the particle is given by ⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹
8. Find the magnitude and the direction cosines of the torque about the point (2, 0, -1) of the
̂ , Whose line of action passes through the origin.
force 𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌

Solution:-
𝐹 = 2 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑂 =−2 𝚤̂ + 𝑘̂
The torque ⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐹
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
= |−2 0 1 |
2 1 −1
= 𝚤̂(0 − 1) − 𝑗̂(2 − 2) + 𝑘̂ (−2 − 0)
=−𝚤̂ − 2 𝑘̂
Magnitude = √1 + 4 = √5
−1 −2
Direction cosine ⟹ ( , 0, )
√5 √5

57
9. Find the magnitude and direction cosines of the torque of a force represented
̂ about the point with the position vector 2𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
by 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌 ̂ acting
̂
through a point whose position vector is 𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌
Solution :
𝐹 = 3 ̂𝚤 + 4 ̂𝑗 − 5𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟 = (4 ̂𝚤 + 2 ̂𝑗 − 3𝑘̂) − (2 ̂𝚤 − 3 ̂𝑗 + 4𝑘̂ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟 = 4 ̂𝚤 + 2 ̂𝑗 − 3𝑘̂ − 2 ̂𝚤 + 3 ̂𝑗 − 4𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟⃗⃗⃗ = 2 ̂𝚤 + 5 ̂𝑗 − 7𝑘̂
Torque ⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐹
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
= |2 5 −7| = 𝚤̂(−25 + 28) − 𝑗̂(−10 + 21) + 𝑘̂ (8 − 15)
3 4 −5
= 3 𝚤̂ − 11 𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂

Magnitude = √9 + 121 + 49 = √179

3 −11 −7
Direction cosine =( , , )
√179 √179 √179

10. ̂,
Find the torque of the resultant of the three forces represented by−𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟔 𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌
̂
𝟒 𝒊̂ − 𝟏𝟎 𝒋̂ + 𝟏𝟐𝒌 and 𝟒 𝒊̂ + 𝟕𝒋̂ 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
̂
8𝒊̂ − 𝟔 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌
Hint: ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 + ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹3 = 5 𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 9𝑘̂
𝐹2 + ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = −10 𝚤̂ − 9 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂
Torque ⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹
⃗⃗⃗𝑡 = −96 𝚤̂ + 115 𝑗̂ + 15𝑘̂
11. Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are given by the vectors
𝟐 𝒊̂ − 𝟑 𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌̂ , ̂𝒊 + 𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝒌 ̂ and 𝟑 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌̂
Solution: 𝑎 = 2 𝚤̂ − 3 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = 3 𝚤̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
2 −3 4
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = |1 2 −1|
3 −1 2
= 2(4 – 1) + 3 (2 + 3) + 4(−1 − 6)
= 6 + 15 – 28 = −7
/ Volume of 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 = 7 Cubic units

58
12. ̂, 2𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
Show that the vectors 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌 ̂ ̂ are coplanar;
and 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
1 2 −3
Solution: [⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 , 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = |2 −1 2 |
3 1 −1
= 1(1 – 2) − 2 (−2 − 3) − 3(2 + 3)
= 1(−1) – 2(−8) − 3(5)
= −1 + 16 − 15
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = 0
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐
are coplanar vectors
13. The volume of parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are
̂, 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝒌̂ , − 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟕𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌̂ is 90 cubic units. Find the value of 𝝀
𝒊̂ + 𝝀𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌
Solution: [𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ , 𝑐 ] = 90
7 𝜆 −3
|1 2 −1| = 90
−3 7 5
7 (10 + 7) − 𝜆 (5 − 3) − 3 (7 + 6) = 90
7(17) − 𝜆 (2) – 3(13) = 90
119 − 2 𝜆 – 39 = 90
−2 𝜆 + 80 = 90
−2 𝜆 = 10
𝜆 = −5
14. Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 𝒃 = 𝒊̂ , and ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒊̂ + ̂
𝒄𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝒄𝟑 𝒌 If 𝒄𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟐 such
that 𝒂 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 are coplanar.

Solution: [⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = 0

1 1 1
|1 0 0| = 0
1 2 𝑥
1(0) – 1(x) + 1(2-0) = 0
-x + 2 = 0
-x = -2  x = 2

15. If ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝒂 = 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂ , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝒃 = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ̂ Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 . (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 × ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 )
1 −2 3
Solution: ⃗ ⃗
𝑎 . (𝑏 × 𝑐 ) = [𝑎𝑏𝑐 ]= |2 1 −2|
3 2 1
= 1(1 + 4) + 2(2 + 6) + 3(4-3)
= 1(5) + 2(8) + 3(1)
= 5 + 16 + 3
= 24
59
16. 𝒂 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
If the vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 are coplanar, then prove that the vectors
𝒂 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 + ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 > ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒓
Solution: 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟  [⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = 0
𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 ] = 2 [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = 0
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟 vectors.
17. 𝒂 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 are three vectors, prove that
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 + ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 + ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 ] = [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 ]
Solution :
1 0 1
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = |1 1 0| [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]
1 1 1
= [⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 , 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]
𝟐
18. 𝒂 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Prove that [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 × ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 ] = [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 ]
Solution :
𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ] = (⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 ) . [(⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ) × (⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 )]
= (⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 ) . {[⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 ]⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − [𝑏 𝑎}
=[⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 ](⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 ) . ⃗⃗⃗𝑐
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
=[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ][⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]
2
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
= [ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]
Note:
1. 𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 ≠ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 × 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗
2. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 × (𝑏⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗⃗ ) ≠ (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ) × 𝑐⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏
19. 𝒂 = 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂, 𝒃⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ̂, ̂ Find
⃗⃗⃗𝒄 = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝒂 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(i) (⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 ) × ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 𝒂 × ( ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 × ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 )
Solution :
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = |1 −2 3 |
2 1 −2
= 𝚤̂(4 − 3) − 𝑗̂(−2 − 6) + 𝑘̂(1 + 4)
= 𝚤̂ + 8𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 ) × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = |1 8 5|
3 2 1
= 𝚤̂(8 − 10) − 𝑗̂(1 − 15) + 𝑘̂(2 − 24)
= -2𝚤̂ + 14𝑗̂ − 22𝑘̂

60
 𝚤̂ ̂𝑗 𝑘̂
ii) ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × 𝑐⃗⃗ = |2 1 −2|
3 2 1
= ̂𝚤 (1 + 4) − ̂𝑗 (2 + 6) + 𝑘̂(4 − 3)
= 5 ̂𝚤 − 8 ̂𝑗 + 𝑘̂
𝚤̂ ̂𝑗 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 × ( 𝑏 × ⃗⃗𝑐 ) = |1 −2 3|
5 −8 1
= ̂𝚤 (−2 + 24) − ̂𝑗 (1 − 15) + 𝑘̂(−8 + 10)
= 22 ̂𝚤 + 14 ̂𝑗 + 2𝑘̂
20. For any vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 Prove that
𝒊̂ × (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 × 𝒊̂) + 𝒋̂ × (⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ × (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 × 𝒋̂) + 𝒌 ̂ )= 2𝒂
𝒂 × 𝒌 ⃗
Solution :
𝑎 = 𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗
̂𝚤 × (⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝚤 = ( ̂𝚤 . ̂)
𝑎 × ̂) 𝑎 − ( ̂𝚤 . ̂)
𝚤 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ̂𝚤 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 − 𝑥 ̂𝚤
̂𝚤 × (𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ × ̂)
𝚤 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 − 𝑥 ̂𝚤 …………….. (1)
̂𝑗 × (𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ × ̂𝑗 ) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 − 𝑦 ̂𝑗 …………….. (2)
̂ ⃗⃗⃗ × ̂
𝑘 × (𝑎 𝑎 −𝑧 ̂
𝑘 ) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑘 …………….. (3)
(1) + (2) + (3)
 ̂𝚤 × (𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ × ̂𝚤 ) + ̂ 𝑎 × ̂𝑗 ) + 𝑘̂ × (𝑎
𝑗 × (⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ × ̂
𝑘)
= 3⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 − 𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎

21. 𝒂 – ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Prove that [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 – ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 – ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂]=𝟎
Solution :
𝑎 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎]
1 −1 0
=| 0 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 −1| [⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]
−1 0 1
= [1(1 − 0) + 1(0 − 1) + 0][𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ , 𝑐 ]

= (1 − 1)[𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ , 𝑐 ]
= 0

61
22. Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟑 𝟖−𝒛
straight line passing through the point (−𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒) 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒐 = =
−𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
Solution : 𝑎 = −2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = −4𝚤̂ + 5 𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂
Parametric vector equation:
𝑎 + 𝑡⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = (−2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂) + 𝑡(−4𝚤̂ + 5 𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂)
Cartesian equation:
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧 −𝑧1
= =
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
𝑥+2 𝑦−3 𝑧−4
= =
−4 5 −6
23. Find the direction cosines of the straight line passing through the points (5, 6, 7)
and (7, 9, 13) also, find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian
equations of the straight line through two given points
Solution: 𝑎 = 5𝚤̂ + 6 𝑗̂ + 7 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 7𝚤̂ + 9 𝑗̂ + 13𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 = 2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 3 6
Direction cosines: (7 , , 7)
7
Parametric vector equation:
𝑎 + 𝑡(⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎)
/ ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = (5𝚤̂ + 6 𝑗̂ + 7 𝑘̂) + 𝑡(2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
Cartesian equation:
𝑥−5 𝑦−6 𝑧−7
= =
2 3 6
24. ⃗ =
Find the acute angle between 𝒓 ̂ ), and
(𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂) + 𝒕(𝒊̂ + 𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌
̂ ) + 𝑺(−𝒊̂ − 𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒓 = (𝒊̂ − 𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟒 𝒌 ̂)
Solution: ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = −𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
⃗ . 𝑑|
|𝑏 |−1−4−4| |−9| 9
cos 𝜃 = ⃗ ||𝑑 |
|𝑏
= = =9 = 1
√1+4+4√1+4+4 √9 √9
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1)
𝜃 = 0𝑜
𝒙−𝟓 𝟐−𝒚 𝟏−𝒛 𝟐𝒚+𝟏 𝟏−𝒛
25. If the straight line = = and 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒎
= −𝟑
are perpendicular to each
𝟓𝒎+𝟐 𝟓 −𝟏

other find the value of m

𝑥−5 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
Solution: = =
5𝑚+2 −5 1
𝑥 2𝑦+1 1−𝑧
1
= 4𝑚
= −3

⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = (5𝑚 + 2)𝚤̂ − 5 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 𝚤̂ + 2𝑚𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂

62
 Two straight lines are perpendicular ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 =0
(1(5m+2) – 5(2m)+1(3) = 0
5m + 2 – 10m + 3 = 0
-5m + 5 = 0
-5m = -5
m=1
26. Find the vector and Cartesian form of the equation of a plane which is at a distance
̂
of 12 units from origin and perpendicular to 𝟔𝒊̂ + 𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌
Solution: p = 12, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 6𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 ̂
6𝑖̂+2 𝑗̂ −3𝑘
𝑑̂ = |⃗⃗⃗⃗
=
𝑑 | 7
Vector Equation:: ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . 𝑑̂ = 𝑝
̂
6𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ −3𝑘
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . ( ) = 12
7
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (6𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ )= 84
Cartesian Equation: 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 3𝑧 = 84

5 Marks Questions
1. Prove by vector method that the perpendicular (altitudes) from the vertices to the
opposite side of a triangle are concurrent.

Solution:
𝐼𝑛 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐼𝑛 𝐴𝐵𝐶
AD ⊥ BC BE ⊥ CA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 𝐶𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 . 𝐵𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 𝐶𝐴 = 0
𝑎 . (⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏) = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 . (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ) = 0
⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − 𝑎
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 0……….. (1) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = 0……….. (2)
(1) + (2) 𝑎 . 𝑐 − 𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 = 0
(𝑎 − 𝑏⃗). 𝑐 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
(𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ). 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴 . 𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
𝐵𝐴 ⊥ 𝑂𝐶 𝐵𝐴 ⊥ 𝐶𝐹
Hence The altitudes are concurrent.

63
2. If D is the mid point of the side BC of a triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪, show by vector method that
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
|𝑨𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 𝟐 (|𝑨𝑫
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝑨𝑪 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝑩𝑫
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | )

Solution: 𝐼𝑛 𝐴𝐵𝐷
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐷𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )(𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐷𝐵
= (𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = (𝐴𝐷
(𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) + (𝐷𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) + 2𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐵…… (1)
𝐼𝑛 𝐴𝐷𝐶
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
𝐷𝐶 (𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐵 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐵
2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) =(𝐴𝐷
(𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) + (𝐷𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) − 2𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐵…… (2)
Add (1) and (2)
2 2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 2 (|𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | )
3. By Vector method prove that 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷

Proof
∟𝑋𝑂𝐴 = 𝛼 , ∟𝑋𝑂𝐵 = 𝛽 , ∟𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝛼 − 𝛽
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏̂
𝑂𝐵
𝑎̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝚤̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑗̂
𝑏̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝚤̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑗̂
By definition of scalar product
𝑎̂ . 𝑏̂ = |𝑎̂||𝑏̂| cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)
𝑎̂ . 𝑏̂ = cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) ………(1)
Component wise scalar product
𝑎̂ . 𝑏̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽………(2)
From (1), (2)
cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 Hence proved.

64
4. By vector method prove that 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷

Proof
∟𝑋𝑂𝐴 = 𝛼 , ∟𝑋𝑂𝐵 = 𝛽 , ∟𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝛼 + 𝛽
𝑎̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝚤̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑗̂
𝑏̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝚤̂ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑗̂
𝑎̂ . 𝑏̂ = |𝑎̂||𝑏̂| cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑎̂ . 𝑏̂ = cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) ……(1)
𝑎̂ . 𝑏̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 ………(2)
From (1), (2)
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 Hence proved
5. By vector method prove that 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷

Proof
∟𝑋𝑂𝐴 = 𝛼> ∟𝑋𝑂𝐵 = 𝛽> ∟𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝛼 − 𝛽
𝑎̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝚤̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑗̂
𝑏̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝚤̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑗̂
By definition of vector product
𝑏̂ × 𝑎̂ = |𝑏̂||𝑎̂| cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑘̂
𝑏̂ × 𝑎̂ = sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)𝑘̂ ………(1)
Component wise vector product
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑏̂ × 𝑎̂ = |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 0|
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 0
𝑏 × 𝑎̂ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)𝑘̂
̂ ………(2)
From (1), (2)
sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 Hence proved .
65
6. By vector method 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷

Proof:
∟𝑋𝑂𝐴 = 𝛼> ∟𝑋𝑂𝐵 = 𝛽 > ∟𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝛼 + 𝛽
𝑎̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝚤̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑗̂
𝑏̂ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝚤̂ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑗̂
𝐵𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑏̂ × 𝑎̂ = |𝑏̂||𝑎̂| sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝑘̂
𝑏̂ × 𝑎̂ = sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑘̂ ………(1)
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑏̂ × 𝑎̂ = |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 0|
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 0
𝑏̂ × 𝑎̂ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)𝑘̂ ……(2)
From (1), (2)
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 Hence proved
7. If ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂,
𝒃 = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌 ̂,
⃗⃗⃗𝒄 = 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝒌 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂
𝒅 = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟓 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 then verify
𝒂 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 ) × (𝒄 ⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗𝒃 , 𝒅
𝒅 ) = [𝒂 ⃗⃗⃗ ]⃗⃗⃗𝒄 − [⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃 , ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 ]⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Solution 𝑎̂ × 𝑏̂ = |1 −1 0 |=𝚤̂(4 − 0) − 𝑗̂(−4 − 0) + 𝑘̂ (−1 + 1)
1 −1 −4
𝑎̂ × 𝑏̂ = 4𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑐̂ × 𝑑 = |0 3 −1| =𝚤̂(3 + 5) − 𝑗̂(0 + 2) + 𝑘̂ (0 − 6)
̂
2 5 1
= 8𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂- 6 𝑘̂
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
(𝑎̂ × 𝑏̂) × (𝑐̂ × 𝑑̂)=|4 4 0|
8 −2 −6
=𝚤̂(−24 − 0) − 𝑗̂(−24 − 0) + 𝑘̂ (−8 − 32)
= −24𝚤̂ + 24 𝑗̂ − 40𝑘̂ ……………………. (1)

66
 1 −1 0
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 ] = |1 −1 −4| = 1(-1+20) + 1(1+8) + 0
2 5 1
= 1(19) + 1(9) = 19+9 = 28
1 −1 0
⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[𝑎 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ] = |1 −1 −4| = 1(1+12) + 1(-1-8)
0 3 −1
= 1(13) + 1(-1) = 13-1 = 12
⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ] ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − [ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , 𝑑 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ]⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 28 (3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) − 12(2𝚤̂ + 5 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ )
= 84𝑗̂ − 28 𝑘̂ − 24𝚤̂ − 60 𝑗̂ − 12𝑘̂
= −24𝚤̂ + 24 𝑗̂ − 40𝑘̂ …………………. (2)
From (1), (2)
(𝑎̂ × 𝑏̂) × (𝑐̂ × 𝑑̂) = [𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ , 𝑑 ]𝑐 − [𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ , 𝑐 ]𝑑
Hence proved
8. ̂,
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
If 𝒂 ⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟓 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
𝒃 ̂, ̂ then verify that
⃗⃗⃗𝒄 = −𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌

𝒂 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂 . ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 )⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ = (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒃) × 𝒄 𝒃 − ( ⃗⃗⃗𝒃 . ⃗⃗⃗𝒄 )⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Solution: 𝑎̂ × 𝑏̂ = |2 3 −1| = 𝚤̂(6 + 5) − 𝑗̂(4 + 3) + 𝑘̂ (10 − 9)
3 5 2
= 11𝚤̂ − 7 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗
(𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 = | 11 −7 1|
−1 −2 3
= 𝚤̂(−21 + 2) − 𝑗̂(33 + 1) + 𝑘̂ (−22 − 7)
= −19𝚤̂ − 34 𝑗̂ − 29𝑘̂ ……………………… (1)
⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = (2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) . (−𝚤̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ )
𝑎
= -2-6-3 = -11
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = (3𝚤̂ + 5 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) . (−𝚤̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂)
= -3-10 + 6 = -7
⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑎 𝑏 − (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 )⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎
= -11 (3𝚤̂ + 5 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) + 7(2𝚤̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)
= −19𝚤̂ − 34𝑗̂ − 29𝑘̂ ……………….. (2)
From (1) & (2)
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗) × 𝑐 = (𝑎 . 𝑐 )𝑏⃗ − (𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 )𝑎
(⃗⃗⃗⃗
Hence verified.

67
One point, two parallel vectors:
9. Find the non parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equation of the plane
passing through the point (0, 1, -5) and parallel to the straight lines
̂ ) + 𝒔(𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑 𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒓 = (𝒊̂ + 𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌 ̂ ) and
̂ ) + 𝒕(𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒓 = (𝒊̂ − 𝟑 𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌 ̂)
Solution: 𝑎 = 𝑗̂ − 5 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ | ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ | ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
Non parametric form of Vector equation: (⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − 𝑎) . (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐) = 0
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗𝑏 × 𝑐 = |2 3 6 |
1 1 −1
= 𝚤̂(−3 − 6) − 𝑗̂(−2 − 6) + 𝑘̂ (2 − 3)
= −9𝚤̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ……………………… (1)
(⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − (𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂)) . (−9𝚤̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) = 0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (−9𝚤̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) - (0 +8 +5) = 0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (−9𝚤̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) - 13 = 0
Cartesian equation:
Let ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
−9𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 𝑧 − 13 = 0
9𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 𝑧 + 13 = 0
Two points – one parallel vector
10. Find the vector parametric, vector non parametric and Cartesian form of equation
of the plane passing through the points (−𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟎), (𝟐, 𝟐, −𝟏) and parallel to the
straight line
𝑥−1 2𝑦 + 1 𝑧+1
= =
1 2 −1
Solution 𝑎 = −𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂
𝑏⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
𝑐 = 𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
Parametric form of vector equation
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑠(𝑏⃗ − 𝑎) + 𝑡𝑐
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 = (2𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) − (−𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂)
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 2𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 = 3𝚤̂ − 𝑘̂
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
/ ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = (−𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂) + 𝑠(3𝚤̂ − 𝑘̂) + 𝑡(𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)
Non-Parametric form of vector equation
𝑎 ) . (( ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 ) × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ) = 0

68
 𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
( 𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 ) × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = |3 0 −1|
1 1 −1
= 𝚤̂ 0 + 1) − 𝑗̂(−3 + 1) + 𝑘̂ (3 − 0)
(
= 𝚤̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
𝑎 ) . (𝚤̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) = 0
( ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
[⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − (−𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂)] . (𝚤̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) = 0
Cartesian form:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 3 = 0
Three points form:
11. Find the non parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the
plane passing through the three non-Collinear points
(𝟑, 𝟔, −𝟐), (−𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟔) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟔, 𝟒, −𝟐)
Solution: Parametric form of vector equation
𝑎 = 3𝚤̂ + 6 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂,
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = −𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂, ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = 6𝚤̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
𝑎 + 𝑠(⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎)
𝑎 ) + 𝑡( ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 = −𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ -3𝚤̂ − 6 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ = -4𝚤̂ − 8 𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 = 6𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ -3𝚤̂ − 6 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 = 3𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = (3𝚤̂ + 6 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂) + 𝑠(−4𝚤̂ − 8 𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂) + 𝑡(3𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂)
Non-Parametric form of vector equation:
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ) × (⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
( 𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ) =|−4 −8 8|
3 −2 0
= 𝚤̂(0 + 16) − 𝑗̂(0 − 24) + 𝑘̂ (8 + 24)
= 16𝚤̂ + 24 𝑗̂ + 32𝑘̂
𝑎 ) . ((⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ) × (⃗⃗⃗𝑐 − 𝑎
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ )) = 0
[ ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − (3𝚤̂ + 6 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂)] . (16𝚤̂ + 24 𝑗̂ + 32𝑘̂ ) = 0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (16𝚤̂ + 24 𝑗̂ + 32𝑘̂) − (48 + 144 − 64) = 0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (16𝚤̂ + 24 𝑗̂ + 32𝑘̂) − 128 = 0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) − 16 = 0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) = 16
Cartesian Equation:
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 16
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 – 16 = 0

69
12. Find the non parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equation of the
plane passing through the point (𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟔) and parallel to the straight line
𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛−𝟑 𝒙+𝟑 𝒚−𝟑 𝒛+𝟏
= = and = =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟑
Solution: 𝑎 = 2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = 2𝚤̂ − 5 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = |2 3 1|
2 −5 −3
= 𝚤̂(−9 + 5) − 𝑗̂(−6 − 2) + 𝑘̂ (−10 − 6)
⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = −4𝚤̂ + 8 𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂
Non-Parametric form of vector equation:
(⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ) . (⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 )= 0
[⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − (2𝚤̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)] . (−4𝚤̂ + 8 𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂) = 0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (−4𝚤̂ + 8 𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂) − (−8 + 24 − 96) = 0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (−4𝚤̂ + 8 𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂) + 80 = 0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) − 20 = 0
Cartesian form
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
Cartesian form
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 20 = 0
13. Find the non parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equation of the plane
passing through the point (1, -2, 4) and perpendicular to the plane 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟏 and
𝒙+𝟕 𝒚+𝟑 𝒛
parallel to the line = =
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏
Solution: 𝑎 = ̂𝚤 − 2 ̂𝑗 + 4 ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑘; ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = ̂𝚤 + 2 ̂𝑗 − 3 ̂
𝑘 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = 3 ̂𝚤 − ̂𝑗 + ̂
𝑘
𝚤̂ ̂𝑗 ̂𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × 𝑐⃗⃗ = |1 2 −3|
3 −1 1
= ̂𝚤 (2 − 3) − ̂𝑗 (1 + 9) + ̂ 𝑘 (−1 − 6)
= − ̂𝚤 − 10 ̂𝑗 − 7 𝑘 ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × 𝑐⃗⃗ = − ̂𝚤 − 10 ̂𝑗 − 7 ̂ 𝑘
Non Parametric form of vector Equation:
(⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗⃗ )= 0
⃗⃗⃗ ) . (𝑏
[⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − ( ̂𝚤 − 2 ̂𝑗 + 4 ̂ 𝑘 )] . (− ̂𝚤 − 10 ̂𝑗 − 7 ̂
𝑘) =0
̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (− ̂𝚤 − 10 ̂𝑗 − 7 𝑘 ) − (−1 + 20 − 28) = 0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (− ̂𝚤 − 10 ̂𝑗 − 7 ̂ 𝑘)+9 =0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . ( ̂𝚤 + 10 ̂𝑗 + 7 ̂ 𝑘)− 9 =0
Cartesian Equation:
Let ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑥 ̂𝚤 + 𝑦 ̂𝑗 + 𝑧 ̂ 𝑘
𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 7𝑧 − 9 = 0
70
14. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equation of the
plane passing through the points (2, 2, 1) (9, 3, 6) and perpendicular to the plane
2x + 6y + 6z = 9
Solution: 𝑎 = 2 ̂𝚤 + 2 ̂𝑗 + ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑘, 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ = 9 ̂𝚤 + 3 ̂𝑗 + 6 ̂
𝑘 , ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = 2 ̂𝚤 + 6 ̂𝑗 + 6 ̂
𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏– 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = (9 ̂𝚤 + 3 ̂𝑗 + 6 ̂ 𝑘 ) − (2 ̂𝚤 + 2 ̂𝑗 + ̂ 𝑘)
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 − 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 7 ̂𝚤 + ̂𝑗 + 5 ̂ 𝑘
𝚤̂ ̂𝑗 ̂ 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑏– 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ) × 𝑐⃗⃗ = |7 1 5 |
2 6 6
= ̂𝚤 (6 − 30) − ̂𝑗 (42 − 10) + ̂ 𝑘 (42 − 2)
= −24 ̂𝚤 − 32 ̂𝑗 + 40 𝑘 ̂
Non parametric form of vector equation:
(⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ – 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ ) . ((𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ ) × 𝑐⃗⃗ ) = 0
[⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − (2 ̂𝚤 + 2 ̂𝑗 + ̂ 𝑘 )] . (−24 ̂𝚤 − 32 ̂𝑗 + 40 ̂ 𝑘) =0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (−24 ̂𝚤 − 32 ̂𝑗 + 40 ̂ 𝑘 ) − (−48 − 64 + 40) = 0
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (−24 ̂𝚤 − 32 ̂𝑗 + 40 ̂ 𝑘 ) + 72 = 0
̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (3 ̂𝚤 + 4 ̂𝑗 − 5 𝑘 ) − 9 = 0
Cartesian Equation:
Let: ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑥 ̂𝚤 + 𝑦 ̂𝑗 + 𝑧 ̂ 𝑘
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑧 − 9 = 0
𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟑 𝒙−𝟔 𝒛−𝟏
15. Show that the lines = , 𝒛 − 𝟏 = 𝟎and = , 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎intersect.
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Also find the point of intersection.
𝑥−3 𝑦−3 𝑧−1 𝑥−6 𝑦 −2 𝑧−1
Solution = = | = =
3 −1 0 0 2 3
(x1, y1, z1) = (3, 3, 1)
(x2, y2, z2) = (6, 2, 1)
(b1, b2, b3) = (3, -1, 0)
(d1, d2, d3) = (2, 0, 3)
Condition for intersecting lines
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
| 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3

6−3 2−3 1−1 3 −1 0

=| 3 −1 0 | = |3 −1 0|
2 0 3 2 0 3
=0
Given lines intersect each other
z-1 = 0  z = 1
y -2 = 0  y = 2
𝑥−3 2−3
3
= −1 = 1
x–3=3 x=6
The point of intersection (6, 2, 1)
71
16. Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the plane
passing through the points (2, 2, 1), (1, -2, 3) and parallel to the straight line
passing through the points (2, 1, -3) and (-1, 5, -8)
Solution:
𝑎 = 2 𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 𝚤̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = ( −𝚤̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂)– (2𝚤̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3̂𝑘)
= −𝚤̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂ - 2𝚤̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3̂𝑘
4𝑗 − 5̂𝑘
⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = − 3𝚤̂ + ̂
Parametric form of vector equation:
𝑎 + S (⃗⃗𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ) + t⃗⃗⃗𝑐
⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 𝑎 = (𝚤̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) − ( ̂
2𝚤 + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)
= −𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = (2𝚤̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) + 𝑠 (−𝚤̂ − 4 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(−3𝚤̂ + 4 𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂)
𝚤̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
( 𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 ) x ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = |−1 −4 2 |
−3 4 −5
= 𝚤̂(20 − 8) − 𝑗̂(5 + 6) + 𝑘̂ (−4 − 12)
= 12𝚤̂ − 11 𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂

𝑎 ) . ((⃗⃗⃗⃗
( ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 ) × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 ) = 0

[ ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 − (2𝚤̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)] . (12𝚤̂ − 11 𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂) = 0

⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (12𝚤̂ − 11 𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂) − (24 − 22 − 16) = 0

[ ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . (12𝚤̂ − 11 𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂)]+ 14 = 0

Cartesian Form:
Let: ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
12𝑥 − 11𝑦 − 16𝑧 + 14 = 0

72
 Chapter – 7
Applications of Differential Calculus
Important Points:
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
1. The average rate of change in an interval [a, b] is 𝑏−𝑎
2. If  is the angle made by the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point (x, y), then the
𝑑𝑦
slope of the curve at (x, y) is 𝑓 ’(x) = tan  = 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥,𝑦)

3. S(t) is a function of time t is called a position function

𝑑𝑠
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣(𝑡) =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑2 𝑠
Acceleration 𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 2

4. If tc is the time point between the time points 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 , (𝑡1 < 𝑡𝑐 < 𝑡2 ) Where the
particle changes direction then the total distance travelled is
|𝑠(𝑡1 ) − 𝑠(𝑡𝑐 )| + |𝑠(𝑡𝑐 ) − 𝑠(𝑡2 )|
5. a. Equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)at points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑑𝑥(𝑥1 ,𝑦1 )

b. Equation of the normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is

−1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝑚 − 𝑚2
6. Angle between two curves 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 |1+1𝑚 |
1 𝑚2

a. If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 then the lines are parallel

b. If 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1 then the lines are perpendicular
7. 𝐿’ 𝐻𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙’𝑠 Rule:
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓′ (𝑥)
= where 𝑔′ (𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑥 → 𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥 → 𝑎 𝑔′ (𝑥)
8. If the function 𝑓(𝑥)is differential in an open interval (𝑎, 𝑏)then
𝑑
1. If (𝑓(𝑥)) ≥ 0 then 𝑓(𝑥)is increasing
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. If 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥)) > 0 then 𝑓(𝑥)is strictly increasing
𝑑
3. If 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥)) ≤ 0 then 𝑓(𝑥)is decreasing
𝑑
4. If 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥)) < 0 then 𝑓(𝑥)is strictly decreasing

73
9. A stationery point(𝑥0 , 𝑓(𝑥0 )) of a differential function is where 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = 0
10. A critical point (𝑥0 , 𝑓(𝑥0 )) of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is where 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 or does not exists
11. A procedure for finding the absolute extreme of a continuous function f(x) on closed
interval [𝑎, 𝑏]
Step 1: Find the critical numbers of 𝑓(𝑥) in (𝑎, 𝑏)
Step2: Evaluate 𝑓(𝑥) at all the critical numbers and at the end points a and b
Step 3: The largest and smallest of the values in step -2 is the absolute maximum and
absolute Minimum of f(x) respectively as the closed interval [a, b]
12. First derivative test:
1. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes from negative to positive at 𝐶, then 𝑓(𝑥) has a local minimum at
𝑓 (𝑐 )
2. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes from positive to negative at C, then 𝑓(𝑥) has a local maximum
at 𝑓(𝑐)
3. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is positive on both sides of 𝐶 or negative on both sides of 𝑐 then >𝑓(𝑐) is
neither a local minimum nor a local maximum
13. Test of concavity:
1. If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 on an open interval I, then f(x) is concave upon I
2. If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 on as open interval I, then f(x) is concave down on I
14. The points where the graph of the function changes from “concave up to concave down”
or “Concave down to concave up” are called the points of inflection of f(x).
15. Second derivative test:
Suppose that C is a critical point at which 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) exists in a
neighborhood of c, and that 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) exists. Then f has a relative maximum value at c if
𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) < 0 (+ive) and a relative minimum value at c if 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) > 0. If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) = 0, the test
is not informative.

74
 𝟓 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌 Questions
1. Find the angle between 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and𝒚 = (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐

To find the point of intersection solve (1) and (2)

𝑥 2 = (𝑥 − 3)2 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9

⇒ 𝑦 = 9⁄4
3 3 9
𝑥= / (2 , 4)
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑚1 = = 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 9
( , )
2 4

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 2(𝑥 − 3) ⇒ 𝑚2 = = −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 9
( , )
2 4

𝑚 − 𝑚2 3
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 |1+1 𝑚 | = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 |4|
1 𝑚2

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
2. 𝑰𝒇 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 and 𝒄𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 cut orthogonally. Prove that − = −
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒅

Solution:
Let the point of intersection be (𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 )
𝑎𝑥02 + 𝑏𝑦02 = 1
𝑐𝑥02 + 𝑑𝑦02 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥
𝑚1 = 𝑑𝑥
= − 𝑏𝑦0
0

𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑥
𝑚2 = = − 𝑑𝑦0
𝑑𝑥 0

−𝑎 𝑥0 −𝑐 𝑥
Curves cut orthogonally 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1 ⇒ ( ) ( 𝑑𝑦 0 ) = −1
𝑏𝑦0 0

𝑎𝑐 𝑥02 + 𝑏𝑑𝑦02 = 0
/ (𝑎 − 𝑐)𝑥02 + (𝑏 − 𝑑)𝑦02 = 0
𝑎−𝑐 𝑏−𝑑
Form these =
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑑
1 1 1 1
−𝑏 = −𝑑
𝑎 𝑐

75
3. Find the acute angle between the curves 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 at this points of
intersection (𝟎, 𝟎) and (𝟏, 𝟏)

𝑦 = 𝑥2 at (0, 0)
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 𝑚1 = 0, 𝑚2 = ∞
𝑑𝑥

𝑚1 = 2𝑥 / tan 𝜃1 = ∞
𝜋
𝜃1 = 2
1
𝑦2 = 𝑥 at (1, 1) 𝑚1 = 2, 𝑚2 = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑚 − 𝑚2
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 1 tan 𝜃2 = |1+1 𝑚 |
1 𝑚2

𝑑𝑦 1 3
= 2𝑦 ⇒ 𝜃2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (4)
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑚2 = 2𝑦

4. Prove that ellipse 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖 and the hyperbola 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 intersect

orthogonally
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 8  + =1
8 2
1 1
𝑎= , 𝑏=
8 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 = 4  + =1
4 −2
1 1
𝑐= , 𝑑 = −2
4
1 1 1 1
Condition: −𝑏 = −𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
1 1
−𝑏 =8 −2 = 6
𝑎
1 1
−𝑑 = 4+2 =6
𝑐

The curves cut orthogonally.

76
5. Salt is poured from conveyer belt at a rate of 30 cubic meter per minute forming a
conical pile with a circular base whose height and diameter of base are always
equal. How fast is the height of the pile increasing when the pile is 10m high
Solution:
1
Volume V = 𝜋𝑟2 ℎ
3

1 ℎ2 1
𝑉 = 𝜋( ) ℎ = 𝜋ℎ3
3 4 12
𝑑𝑉 1 𝑑ℎ
= 𝜋 3ℎ2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 12
𝑑ℎ 1 6
/ = 4 × 30 × = m/Sec
𝑑𝑡 100𝜋 5𝜋

6. A camera is accidentally knocked off an edge of a cliff 400 ft high. The camera
falls a distance of S = 16t2 in t seconds.
1. How long does the camera fall before it hits the ground?
2. What is the average velocity with which the camera falls during the last 2
seconds?
3. What is the instantaneous velocity of the camera when it hits the ground?
1. S = 16 t2
S = 400  16t2 = 400
t2 = 25
t = 5seconds
𝑠(5)−𝑠(3)
2. Average velocity= 5−3
400−144
= = 128
2
𝑑𝑠
3. V = 𝑑𝑡 = 32𝑡

t = 5  V = 32(5) = 160 ft/sec

77
7. For the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏 find the intervals of
monotonicity local extreme intervals of concavity and points of inflection
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 6
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
12𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 6 = 0
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0
1
x = -1, Stationery points
2

Interval -I 𝒇′(𝒙)=6(x+1) (2x-1) Increasing/Decreasing

(−∞, −1) + Strictly increasing
1 - Strictly decreasing
(−1, )
2
1 + Strictly increasing
( , ∞)
2

1 3
Local minimum value at =𝑓 (2) = − 4
Local maximum value at = 𝑓(−1) = 6
𝑓’’(𝑥) = 0
1
24x + 6 = 0  x = − 4
1
(−∞, − 4) y; 𝑓’’(𝑥) < 0

f(x)is concave upward

1 21
𝑓 (− 4) = 8
1
(−∞, − 4) y; 𝑓’’(𝑥) > 0 f(x) concave downward
1 21
Point of inflation is (− 4 , 8 )

78
 CHAPTER - 8
Differentials and partial Derivatives
Important Points:
1. 𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓′(𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ), ∀ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
(or)
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆ 𝑥) ≈ (𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥
2. Absolute error = Actual error – Approximate error
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
3. Relative error =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
4. Percentage error = Relative error x 100
5. Differential of 𝑓; 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥
6. Recall, Differentiation formulae

2> 3 Mark questions

1. Evaluate 𝒅𝒇 for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑 and 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
Solution: 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓’(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑓 = (2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
= (2(3) + 3) (0.02)
𝑑𝑓 = 0.18
2. Find an approximate value at given point:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐, 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟐
Solution:
L(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓′(𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 12 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑓(2) = 8 − 10 + 12 = 10
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 5 𝑓′(𝑥0 ) = 𝑓′(2) = 12 − 5 = 7
𝐿(𝑥) = 10 + 7(𝑥 − 2)
= 10 + 7𝑥 – 14
= 7𝑥 – 4
𝟐⁄
3. Find the differential dy, 𝒚 = (𝟑 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙) 𝟑

2 1⁄
Solution: 𝑑𝑦 = 3 (3 + sin 2𝑥)− 3 (2 cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 1 [ ∵ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦’ 𝑑𝑥]
3 (3+sin 2𝑥) ⁄3

79
4. Assume that the cross section of the artery of human is circular. A drug is given to
patient to dilate his arteries of the radius of an artery is increased from 2mm to
2.1mm, how much is cross sectional area increased approximately?
Solution:
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑓′(𝑥)∆𝑥
r = 2mm, dr = 2.1-2 = 0.1mm
Cross sectional area = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
= 2 ×  x 2 x 0.1
𝑑𝐴 = 0.4𝑚𝑚2
5. A circular plate expands uniformly under the influence of heat. If the radius
increased from 10.5cm to 10.75cm, there find an approximate change in the area
and the approximate percentage changes in the area
𝑟 = 10.5, 𝑑𝑟 = 10.75 – 10.50
= 0.25
Solution
Area of circle = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 = 𝜋(2𝑟𝑑𝑟)
= 2(10.5) (0.25)
𝑑𝐴 = 5.25𝜋𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝐴 5.25 𝜋
Percentage error = 𝐴
× 100 = 𝜋(10.5)2 × 100 = 4.762%

5 marks Questions
𝟏
1. Show that the percentage error in the nth root of a number is approximately 𝒏
times the percentage error in the numbers
1
Proof:: 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛

log 𝑦 = 1⁄𝑛 log 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥
× 100 = 𝑛 ( 𝑥 × 100)
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
× 100 = (percentage error in the number hence proved)
𝑦 𝑛

80
2. The trunk of a tree has diameter 30cm. During the following year, the
circumference grew 6cm. (1) Approximately, how much did the tree’s diameter
grow? II) What is the percentage increase in area of the tree’s cross section?
Solution: Diameter d = 30cm Radius r = 15cm
𝑖.Increase in circumference = 6
2𝜋𝑟2 − 2𝜋𝑟1 = 6
6
Approximate change in diameter = 2(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) = 𝜋
6 3 3
𝑖𝑖. 2(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) = 𝜋  𝑟2 − 𝑟1 =  dr = 𝜋
𝜋
A = 𝜋𝑟 2  dA = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
3
= 2𝜋(15) 𝜋
= 90cm2
𝑑𝐴 90 40
Percentage increase = 𝐴
× 100 = 𝜋(15)2
× 100 = 𝜋
%
3. The time T taken for a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum with length 𝒍 is
𝒍
given by the equation T = 𝟐𝝅√𝒈 , where g is a constant. Find the approximate
percentage error in the calculate value of T corresponding to an error of 2 percent
in the value of 𝒍.
Solution:
2𝑙
d 𝑙 = (2%) 𝑙 = 100
𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔

log 𝑇 = log 2𝜋 + 1⁄2 log 𝑙 − 1⁄2 log 𝑔

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑙
× 100 = 2𝑙 × 100
𝑇
2𝑙 100
= ×
100 2𝑙
𝑑𝑇
 × 100 = 1%
𝑇
4. A sphere is made of ice having radius 10cm its radius decreases from 10cm to 9.8cm.
Find approximately for the following:
i) Change in the volume ii) Change in surface area:
Solution: r = 10, dr = 9.8 -10 = -0.2
4
i) Volume of the sphere : V = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
dV =4⁄3 𝜋(3𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟)
= 4 𝜋(10)2 (−0.2)
dV = -80 cm3
ii. Surface area of the sphere:
𝑆 = 4 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑆 = 4𝜋 (2𝑟𝑑𝑟)
= 8𝜋(10) (−0.2)  −16 𝜋𝑐𝑚2
81
5. A right circular cylinder has radius r = 10cm and height h = 20cm. Suppose that
the radius of the cylinder is increased from 10cm to 10.1cm and the height does not
change. Estimate the change in the volume of the cylinder. Also calculate the
relative error and percentage error.
Solution :
i. Absolute error = Actual error – Approximate error
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
ii. Relative error =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
iii. Percentage error = Relative error x 100
Given
r = 10 cm, h = 20 cm ; dr = 10.1 – 10.0 = 0.1cm
2 2
Volume of the cylinder 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ = 20 𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑉 = 40 𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
= 40 𝜋(10)(0.1)
Approximation error = 40 𝜋𝑐 3
Actual error  𝑉(10.1) – 𝑉(10)
 2040.2𝜋 − 2000𝜋
 40.2𝜋𝑐𝑚3
Absolute error = Actual error – Approximate error
= 40.2 𝜋 − 40𝜋
= 0.2𝜋
0.2𝜋
Relative error =40.2 𝜋 = 0.00497
Percentage error = Relative error x 100 = 0.00497 x 100 = 0.497
𝟐⁄
6. Find an approximate value (𝟏𝟐𝟑) using 𝑳(𝒙)𝟑
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥0 = 125, ∆𝑥 = −2
2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ⁄3 , 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 25
W.K.T. 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) ≈ 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓′(𝑥0 ) ∆𝑥
2 2 1⁄
(123) ⁄3 =25 + 3𝑥 1⁄3 (−2) |∵ 𝑥 1⁄3 = (125) 3
2 1⁄
= 25 + × (−2) =(53 ) 3
3 ×5
4
= 25 − 15 = 5
= 25 – 0.2666
2⁄
/ (123) 3 = 24.7334
7. 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 , 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟕 find an approximate value of 𝟑√𝟐𝟕. 𝟐
Solution: 𝑥 = 27
3
𝑓(𝑥) = √27 = 3
𝑊. 𝐾. 𝑇. 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) ≈ 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ∆𝑥
1
𝑓(27.2) = 3 + 3𝑥 2⁄3 × 0.2
1
= 3+ × 0.2
3 ×9
2
= 3+ 270
3
/√27.3 = 3 + 0.0074
= 3.0074

82
 CHAPTER - 9
Applications of Integral Calculus
Important points:
b
 The curve y = f(x), Area lies above the x - axis A =  ydx
a

b
 The curve y = f(x) Area lies below the x - axis A =   ydx
a

d
 The curve x = g(y), Area lies right of y - axis A=  xdy
c

d
 The curve x = g(y), Area lies Left of y – axis A =   xdy
c

 Common area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑦𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) , 𝑦𝐿 = 𝑔(𝑥)about x-axis
b
A=   yu  y L dx
a

 Common area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑥𝐿 = 𝑔(𝑦)about y-axis
d
A =  xu  xL dy
c

 If 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)then f is an odd function

 If 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)then f is an even function

𝑛!
x e
n  ax
 Gamma Integral : dx =
𝑎𝑛+1
0

a a
  f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx
0 0

b b
 
a
f ( x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx
a

1
𝑚! ×𝑛!
 x (1  x) n dx =(𝑚+𝑛+1)!
m

83
 2 and 3 marks question
 Reduction formulae:
  𝑛−1 𝑛−3 2
2 2 … … .. .1; 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛 𝑛−2 3
𝐼𝑛 =  sin n xdx   cosn xdx = {𝑛−1 𝑛−3 1 𝜋
0 0 …….. . ; 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑛 𝑛−2 2 2

2
1. Evaluate:  sin10 xdx
0

Solution:
9 7 5 3 1 𝜋 63 𝜋
n = 10, 𝐼10 = . . . . . =
10 8 6 4 2 2 512

2
2. Evaluate:  cos7 xdx
0

Solution:
6 4 2 16
n = 7, 𝐼7 = . . .1 =
7 5 3 35


Evaluate::  sin 2 x  cos4 x dx

2
3.
0

Solution:
 
2 2
I =  sin 2 xdx +  cos4 xdx
0 0

= 𝐼2 + 𝐼4
1 𝜋 3 1 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
= .2 + .2 .2 = + =
2 4 4 16 16


Evaluate  sin 2 x  cos4 x dx

2
4.
0

Solution:


 
2
I =  1  cos2 x cos4 xdx
0
 
2 2

 cos xdx −  cos6 xdx

4
=
0 0

= 𝐼4 − 𝐼6
3 1 𝜋 5 3 1 𝜋 3𝜋 5 𝜋
= .2 .2 − . .2 .2 = (1 − 6) =
4 6 4 16 32

84
 
cos4 x 7
2
5. Evaluate::  5 dx
0 sin x 3
Solution:


 
2
I =  3 cos4 x  7 sin5 x dx
0

 
2 2

 cos xdx − 7  sin 5 xdx

4
=3
0 0

= 3𝐼4 − 7𝐼5
3 1 𝜋 4 2 9𝜋 56
= 3 (4 . 2 . 2 ) − 7 (5 . 3 . 1) = −
16 15

4

 sin (2 x)dx
6
6. Evaluate:
0
x 0 𝜋⁄4
t 0 𝜋⁄2
Solution:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 2𝑥, = 2, = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
 
2 2
dt 1 1
I =  sin 6 t. =  sin
6
t.dt = 𝐼
2 2 2 6
0 0

1 5 3 1 𝜋 5𝜋
𝐼= ( . . 2 . 2) =
2 6 4 64

6
7. Evaluate:  sin 5 (3 x)dx
0
x 0 𝜋⁄6
t 0 𝜋⁄2
Solution:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 3𝑥, = 3, = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3
 
2 2
dt 1 1
I =  sin 5 t. =  sin
5
t.dt = 𝐼
3 3 3 5
0 0

1 4 2 8
𝐼= ( . .1 ) =
3 5 3 45

85
 2
x x 0 2𝜋
8. Evaluate:  sin 7 dx
0
4 t 0 𝜋⁄2
Solution:
𝑥 𝑑𝑡 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 4, = 4 , 4𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 
2 2
I =  sin 7 t (4dt ) = 4  sin 7 t.dt = 4 𝐼7
0 0

6 4 2 64
𝐼 = 4 [7 . . 3 .1 ] =
5 35

𝑛!
x e
n  ax
 Gamma Integration: dx =
𝑎𝑛+1
, a>0
0

x e
5 3 x
9. Evaluate: dx
0

Solution: n = 5, a = 3
5! 5!
I =35+1 =36


x e
3 x 2
10. Evaluate dx = 32,  > 0 Find 
0


x 0 ∞
I =  x 2 e x ( xdx) = 32
2
Solution::
0 t 0 ∞
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 = 𝑥 2 ,𝑑𝑥= 2x, 2 = x dx
∞ 𝑑𝑡 1 ∞
I =∫0 𝑡. 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 . = 322 ∫0 𝑡1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 32
2
∞
∫0 𝑡1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 64 (By Gamma Integral)
1! 1 1
= 64  𝛼 2 =   = 8 (∵ 𝛼 > 0)
𝛼1+1 64
1
𝑚! × 𝑛!
 x (1  x) n dx  (𝑚+𝑛+1)!(Where m and n – are positive integers)
m

0
1
11. Evaluate:  x 3 (1  x) 4 dx
0

Solution: m= 3 , n=4 m+n+1=8

3! × 4! 6 ×4! 1 1
I= 8!
= = =
(8.7.6.5)×4 ! 8.7.5 280

86
 1

x (1  x) 3 dx
2
12. Evaluate:
0

Solution: m = 2, n = 3, m + n + 1 = 6
2 ! × 3 ! 2 ×6 12 1
I= = 720 =720= 60
6!

 Properties of Integral:
a a b b
i.  f ( x)dx =  f (a  x)dx
0 0
ii.  f ( x)dx =  f (a  b  x)dx
a a

a
f ( x)
13. Evaluate:  f ( x)  f (a  x) dx
0

a
f ( x)
Solution I = dx …………… (1)
0
f ( x)  f (a  x)
a a
By property,  f ( x)dx =  f (a  x)dx
0 0

f (a  x)
a
I = dx …………………… (2)
0
f (a  x)  f ( x)

x a – x

f ( x)  f (a  x)
a
(1) + (2)  2I =  dx
0
f ( x)  f (a  x)
a
2I =  dx =[𝑥]0 𝑎 = 𝑎
0

𝑎
I =2
3
x
14. Evaluate: 
2 5 x  x
dx

3
x
Solution I = dx ………………. (1)
2 5 x  x
b b
By property 
a
f ( x)dx =  f (a  b  x)dx
a

5 x
3
I=  2 x  5 x
dx …………………… (2) 𝑥 5– 𝑥

87
 x  5 x
3
(1) + (2)  2I =  dx
2 x  5 x
3
2I =  dx =(𝑥)2 3 = 3 − 2 = 1
2
1
I =2

3
8
1
15. Evaluate: 
 1 tan x
dx
8

3
8
1
Solution I= 
 sin x
8
1
cos x
3
8
cos x
I= 
 cos x  sin x
dx ………………… (1)
8

b b
By property,  f ( x)dx =  f (a  b  x)dx
a a
3
8
sin x
I = 
 sin x  cos x
dx …………………. (2)
8

sin x  cos x
3
8
cos x  sin x
(1) + (2)  2𝐼 =  dx
 cos x  sin x
8
3
8
=  dx

8

⁄8
= (𝑥)3𝜋
𝜋⁄8
3𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
2I = 8 − 8
= 8
2𝜋
2I = 8
𝜋
I=8

88
 0 ;𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
a

 f ( x)dx ={ 2 f ( x)dx
a

a
;𝑓 is an even function
0


4

 sin
2
16. Evaluate xdx

4

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = (sin 𝑥)2

𝑓(−𝑥) = [sin(−𝑥)]2=(− sin 𝑥)2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥)
f(-x) = f(x) / fis an even function
 
4 4
(1−cos 2𝑥)
𝐼 =2  sin xdx = 2  𝑑𝑥
2
2
0 0

𝜋⁄
sin 2𝑥 4 𝜋 1 𝜋− 2
I = [𝑥 − 2
] = ( 4 − 2) − 0 = 4
0

2
17. Evaluate:  x cos xdx

2

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑓 (−𝑥) = (−𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−𝑥) = −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

/𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function

2
I=  x cos xdx

2

4
𝒅𝒙
18. Evaluate:  3
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒

4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
Solution: I = ∫3 ∵ ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 = log (𝑥+𝑎))
𝑥 2 −22 2𝑎
1 𝑥−2 4
I = [2(2) log (𝑥+2))] a=2
3
1 2 1
=4 [log 6 − log 5]
1
1
= 4 [log ( )] 3
1
5

1 5
=4 log (3)

89
 
3
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝜋⁄3

19. Evaluate: 𝒅𝒙 x 0
𝟏+𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
0 t 1 2

𝑑𝑡
Solution: 𝑡 = sec 𝑥 ,𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, dt = secx tan dx
2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
I= 1
1+ 𝑡 2
∵ ∫ 1+ 𝑥 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

2
=[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡)]1 =𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) – 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1)
𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) – 4
9
𝟏
20. Evaluate: 
0
𝒙+ √𝒙
𝒅𝒙 x 0 9

𝑑𝑡
t 0 3
Solution: √𝑥 = 𝑡 , x = 𝑡 2 ,𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡
3 3
1 𝑑𝑡 3
𝐼= 
0
𝑡 2 +𝑡
(2𝑡 𝑑𝑡)= 
0
1 +𝑡
=2 [log(1 + 𝑡)]0

I = 2[log 4 – log 1] = 2 log 4 – 0 = log 42 = log 16

2
𝒙
21. Evaluate: 
1
(𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙+𝟐)
𝒅𝒙

2
𝑥
Solution: 𝐼 = 
1
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 −1 2
𝐵𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
= + = +
𝑥+1 𝑥+2 𝑥+1 𝑥+2
2
−1 2
𝐼 = 
1
(𝑥+1 + 𝑥+2
) 𝑑𝑥

=[− log(𝑥 + 1) + 2 log(𝑥 + 2)]12

=[log(𝑥 + 2)2 − log(𝑥 + 1)]12
2
(𝑥+2)2
=[log (𝑥+1)
]
1
16 9
=log ( 3 ) − log (2)
16/3 32
=log ( 9/2 ) =𝑙𝑜𝑔 (27)

90
 4
22. Evaluate: 
4
|𝒙 + 𝟑|𝒅𝒙

−(𝑥 + 3) ; 𝑥 < −3
Solution: |𝑥 + 3|={
𝑥+3 ; 𝑥 ≥ −3
3 4
I=  −(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 +  (𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
4 3

−3 4
𝑥2 𝑥2
=-[ 2 + 3𝑥] + [ 2 + 3𝑥]
−4 −3
9 9
=-[(2 − 9) − (8 − 12)] + [(8 + 12) − (2 − 9)]
9 9
= − [− + 4] + [20 + ]
2 2
9 9
=2 − 4 + 20 + 2
= 16 + 9 = 25

 If n is odd and m is any positive integer (even or odd)


2
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛− 5 2 1
 
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚+𝑛
. 𝑚+𝑛−2
. 𝑚+ 𝑛 −4
… … . 𝑚+3 . 𝑚+1

 
2 2
 
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑚−1 𝑚−3 𝑚− 5 2 1
I= . . … … . 𝑛+3 .
𝑛+𝑚 𝑛+𝑚−2 𝑛+𝑚−2 𝑛+1

 If n or m any one odd


2
23. Evaluate: 
0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Solution: Here m = 3, n = 5 , m + n = 8
4 2 1 1
I =8 . 6
. 4
= 24
 
2 2
24. Evaluate: 
0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 
0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Solution: 𝑚 = 5, 𝑛 = 4 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 9
4 2 1 8
I =9 . 7
. 5
= 315

91
 Five marks questions

Equation of the Diagram Formula Area

Lines /curves
1 Eqn.of parabola
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑏 8 2
eqn.of Latus rectum; 𝑎
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎

2
Eqn. of the Ellipse:
𝑏
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝜋𝑎𝑏
𝑎

3
Eqn. of the curve
𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 4
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏

92
4
Eqn. of the curve 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑏
𝑦 = |cos 𝑥|
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑎
𝜋
2 𝜋

𝐴 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝜋
2

5
Eqn. of the curve
2+x-x2+y=0 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3
−1 2 3
y = x2 –x -2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
15
−3 −1 2

6 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑏 𝑐
Eqn. of the curves
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
y = tan x
𝑎 𝑏 𝐿𝑜𝑔 2
y = cot x 𝜋 𝜋
4 2

𝐴 = ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝜋
4

93
7
Eqn. of the curves
𝑑 4
𝑥 2
+ 𝑦 2
= 16 (4𝜋 + √3)
𝐴 = ∫(𝑥𝑢 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦 3
2
𝑦 = 16 𝑥 𝑐

8
Eqn. of the curves
𝑦2 = 4 𝑥 𝑏 16
2
𝑥 = 4𝑦 𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 3
𝑎

9
Eqn. of the curves
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 2√2
𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 =  𝑎

About x-axis

94
10 Eqn. of the curves
y = sinx
x = cos x
𝜋 5𝜋 𝑏
𝑥= and 𝑥 = 4 2√2
4 𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
about x-axis 𝑎

11 Eqn. of the curve

𝑥2 = 𝑦
Eqn. of the lines 𝑏
1
𝑦 = |𝑥| 𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
3
𝑎

95
12 Eqn. of the line
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 +5
𝑏
Eqn. of the curve
𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 36
2
y = x -2x
𝑎

13 Eqn. of the line

x +y =3
Eqn. of the curve 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
2 3
𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 7
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦
6
0 2

14 Eqn. of the line

y = x-2
𝑑
Eqn. of the curve
9
2 𝐴 = ∫(𝑥𝑢 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
𝑦 =𝑥 2
𝑐

96
15 Eqn. of the circle
ℎ
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
𝑎
𝑏
Eqn. of the line
𝐴 = 2 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − ℎ√𝑎2 − ℎ2
x=h
𝑎

16 Eqn. of the curves

16
𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 , 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 𝐴1 =
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
3
𝑥 2 = 4𝑦
16
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐴2 =
x = 0, x = 4 and 3
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
y = 0, y = 4 16
𝐴3 =
3

17 Eqn. of the curve

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1
Slope of 𝑏
4
𝐴 = ∫(𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
PQ = 2 3
𝑎

97
18 Tangent and normal
to the circle
x2 + y2 = 4
𝑑
drawn at
2√3
𝐴 = ∫(𝑥𝑢 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
(1, √3) 𝑐

19 Eqn. of the lines

5x – 2y = 15
x + y = -4
𝑑
35
𝐴 = ∫(𝑥𝑢 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
2
𝑐

20 The triangle ABC

formed by the
vertices 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 − 𝐴3
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
(-1, 1) (3, 2) 15
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
and (0, 5) 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎

98
 CHAPTER – 10
Ordinary Differential Equations
Applications of First order ordinary Differential Equations:
Let x be the population at time t
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 constant of proportionality
𝑑𝑡
x = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 , c is a constant of integration
Note:
To get 2 or 3 marks, to write upto equation for questions 1 to 10.

5 Marks Questions
1. The rate of increase in the number of bacteria in a certain bacteria culture is
proportional to the number present. Given that the number triples in 5 hours, find
how many bacteria will be present after 10 hours?
Solution:
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
x = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 , → (1)
When t = 0, x = 𝑥0
t x
C= 𝑥0
(1) ⟹ x = 𝑥0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 , → (2)
0 𝑥0
When t = 5, x = 3𝑥0 5 3𝑥0
(2) ⟹ 3 = 𝑒 5𝑘 10 ?
When t = 10
(2) ⟹ x = 𝑥0 𝑒 10𝑘 ,
x = 9𝒙𝟎
2. The growth of a population is proportional to the number present. It the
population of a colony doubles in 50 years in how many years will be population
become triple?
Solution:
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑘𝑡
x = 𝐶𝑒 , → ……….. (1)
When t = 0, x = 𝑥0 t x
C= 𝑥0 0 𝑥0
(1) ⟹ x = 𝑥0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 , → …………. (2) 50 2𝑥0
C= 𝑥0 ? 3𝑥0
(1) ⟹ x = 𝑥0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 → …………. (2)

99
 When t = 50 , x = 2xo
(2)3 = 𝑒 50𝑘 = 2
1
𝑒 𝑘 = (2) ⁄50
When x = 3x0 vdpy;
𝑡
(2)3𝑥0 = 𝑥0 2 ⁄50
𝟓𝟎 (𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟑)
𝒕= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
3. Find the population of a city at any time t, given that the rate of increase
population is proportional to the population at that instant and that in a period of
40 years the population increased from 3,00, 000 to 4,00, 000
Solution:
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑘𝑡
x= 𝑐𝑒 , → ……….. (1)
When t = o, x = 3,00,000
c= 3,00,000
(1) ⟹ x = 3,00,000 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 , …. (2)
t x
0 3,00,000
40 4,00,000
When t = 4, x = 4,00,000
(2) ⟹ 4/3 = 𝑒 40𝑘 ,
𝑒 𝑘 = (4/3)1/40
(2) ⟹ x = 3,00,000 (4/3)1/40
4. Suppose a person deposits 10000 Indian rupees in a bank account at the rate of 5%
per annum compounded continuously. How much money will be in his bank
account 18 months later?
Solution: K=0.05
t x
0 10,000
1.5 ?

𝑑𝑥
= 0.05x
𝑑𝑡
x = 𝑐𝑒 0.05𝑡 ….(1)
When t = 0, x = 10,000 When t =1.5
C = 10,000 (2) ⟹ x=10,000 𝑒 0.05 × 1.5

(1) ⟹ x=10,000𝑒 0.05𝑡 …(2) x=10,000𝑒 0.75

100
5. Assume that the rate at which radioactive nuclei decay is proportional to the
number of such nuclei that are present in a given sample. In a certain sample 10%
of the original number of radioactive nuclei have undergone distegration in a
period of 100 years. What percentage of the original radioactive nuclei remain
after 1000 years?
Solution:

t x
0 100
100 90
1000 ?
𝑑𝑥
= kx 𝑒 100𝑘 = 9/10
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 When t = 1000
When t = 0, x = 100 (1) ⟹ x=100𝑒 1000𝑘
C = 100 = 100 (9/10)10
910
(1) ⟹ x=100𝑒 𝑘𝑡 …(2) x=
108
When t = 100, x = 90
90 = 100𝑒 100𝑘
6. A radioactive isotope has an initial 200mg, which two years later is 50mg. Find the
expression for the amount of the isotope remaining at any time. What is its half-
life?
Solution:
t x
0 200
2 150
? 100
𝑑𝑥 150
= kx (2) ⟹ 𝑒 2𝑘
𝑑𝑡 200
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 …(1) 𝑒 𝑘 = (3/4)1/2
When t = 0, x = 200 When t = 100
150
C = 200 (2) ⟹ (3/4)1/2
200
2 log(1/2)
t=
log)3/4)
𝑘𝑡
𝑐 = 200 ⟹ x = 200𝑒 …(2)
When t = 2, x =150
150 2𝑘
⟹ 𝑒
200

101
 when x = 100
90 = 100𝑒 100𝑘
Newton’s law of cooling/warming
𝑑𝑇
= k (T-s)
𝑑𝑡
[T→ The temperature of a body
S→ The temperature of the surrounding median
T- S= 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡
7. In a murder investigation a corpse was found by a detective at exactly 8pm. Being
alert, the detective also measured the body temperature and found it to be 70 0F.
Two hours later the detective measured the body temperature again and found it
to be 60 0F. If the room temperature is 500F and assuming that the body
temperature of the person before was 98.60F, at what time did the murder occur?
[𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2.43) = 0.88789 ; 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (0.5) = −0.69315]
Solution:
𝑑𝑇
= 𝐾(𝑇 − 𝑆) t T
𝑑𝑡

𝑇 − 𝑆 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 0 70
𝑇 − 50 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ……………… (1) 2 60
when t = 0, T = 70 ? 98.6
c = 20
(1) 𝑇 − 50 = 20 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ………….. (2)
when t = 2, T = 60
10
(2) = 𝑒 2𝑘
20
1⁄
𝑒 𝑘 = (1⁄2)
2

when T = 98.6
𝑡⁄
48.6 1 2
(2) 20 = (2)
2 log(2.43)
𝑡= log(1.5)
𝑡 ≅ −2.56 (𝑜𝑟) − 2.30 hrs
The person was murdered at about 5.30 p.m.

102
8. Water at temperature 100 0c cools in 10 minutes to 80 0c in a room temperature of
250c. Find
i) The temperature of water after 20 minutes
ii) Time when the temperature is 40 0c
𝟏𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟏𝟓 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟏,𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟒

Solution:
𝑠 = 25
𝑑𝑇
= 𝐾(𝑇 − 𝑆) t T
𝑑𝑡

𝑇 − 𝑆 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 0 100
𝑇 − 25 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ……………… (1) 10 80
when t = 0, T = 100 (i) 20 ?
c = 75 (ii) ? 40
(1) 𝑇 − 25 = 75 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ………….. (2)
55
when t = 10, T = 80 (2)75 = 𝑒 10𝑘
1⁄
10
𝑒 = (11⁄15)
𝑘

when (i)t = 20
11 2
(2)𝑇 = 25 + 75 (15)

𝑇 = 65.33𝑜 𝐶
when (ii) T = 40
𝑡⁄
15 11 10
(2)75 = (15)
10 (log(1⁄5))
𝑡= log(11⁄15)

𝒕 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟒𝟔
9. At 10.00 A.M. a woman took a cup of hot instant coffee from her microwave oven
and placed it on a nearby kitchen counter to cool. At this instant the temperature
of this coffee was 1800F, and 10 minutes it was 1600F. Assume that constant
temperature of the kitchen was 700F.
1) What was the temperature of the coffee at 10.15 AM?
2) The woman likes to drink coffee when its temperature is between 1800F
and 140 0F between what times should she have drunk the coffee?

103
 Solution:
𝑠 = 70
𝑑𝑇
= 𝐾(𝑇 − 𝑆) t T
𝑑𝑡

𝑇 − 𝑆 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 0 180
𝑇 − 70 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ……………… (1) 10 160
when t = 0, T = 180 (i) 15 ?
c = 110 (ii) ? 130, 140
(1) 𝑇 − 70 = 110 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ………….. (2)
when t = 10, T = 160
(2)𝑒 10𝑘 = 9⁄11
𝐾 = −0.02006
when (i)t = 15
5⁄
(2)𝑇 = 70 + 110 (9⁄11)
10

𝑇 ≃ 151𝑜 𝐹
(ii)T = 130 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎
60
(2)110 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 7⁄ 𝑘𝑡
110 = 𝑒
𝑘𝑡 = log(6⁄11) 𝑘𝑡 = log(7⁄11)
𝑡 = 30.216 𝑡 = 22.53

10.22 AM between 10.30 Am should she have drunk the Coffee.

10. A pot of boiling water at 1000c is removed from a stove at time t = 0 in the kitchen.
After 5 minutes, the water temperature has decreased to 800C and another 5
minutes later it has dropped to 650C. Determine the temperature of the kitchen.
Solution:
𝑠 = ?
𝑑𝑇
= 𝐾(𝑇 − 𝑆) t T
𝑑𝑡

𝑇 − 𝑆 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 …………. (1) 0 100

5 80
when t = 0, T = 100 10 65
c = 100 - S
(1) 𝑇 − 𝑆 = (100 − 𝑆) 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ………….. (2)
104
 when t = 5, T = 80
80−𝑆
(2)100−𝑆 = 𝑒 5𝑘

when t = 10, T = 65
65 −𝑆
(2)  = 𝑒 10𝑘
100−𝑆

65 −𝑆 80−𝑆 2
= (100−𝑆)
100−𝑆

 𝑺 = 𝟐𝟎𝒐 𝑪
11. The engine of a motor Boat moving at 10m/s is shut off. Given that the retardation
at any subsequent time equal to the velocity at that time. Find the velocity after 2
seconds of switching off the engine.
Solution:
𝑑𝑣
= −𝑣 t v
𝑑𝑡
−𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑐𝑒 …………. (1) 0 10
whent = 10, V = 10 2 ?
c = 10
(1) 𝑉 = 10 𝑒 −𝑡
when t = 2
𝑉 = 10 𝑒 −2
12. The equation of electromotive force for an electric circuit containing resistance
𝒅𝒊
and self-inductance is E= Ri + L Where E is the electromotive force is given to
𝒅𝒕
the circuit , R the resistance and L, the coefficient of induction. Find the current i
at the time when E = 0
Solution:
𝑑𝑖 𝑅 𝐸
L  𝑑𝑡
+ 𝐿
𝑖= 𝐿
𝑅 𝐸
𝑃 = 𝐿 ,𝑄 = 𝐿
𝑅𝑡
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝐿

𝒊 (𝑰. 𝑭) = ∫ 𝑸 (𝑰. 𝑭)𝒅𝒕 + 𝑪

𝑅𝑡 𝑅𝑡
𝐸
𝑖 𝑒 𝐿 = ∫ 𝐿 𝑒 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
−𝑅𝑡
𝐸
𝑖= + 𝑐𝑒 𝐿
𝑅
when 𝐸 = 0
−𝑅𝑡
𝑖= 𝑐𝑒 𝐿

105
13. A tank contains 1000 litres of water in which 100 grams of salt is dissolved brine
runs in a rate of 10 litres per minute. And each litre contains 5 grams of dissolved
salt. The mixture of tank is kept uniform by stirring Brine runs out at 10 litres per
minute. Find the amount of salt at any time t.
Solution:
𝑑𝑥
= 50 − 0.01 𝑥 t x
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 0 100
= −0.01 (𝑥 – 5000)
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 − 5000 = 𝑐 𝑒 −0.01 𝑡 ……………… (1)
when t = 0, x = 100
𝑐 = −4900
𝑥 = 5000 − 4900 𝑒 −0.01 𝑡
14. A tank initially 50 litres of pure water starting at time t =0 a brine containing with
2 grams of dissolved salt per litre flows into the tank of the rate 3 litres per minute.
The mixture is kept uniform by stirring and well stirred mixture simultaneously
flows out of the tank at the same rate. Find the amount of salt present in the tank
at any time t > 0.
Solution: t x
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥
= 6 − 50 0 0
𝑑𝑡
−3
= (𝑥 − 100)
50
−3⁄ 𝑡
𝑥 − 100 = 𝑐 𝑒 5 ……………… (1)
when t = 0, x = 0
𝑐 = 100
−3⁄ 𝑡
(1)  𝑥 = 100 (1 − 𝑒 5 )

First Order Linear Differential Equations

𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆: 𝟏
𝑑𝑦
𝑺𝒐𝒍: + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄,
𝑑𝑥

Where P and Q are functions of x only

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥
Type: 2
𝑑𝑥
Sol: + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑦
Where P and Q are functions of x only.
𝑥(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦
106
 𝒅𝒚
1. Solve: + 𝟐𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
 Type : 1
𝒅𝒚
+ 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑸
𝒅𝒙
𝒚(𝑰. 𝑭) = ∫ 𝑸(𝑰. 𝑭)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄 ………………….. (1)
𝑰. 𝑭 = 𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒙
𝑃 = 2 cot 𝑥, 𝑄 = 3𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
1
(1) 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐
2. Solve:
𝒅𝒚
(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑 ) + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥 2 1+ 𝑥 2
+ 𝑦=
𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥 3 (1+ 𝑥 3 )

Type: 1
𝒅𝒚
+ 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑸
𝒅𝒙

𝒚(𝑰. 𝑭) = ∫ 𝑸(𝑰. 𝑭)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄 ………………….. (1)

𝑰. 𝑭 = 𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒙
6𝑥 2 1+ 𝑥 2
𝑃= , 𝑄 =
1+ 𝑥 3 1+ 𝑥 3

𝐼. 𝐹 = (1 + 𝑥 3 )2
1+ 𝑥 2
(1)𝑦(1 + 𝑥 3 )2 = ∫ (1+ 𝑥 3 ) (1 + 𝑥 3 )2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

= ∫(1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥6
𝑦= (1+ 𝑥 3 )2
[𝑥 + + + + 𝑐]
3 4 6
𝒅𝒚
3. Solve: + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
𝑺𝒐𝒍: + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥
𝑃 = 2, 𝑄 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

107
4. Solve:
[𝒚(𝟏 − 𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙) + 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙]𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

dy (𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−1)
𝐒𝐨𝐥: + 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝒅𝒚
+ 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑸
𝒅𝒙
𝒚(𝑰. 𝑭) = ∫ 𝑸(𝑰. 𝑭)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄
𝑰. 𝑭 = 𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒙
𝑥 tan 𝑥−1
𝑃 = , 𝑄 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑥
1
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 1
(1) 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

=𝑥+𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
5. Solve: 𝒚𝒆𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒆𝒚 )𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑦 2
− 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Type: 2
𝒅𝒚
+ Py = Q
𝒅𝒙
x(I.F.) = ∫ 𝑸(𝑰. 𝑭)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄 … . . (𝟏)
𝒅𝒚
+ Px = Q
𝒅𝒙
I.F. = 𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒚
2
P = , 𝑄 = 𝑦 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑦
1
I.F. =
𝑦2
1 1
(1) ⟹ 𝑥 =∫ 𝑦 2 𝑒 −𝑦 dy + C
𝑦2 𝑦2
= −𝑒 −𝑦 +c
x = −𝑦 2 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑐

HOMOGENOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Type:1 =g ( ⁄𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Type – II M(x, y) dx +N (x, y) dy = 0
M & N are homogeneous function of the same degree.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
y = Vx =V+x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

108
 𝒚
1. (𝟏 + 𝟑𝒆𝒚/𝒙 )𝒅𝒚 + 𝟑𝒆𝒚/𝒙 (𝟏 − ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎, given that y = 0 when x = 1
𝒙

𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 3𝑒 ⁄𝑥 (1− ⁄𝑥)
Sol: = − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1+3𝑒 ⁄𝑥
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
=𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 3𝑒 𝑣 (𝑣−1)
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1+ 3𝑒 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 (𝑣+3𝑒 𝑣 )
𝑥 =−
𝑑𝑥 1+ 3𝑒 𝑣
(1+3𝑒 𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = −
𝑣+ 3𝑒 𝑣 𝑥
𝑐
Integrating Both sides 𝑣 + 3𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑦
𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑒 ⁄𝑥 = 𝑐
when𝑥 = 1>𝑦 = 0
𝑐= 3
𝑦⁄
𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 3
2. (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙, It is given that y(1) = 1 & y(𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝒆 find the value of 𝒙𝟎 .
Sol:
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2+ 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦
= = +
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
Put, x = vy
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
= v+y
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑣 1
v+y =V+
𝑑𝑦 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1
y =
𝑑𝑦 𝑣
𝑑𝑦
v dv =
𝑦
Integrating Both sides
𝑣 2⁄
yc = 𝑒 2
1 𝑥2
( )
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 2 𝑦2 ……. (1)
When x = 1, y = 1
 c = √𝑒
1 𝑥2
( )
(1)𝑦√𝑒 = 𝑒  (2) 2 𝑦2

Put𝑥 = 𝑥0 , 𝑦=𝑒
(2) ⟹ 𝑥0 2 = 3𝑒 2
𝑥0 = ± √3 𝑒
109
 Two and Three Marks
1. Find the differential equation for the family of all straight lines passing through
the origin.
Sol: y = m x …… (1) m is a constant
𝑦′ = m
(1) ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑦′ 𝑥
2. Find the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves represented by
the equation 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒆𝟖𝒙 + 𝑩𝒆−𝟖𝒙 , where A & B are arbitrary constants:
Sol: 𝑦 ′ = 8𝐴𝑒 8𝑥 − 8𝐵𝑒 −8𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 64 𝐴𝑒 8𝑥 + 64𝐵𝑒 −8𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 64𝑦
3. Find the differential equation of the curve represented by 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆𝒙 + 𝒃𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐
Sol: 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝒂𝑒 𝑥 − 𝒃𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑥
𝑥𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑥𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 2 = 0
4. Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas y2 = 4ax, where a is an
arbitrary constant
Sol: 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 ……………….. (1)
𝟐𝒚𝒚′ = 𝟒𝒂
(1) 𝑦 2 = 2 𝑦 𝑦′𝑥
𝑦
𝑦′ =
2𝑥

5. Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants A & B from
𝒚 = 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
Sol: 𝑦 ′ = −𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0
𝟕
6. Show that 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒎
, 𝒎 ≠ 𝟎 is a solution of the differential equation
𝟏
𝒙𝒚′ + 𝟕 𝒚′ − 𝒚 = 𝟎
Sol: 𝑦′ = 𝑚
1 7 7
𝑥𝑦 ′ + 7 𝑦′ − 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑚 + − 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚 = 0
𝑚
𝟐
7. Show that 𝒚 = 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) + 𝒄𝒆−𝒙 is a solution of the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
= +𝟐𝒙𝒚 −𝟒𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
2
Sol: 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑐𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 3 = 0
𝑑𝑥

110
8. Show that 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙) + 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙), 𝒙 > 𝟎 is a solution of the
differential equation 𝒙𝟐 𝒚′′ + 𝒙𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎 that
Sol: 𝑥𝑦 ′ = − asin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑦
𝑥𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ = − 𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
9. Show that 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒏 is a solution of the differential equation
𝒅𝟐 𝒚⁄
𝒆𝒙 ( ) -1 = 0
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝑑𝑦⁄ −𝑥
Sol: 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 + 𝑚
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) − 1 = 0
𝒃
10. Show that 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒙 , 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎is a solution of the differential equation
𝒙𝟐 𝒚′′ + 𝒙𝒚′ − 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑏
Sol: 𝑦′ = 𝑎 − 𝑥2
2𝑏
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥3
𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0
2 ′′

11. Show that y = 𝒂𝒆−𝟑𝒙 + 𝒃, where a & b are arbitrary constants, is a solution of the
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
differential equation + 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 0
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝑑𝑦
Sol: = −3 𝑎𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 9 𝑎𝑒 −3𝑥 = −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
12. Show that the differential equation representing the family of curves
𝟐⁄ 𝒅𝒚 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 𝟓
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂 (𝒙 + 𝒂 𝟑) where a is a positive parameter, is (𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙
) = 𝟖 (𝒚 𝒅𝒙)
𝑑𝑦
Sol: 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑎
𝑎 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦⁄𝑑𝑥
3 5
𝑑𝑦⁄ 𝑑𝑦⁄
(𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ) = 8 (𝑦 𝑑𝑥 )
13. Show that 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 , where r is a constant is a solution of the differential
𝒅𝒚 𝒙
equation = -
𝒅𝒙 𝒚
Sol: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑟2
2 2
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 is a solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= −
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

111
 𝒅𝒚
14. Solve: (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Sol: =
1+ 𝑦 2 1+ 𝑥 2
Integrating both sides,
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦− 𝑥
=𝑎
1+𝑥𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑎 (1 + 𝑥𝑦)
15. Find the particular solution of(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑 )𝒅𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 satisfying the condition
𝑦(1) = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
Sol: − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦 1+𝑥 3
Integrating both sides
1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 − 3 log(1 + 𝑥 3 ) = log 𝑐
𝑦 3 = 𝑐(1 + 𝑥 3 )
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
𝒄 = 𝟒
𝑦 = 4(1 + 𝑥 3 )
3

𝒅𝒚 𝟏−𝒚𝟐
16. Solve : =√
𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Sol: = = √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑦 2
Integrating both sides
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒅𝒚
17. Solve: 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 , 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏
Sol: dy = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎)𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides
y = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐
When x = 0 & y = 1
c=1
y = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 1
𝒅𝒚
18. Solve: = 𝒆𝒙+𝒚 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒆𝒚
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Sol: = 𝑒 𝑦 × (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑦

Integrating both sides

𝑥4
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 + =𝑐
4

112
19. Find the value of m, so that the function 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 of the given
differential equation:
Solution: 𝑦 ′ = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑚𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑚2 𝑦
(𝑖) 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑚𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑦(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑚 = −2
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 𝑦 − 5𝑚𝑦 + 6𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
𝑚 = 2, 3
20. Assume that a spherical rain drop evaporates at a rate proportional to its surface
area & form a differential equation involving the rate of change of the radius of
the rain drop:
4
Solution: 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 , 𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑉
= −𝐾𝑆
𝑑𝑡
4 𝑑𝑟
 3𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐾 × 4𝜋𝑟 2
3
𝑑𝑟
 = −𝐾
𝑑𝑡
21. Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the points
(𝑎, 0) & (−𝑎, 0)
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏 ) 2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
22. Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the origin. A
having their centres on the x –axis
( 𝑥 − ℎ )2 + 𝑦 2 = ℎ 2
23. Find the differential equation of the family of all the parabolas with latus rectum
4a. A whose axis are parallel to the x-axis.
(𝑦 − 𝐾)2 = 4𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ)
24. Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas with vertex at (0, -1) &
having axis along the y-axis
Solution: 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 + 1) ……………. (1)
2𝑥 = 4𝑎𝑦 ′
4𝑎 = 2𝑥⁄
𝑦′
2 2𝑥
(1) 𝑥 = 𝑦′ (𝑦 + 1)
𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 − 2 = 0

113
 CHAPTER - 11
PRABABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Random Variable
𝑋 ∶ 𝑆𝑅

Discrete Random variable X has finite Continuous Random variable X has

(or) countably infinite values values in the Interval I is a set of R

Probability mass function Probability density Function

𝑓(𝑥)- P.M.F. 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑝. 𝑑. 𝐹.
𝑓(𝑥)is P.M.F. then 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝. 𝑑. 𝐹.
𝑖. 𝑓(𝑥𝑢 ) 0, 𝑘 = 1, 2, … . 𝑚 𝑖. 𝑓(𝑥)  0 𝑥

𝑖𝑖.  f (x )  1
k
u 𝑖𝑖.  f ( x)dx  1


Cumulative distribution 𝐹(𝑋)Function Cumulative distribution Function𝐹(𝑋)

𝑥
𝐹(𝑋) = 𝑝(𝑋  𝑥) = 
xi x
f ( xi ) 𝐹(𝑋) = 𝑃 (𝑋  𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
−∞
𝑥𝑖 < 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
−∞<𝑥 < ∞

114
 2 Marks Questions
1. Suppose two coins are tossed once. If X denote the number of tails
i) Write the sample space ii) Find the Inverse image of 1
Sample space S= {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}
X – denote no of tails in
X = 0, 1, 2 2 tosses
X (HT) = 1 ⇒ H.T = 𝑥 −1 (1)
X (T H) = 1 ⇒ T.H = 𝑥 −1 (1)
∴ 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 image of 1 is {HT, TH}
2. Suppose a pair of unbiased dice is rolled once. If X denote the total score of two
dice write down
i) Sample space ii) Inverse image of 10
(1, 1)(1, 2) … … … … (1, 6)
(2, 1)(2, 2) … … … … . . (2, 6)
S= ..
..
{(6, 1), (1, 2) … … … … (6, 6)}
Let the random variable X- denote sum of the numbers shown in both the dice
X= 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
X (4, 6) = X (5, 5) = X (6, 4) = 10
∴ 𝑋 −1 (10) = (4, 6), 𝑥 −1 (10) = (5, 5)
𝑋 −1 (10) = (6, 4)
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 image of 10 = { (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)}
3. Suppose a discrete random variable can only take the values 0, 1, 2. The
probability mass function is
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
, 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒌
𝟎 , 𝑶𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
Find the out probability mass function
1 1 1+1 2
𝑓(0) = 0 + = , 𝑓(1) = =
𝑘 𝑘 𝐾 𝐾
22 + 1 5
𝑓 (2) = =
𝑘 𝑘
∑ 𝑓 (𝑥𝑘 ) = 1
1 2 5 8
+ + = 1 ⇒ =1
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
k=8
P.M.F.
x 0 1 2
F(x) 1 2 5⁄
8
8 8
Each pi > 0 ∑ 𝑝𝑖 = 1
115
4. If X is a random variable with distribution function F(x) given by
Solution:
0 , 𝑥<0
F (x) = {𝑥 , 0 ≤ x < 1 Find the probability density function
1 , 𝑥 ≥ 1
Density function
0 , 𝑥<0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹′(𝑥) = {1 , 0 ≤ x < 1
0 , 𝑥 ≥ 1

3 Marks Questions
5. An urn contains 5 mangoes and 4 apples. Three fruits are taken at random. If the
number of apples taken is a random variable then. Find the values of the random
variable and number of points in the inverse images. Mango - M
Solution:
S = {4 apples, 5 mangoes} Apple - A
Let the random variable X-denote getting no of apples in 3 draws, X = 0, 1, 2, 3
X(MMM) = 0
X (AMM) = X (MAM) = X (MMA) = 1
X (AAM) = X (AMA) = X (MAA) = 2
X (AAA) = 3
Values of X 0 1 2 3 Total
Number of points in inverse images 1 3 3 1 8

6. Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 6 red and 8 black balls.
Suppose that we win Rs.15 for each red ball selected and we lose Rs.10. For each
black ball selected X-denote the winning amount, then find the values of and
number of points in its inverse images.
S= {6 red, 8 black}
Let the Random variable x- denote the winning amount
X = -20, 05, 30
4
8 ×7
X (BB) = (-10 -10 = -20) [8c2 = = 28
1 × 2
X (RB) = (15 − 10 = 5) [6𝑐1 x 8c1 = 6 x 8 = 48]
X(RB) = X(BR)
3
6×5
X (RR) = 15 + 15 = 30 [6𝑐2 = = 15
1×2

Values of X -20 5 30 Total

Number of elements in inverse image 28 48 15 91
116
7. Three fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability mass function for
number of heads occurred
S= {HHH, HHT HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
(Let the random variable X denotes number of heads occurred)
X = 0, 1, 2, 3 P(s) = 1/2 4 2 1
P(x = 0) = P(F) x P(F) x P(F) P(F) = 1/2 H H H
1 1 1 1
= x x = H H T
2 2 2 8

P(X =1) = P(s) x P(F) x P(F) x 3 H T H

1 1 1 3
= x x x3= H T T
2 2 2 8
P (X = 2) = P(s) x P(s) x P(F) x 3 T H H
1 1 1 3
= x x x3= T H T
2 2 2 8
1 1 1 1
P(X = 3) = P(s) x P(s) x P(s) = = x x = T T H
2 2 2 8
T T T
P.M.F.:
x 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
All 𝑃𝑖 > 0
Σ 𝑃𝑖 = 1
8. The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by
0 −∞ < 𝑥 < −1
0.15 −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
0.35 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
F(x) =
0.60 1  𝑥 < 2
0.85 2  𝑥 < 3
{ 1 3  𝑥 <∞
Find the probability mass function of P(X< 1)
The value of X = -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
f(-1) = F (-1) – F (−1) = 0.15 − 0 = 0.15
f(0) = F(0) – F(-1) = 0.35 – 0.15 = 0.20
f(1) = F(1) – F(0) = 0.60 – 0.35 = 0.25
f(2) = F(2) – F(1) = 0.85 – 0.60 = 0.25
f(3) = F(3) – F(2) = 1- 0.85 = 0.15
P.M.F.
X -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.15

P(X < 1) = P(X = -1) + P (x = 0)

= 0.15 + 0.20 = 0.35
117
9. A random variable X has the following probability mass function
x 1 2 3 4 5
2 2
f(x) 𝑘 2𝑘 3𝑘 2 2k 3k
Find 1) k ii) P (2≤ 𝑥 < 5)
since f(x) is a P.M.F
Solution:
n

 P( X  x)
x 1
= ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1

𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 = 1
6𝑘 2 + 5𝑘 − 1 = 0 P= -6
(k + 1) (𝑘 − 1⁄6) = 0
6 −1
s= 5 [ , ]
6 6
k+1=0 𝑘 − 1⁄6 = 0
k = -1 k = 1⁄6
no + possible
P (2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5 ) = 𝑃 (𝑥 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 3) + 𝑃 (𝑥 = 4)
= 2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 2 + 2𝑘
1 1 17
= 5𝑘 2 + 2k = 5 x + 2 × =
36 6 36
𝒌𝒙𝒆−𝟐𝒙 , 𝒙>𝟎
10. The probability during function of X is given by f(x) = { find k
𝟎 , 𝒙 ≤𝟎
Since f(x) is a p.d.f.
Solution:


f ( x)dx  1
∞
k ∫0 𝑥 1 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
∞ 𝑛!
by Gamma Integral ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
𝑎
n = 1, a = 2
1!
kx =1
21+1
𝑘
=1
4
𝑘 = 4
11. If X is the random variable with distribution F(x) given by
𝟎 , 𝒙<0
𝟏
F(x) = { (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙) , 𝟎 ≤𝒙<1
𝟐
𝟏 , 𝒙 ≥𝟏
Find i) probability density function
ii) P(0.3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.6)

118
 Solution:
1
density function f(x) = { (2𝑥 + 1)
2
0 , 𝑥<0
1
f(x) = {2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) , 0 ≤𝑥<1
1 , 𝑥 ≥1

P(0.3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.6) = 𝐹 (0.6) − 𝐹(0.3)

1
= [((0.6)2 + 0.6) − (0.3)2 × (0.3)]
2
1
= x 0.57 = 0.285
2

5 – Marks Questions
12. A six die is marked “1” on face “2” on two faces of “3” on remaining three faces.
The die is roll twice. If X denote total score in two throws.
i) Find the probability mass function
ii) Find the cumulative distribution function
iii) P (3 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟔)
iv) Find P(X  4)
Solution:
Let X denote the total score in two throws, it takes on the values 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
F(x) = 2  x < 3

I II 1 2 2 3 3 3
1 2 3 3 4 4 4
2 3 4 4 5 5 5
2 3 4 4 5 5 5
3 4 5 5 6 6 6
3 4 5 5 6 6 6
3 4 5 5 6 6 6
1 4 10
P(X = 2) = , P(X = 3) = , P(X = 4) =
36 36 36
12 9
P(X = 5) = , P(X = 6) =
36 36

119
 Probability mass function :
X 2 3 4 5 6
f(x) 1⁄ 4⁄ 10⁄ 12⁄ 9⁄
36 36 36 36 36

Distribution function :
F(x) = P (X ≤ x) =  P( X  x )
xi  x
i

F(2) = P(X ≤ 2) = P (X = 2) = 1⁄36

5
F(3) = P(x ≤ 3) = P (X = 2) + P (X = 3) =
36
F(4) = P(x ≤ 4)= P (X =2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) = 15⁄36
F(5) = P(x ≤ 5) = P( x = 2) + P(X = 3) + ……….. + P(X = 5) = 27⁄36
F(6) = P(X ≤ 6) = P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)+ ……+ P(X = 6) = 36⁄36= 1
Cumulative distribution function :
0 −∞ < 𝑥 < 2
1⁄
36 2 < 𝑥 < 3
5⁄
F(x) = 36 3 ≤ 𝑥 < 4
15⁄
36 4  𝑥 < 5
27⁄
36 5  𝑥 < 3
{ 1 6  𝑥 <∞
13. A random variable X has the following probability mass function find k

X 1 2 3 4 5 6
f(x) k 2k 6k 5k 6k 10k

Find i) P(2 < x < 6) ii) P(2 ≤ x < 5) iii) P(x ≤ 𝟒) iv) P(x> 3)
Since f(x) is a P.M.F
/ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1
k + 2k + 6k + 5k + 6k + 10k = 1
30k = 1 , k = 1⁄30
P.M.F.
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
f(x) 1⁄30 2⁄30 6⁄30 5⁄30 6⁄30 10⁄30
P(2 ≤ 𝑥 < 5) = P(x = 2) + P(X = 3) + p(x = 4)
2 6 5 13
= + + =
30 30 30 30
P(2< 𝑥 < 6) = P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) + P(X = 5)
6 5 6 17
= + + =
30 30 30 30
120
 P(x ≤ 4) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x =4)
1 2 6 5 14
= + + + =
30 30 30 30 30

P(𝑥 < 3) = P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6) (i)  (ii)

5 6 10 21
= + + =
30 30 30 30

p(3 < x) = p(x > 3)

14. A six sided die is marked 1 on one face. 3 on two faces and 5 on remaining three
faces. The die is thrown twice. If x denotes the total score in two throws
i) Find the probability mass function
ii) Cumulative distribution function
iii) P(4 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟏𝟎)
iv) P ( 𝒙 ≥ 𝟔)
Let the number on the dice are 1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5
Let the Random variable X –denote the sum of faces numbers which are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
II I 1 3 3 5 5 5
1 2 4 4 6 6 6
3 4 6 6 8 8 8
3 4 6 6 8 8 8
5 6 8 8 10 10 10
5 6 8 8 10 10 10
5 6 8 8 10 10 10
4 10
𝑃(𝑥 = 2) = 1⁄36, P(x = 4) = 36 , P(x = 6) = 36
12 9
P(x= 8) = , P(x = 10) =
36 36

Distribution function:
0 , 𝑥<2
1⁄ , 𝑥 ≤2
36
5⁄ , 𝑥 ≤4
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 36
15⁄ , 𝑥 ≤6
36
27⁄ , 𝑥 ≤8
36
{ 1 , 𝑥 ≤ 10
4 10 12 26 13
𝑃(4 ≤ 𝑥 < 10) = P(x = 4) + P(x = 6) + P(x = 8) = + + = =
36 36 36 36 18
10 12 9 31
𝑃(𝑥 ≥ 6) = P(x = 6) + P(x = 8) + P(x =10) = + + =
36 36 36 36

121
15. Find the probability mass function and cumulative distribution function of
numbers of girl children in families with 4 children, assuming equal probabilities
for boys and girls.
let the random variable X-denote no of girl children’s in a family of 4 children
∴ 𝑋 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
P(G) = P (getting a girl children)= 1⁄2
P(B) = P (getting a boy children) = 1⁄2
Solution:
4 𝑐0 1
P(x = 0) = =
24 16
4 𝑐1 4
P(x = 1) = =
24 16
4×3
= 6⁄16
4 𝑐2 1×2
P (x =2) = =
24 16
4 × 3 ×2
4 𝑐3 1 × 2 ×3 4
P(x = 3) = = =
24 16 16
4 𝑐4 1
P(x = 4) = =
24 16
Probability mass function:
X 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 1⁄16 4⁄16 6⁄16 4⁄16 1⁄16

Cumulative distribution function

0 , 𝑥<0
1
, 𝑥 ≤0
16
5
, 𝑥 ≤1
16
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 11
, 𝑥 ≤2
16
15
, 𝑥 ≤3
16
{1 , 𝑥 ≤4

122
16. Find the constant is a C such that the function
𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒄𝒙 𝟏<𝒙<𝟒 is density function of compute
𝟎 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
i.P(1.5 < x < 3.5) ii) P (x ≤ 𝟐) iii) P(x > 3)
Since the given function is a probability density function


 f ( x)dx  1


4
C  x 2 dx  1
1

4
𝑥3
𝑐[ ] = 1
3 1
𝐶
[43 − 1] = 1
3
𝐶
[64 − 1] = 1
3
21
𝐶
× 63 = 1
3
c = 1⁄21
3.5 3 .5
1
P(1.5 < x < 3.5) =  f ( x)dx   x 2 dx
1.5
21 1.5
3.5
1 𝑥3
= [ ]
21 3 1.5
1 7 3 3 3
= [( ) − ( ) ]
63 2 2
79
1 316
= [(343 − 27)] =
63 × 8 63 ×2
79
=
126
2
1 2 1 𝑥3
P(x ≤2 ) =
21
∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 21
( )
3 1

(23 − 1) = 7⁄6 =
1 1
` =
63 9
4 1 4 2
P(x > 3 ) = ∫3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 21 ∫3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
1 𝑥3
= ( )
21 3 3
1
= [4 − 33 ]
3
63
1 37
= [64 − 27] =
63 63

123
17. Suppose the amount of milk sold daily at a milk booth is distributed with a
minimum of 200 litres and a maximum of 600 litres with it probability density
function:
𝒌 𝟐𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟔𝟎𝟎
f(x) = { find
𝟎 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
i) The value of k ii) Distribution function
iii) The probability that daily saled will fall between 300 litres and 800 litres
Since f(x) is a p.d.f.
Solution:
1⁄ 200 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 600
f(x) = { 400
0 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
let x  (0, 200)

let x  (200, 600)

∞
∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 1
600
k∫200 𝑑𝑥 = 1
k [𝑥]600
200 = 1

k [600 – 200] = 1
k x 400 = 1
1
k=
400

Probability density function

1⁄ 200 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 600
f(x) = { 400
0 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆

0 200 600 ∞
x ∈ (0, 200)
𝑋
F(x) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = 0
x ∈ (200, 600)
200 𝑋
F(x) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 + ∫200 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
500
P(300 < x < 500) =  f ( x)dx
300
500
1
=
400  dx
300

124
 1
= [𝑥]500
300
400
1 200 1
= [500 − 300] = =
400 400 2
x
1 1

𝑥
[𝑡 ]200
=0+ dt =
400 400
200

1
= [𝑥 − 200]
400
𝑥 200
= −
400 400
𝑥 1
= −
400 2

x  (600, )
200 600 𝑥
f(x) = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 + ∫200 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 + ∫600 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
600 1
= 0 + ∫200 𝑑𝑡 + 0
400
1 1
= [𝑡]200 600 = [600 − 200]
400 400
400
= = 1
400

Cumulative distribution function

0 , 𝑥 < 200
𝑥 −1
𝐹(𝑥) = {400 − , 200 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 600
2
1 , 𝑥 > 600
18. The probability density function of X is given by
𝑲𝒆−𝒙/𝟑 , 𝒙 > 0
f(x) = {
𝟎, 𝒙 ≤𝟎
Find i) k ii) distribution function iii) P(x < 3)
iv) P(x  5) v) P(x ≤ 4)
Solution:
Since f(x) is a p.d.f.
∞
∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 1
∞
k ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥/3 𝑑𝑥 = 1
∞
𝑒 −𝑥/3
k[ ] =1
−1/3 0

-3k 𝑒 − 𝑒 0 ] = 1
[ −∞
-3k [0 − 1] = 1
1
3k = 1, k=
3

125
Density function:
1⁄ 𝑒 −𝑥/3 , 𝑥 > 0
f(x) = { 3
0 , 𝑥 ≤0

-∞ 0 ∞
x ∈ (-∞, 0)
𝑥
F(x) = ∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = 0
x ∈ (0, ∞ )
0 𝑥
F(x) = ∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
= 0 + ∫0 1⁄3 𝑒 −𝑡/3 𝑑𝑡
𝑥

𝑋
1 𝑒 −𝑡/3
=+ [ ]
3 −1/3 0

= - [𝑒 −𝑥/3 − 𝑒 0 ]
= 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥/3
Distribution function:
0 , 𝑥 < 0
F(x) = { −𝑥/3
1−𝑒 , 𝑥 ≥0
3
P(x < 3) = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
1 3
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡/3 𝑑𝑡
3
3
1 𝑒 −𝑡/3
= [ ]
3 −1/3 0

= - [𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 0 ]

= - [ − 1]= 1 – 1⁄𝑒
1
𝑒
∞ 1 ∞
P(x ≥ 5) = ∫5 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥/3 𝑑𝑥
3 5
∞
1 𝑒 −𝑡/3
= [ ]
3 −1/3 5

[ −∞
=- 𝑒 − 𝑒 −5/3 ]
= - [𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −5/3 ] = 𝑒 −5/3
4
1 4 1 𝑒 −𝑥/3
P(x ≤ 4) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥/3 𝑑𝑥 = [ ]
3 3 −1/3 0
−4/3 0]
= - [𝑒 −𝑒
= 1 - 𝒆−𝟒/𝟑
126
19. Let X be a random variable denoting the life of an electrical equipment having
probability density function
𝑲𝒆−𝟐𝒙 , 𝒙 > 0
f(x) = {
𝟎, 𝒙 ≤𝟎
Find i) the value of k ii) Distribution function iii) P(x < 2)
iv) Calculate the probability that X is atleast for four unit of time
v) P(X = 3)
Since f(x) is a p.d.f.
∞
∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
∞
k ∫−∞ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
∞
𝑒 −2𝑥
k[ ] =1
−2 0
𝑘
- [𝑒 −∞ −𝑒 0 ] =1
2
−𝑘
[0 − 1] = 1
2
k =2

-∞ 0 ∞
x ∈ (-∞, 0)
𝑥
F(x) = ∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = 0
x ∈ (0, ∞ )
0 𝑥
F(x) = ∫−∞ 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝑥
= 0 + 2 ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑡
= 2[ ]
−2 0
= - [𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 0 ]
= 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
Distribution function:
0 , 𝑥 < 0
F(x) = { −2𝑥
1−𝑒 , 𝑥 ≥0
2
2 𝑒 −2𝑥
P(x < 2) = 2∫0 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [ ]
−2 0
= - [𝑒 −4 − 𝑒 0 ] = 1 - 𝑒 −4
iv) The probability that X is atleast equal to four unit of time
∞
P(x ≥ 4) = ∫4 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∞
∞ 𝑒 −2𝑥
2∫4 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2[ ]
−2 4
[ −∞
=- 𝑒 −𝑒 −2 ×4 ]
1
= − [0 − 𝑒 −8 ] = 8
𝑒
v. 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑎 is not the probability that X takes the value a that is 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑎
is not equal to 𝑃(𝑥 = 𝑎), 𝑓(𝑎) ≠ 𝑃(𝑥 = 𝑎). If X is continuous ; 𝑃(𝑥 = 𝑎) = 0, for
𝑎  𝑅 . / 𝑃(𝑥 = 3) = 0

127
 CHAPTER - 12
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
Important Points:
Let * be a binary operation on S
i) Closure property : ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆 ⟹ 𝑎∗𝑏 ∈𝑆
ii) Commutative property : ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆 [a * b = b * a]
iii) Associative property : 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 ) = (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑆
iv) Existence of identity : 𝑎 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑎 , e is the identity element
v) Existence of inverse : 𝑎−1 is the inverse of a 𝑎 ∗ 𝑎−1 = 𝑎−1 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑒
Truth Table
V(big) Write the T, F → V (+) , ⋀(-)
⋀ (small) write small one 𝑭 multiplication Not p Not q
the big one rule
p q pvq p⋀q p→q p↔q ¬p ¬q
T T T T T T F F
T F T F F F F T
F T T F T F T F
F F F F T T T T

5 Mark Questions
1. Verify i) closure property ii) Commutative property
iii) Associative property iv) Existence of identity
v) existence of inverse for the operation +𝟓 on 𝒛𝟓
Using table corresponding to addition modulo 5
Sol: 𝑍5 = {[0], [1], [2], [3], [4]}
+5 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4 0
2 2 3 4 0 1
3 3 4 0 1 2
4 4 0 1 2 3
i) Elements of the table are in the elements of +5 closure property is true
ii) From the table, the entries are symmetrical about the main diagonal, +5 is
commutative
iii) From the table +5 is associative
iv) The identity elements is 0
v) The inverse of 0 is 0, that of 1 is 4, that of 2 is 3,
that of 3 is 2, that of 4 is 1
128
2. Verify i) closure property ii) Commutative property
iii) Associative property iv) Existence of identity
v) existence of inverse for the operation 𝑿𝟏𝟏 on a subset
A= {1, 3, 4, 5, 9} on the set of remainders {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10}
Solution: A = {1, 3, 4, 5, 9}
𝑋11 1 3 4 5 9
1 1 3 4 5 9
3 3 9 1 4 5
4 4 1 5 9 3
5 5 4 9 3 1
9 9 5 3 1 4
i) Elements of the table are in the elements of 𝑋11 closure property is true
ii) From the table, the entries are symmetrical about the main diagonal, 𝑋11 is
commutative
iii) From the table 𝑋11 is associative
iv) The identity elements is 1
v) The inverse of 1 is 1, that of 3 is 4, that of 4 is 3,
that of 5 is 9, that of 9 is 5
3. Verify i) closure property ii) Commutative property
iii) Associative property iv) Existence of identity
v) existence of inverse for the operation on the given set
m * n = m+n – mn ∈ 𝑧
Solution: i) m * n = m+n – mn is clearly integer
∴∗ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 binary operation on z.
ii) m * n = m+n – mn
= n +m –mn
= n * m ∀𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑧
*is commutative
iii) (m * n) * p = (m + n – mn) * p
= m + n – mn + p - (m + n – mn) P
= m + n + p – mn – mp –np + mnp
m* (n*p)= m* (n+p-np)
= m + n +p – np –m (n +p –np)
= m+n+p –np –mn –mp +mnp
(m * n) * p = m* (n*p) ∀𝑚, 𝑛 𝑝 ∈ 𝑧
*is associative
129
 iv) m*e =m
m+e –m e = m
e–me=0
e(1-m) =0
e =0
0 ∈ 𝑧 hence the existence by identity is assumed
𝑣) m * 𝑚′ = e
m + 𝑚′ = −𝑚𝑚′ =0
𝑚′ = −𝑚⁄1 − 𝑚
Hence inverse does not exist in z.
4. Let A be Q - {1} Define * on A by x * y = x+y – xy is * binary on A?. If so examine
the ii) Commutative iii) Associate iv) Existence of identity
v) existence QP inverse for the operation on A?
Solution:
i) x * y = x +y – xy, A = Q - {1}
x, y ∈ 𝐴, 𝑥 ≠ 1, 𝑦 ≠ 1
x * y = x+y – xy is a rational
x * y ≠ 1, x * y ∈ 𝐴, * binary on A.
ii) x * y = x +y – xy
=y+x–yx
= y * x ∀ x, y 𝐴
*is commutative
iii) (x * y ) * z = x * (y * z)
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 – 𝑥𝑧 – 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧
*is associative
iv) 0 ∈ 𝐴 is identity element:
v) Inverse of x = −𝑥⁄1 − 𝑥
The inverse property is also satisfied
𝒙 𝒙
5. Let M = {( ) ∶ 𝒙 𝝐 𝑹 − {𝟎}} and Let * be the matrix multiplication. Determine
𝒙 𝒙
whether misclosed under *. If so examine the closure, commutative, associative,
existence of identity, and inverse properties.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑧 𝑧
Solution: Let X = ( ), Y = (𝑦 𝑦) and Z = ( ) where x, y, z 𝜖 𝑅- {0}
𝑥 𝑥 𝑧 𝑧
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
i. X*Y=( ) = (𝑦 𝑦 ) = ( )
𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
Clearly X * Y 𝜖 𝑀.
Hence * is binary on M

130
 2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 2𝑦𝑥 2𝑦𝑥
ii. X*Y=( )=( )=Y*X
2𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 2𝑦𝑥 2𝑦𝑥
∴ ∗ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑖𝑖𝑖. (X * Y) * Z = X * (Y * Z)
Clearly matrix multiplication is associative
∴ ∗ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑒 𝑒
iv) E=( ) be the identity element
𝑒 𝑒
X*E=X
𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
( )( )=( )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
( ) = ( )
2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
e = 1⁄2
1/2 1/2
E=( ) is the identity element.
1/2 1/2
𝑦 𝑦
v) Let Y = (𝑦 𝑦) be the inverse of X
X*Y=E
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 1/2 1/2
( ) (𝑦 𝑦 ) = ( )
𝑥 𝑥 1/2 1/2
y = 1⁄4𝑥
1/4𝑥 1/4𝑥
Hence inverse of X is ( )
1/4𝑥 1/4𝑥
6. Define an operation * on Q, the set of all rational numbers as follows:
𝒂+𝒃
a*b=( )a, b 𝝐 𝑸. Examine the closure, commutative, associative, existence of
𝟐
identity and the existence of inverse for the operation *on Q.
Solution:
𝑎+𝑏
i) If a, b are rational then is also a rational and hence closure property is true.
2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑎
ii) a*b= = =b*a
2 2
Hence *is commutative
𝑏+𝑐
𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+ ( ) 2𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
2
iii) a * (b * c) = a * = =
2 2 4
𝑎+𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 ( ) +𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
2
(a * b) * c = ( )*c = =
2 2 4
Associative property is not true
iv) a*e=a
𝑎+𝑒
=a
2
a + e = 2a
d= 2a –a = a
∴ identify axiom falls.
v) If identity axiom is not satisfied we can’t discuss inverse axiom
131
 2, 3 Mark Questions
1. p → 𝒒 ≡ ( ~𝒑) vq using truth table

p q p→q ~𝑝 (~𝑝)v q
T T T F T
T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T T T
↳ (1) ↳ (2)

From (1), (2) p → 𝑞 ≡ ( ~𝑝) vq

2. p ↔ 𝒒 ≡ (𝒑 → 𝒒)𝚲(𝒒 → 𝒑) using truth table

p q p ↔q p→𝑞 q→𝑝 (𝑝 → 𝑞)Λ(𝑞 → 𝑝)

T T T T T T

T F F F T F

F T F T F F

F F T T T T
↳ (1) ↳ (2)

From (1) and (2) p ↔ 𝑞 ≡ (𝑝 → 𝑞)Λ(𝑞 → 𝑝)

3. p 𝚲 𝐪 → 𝒑 𝒗𝒒 𝑷. 𝑻. 𝒕𝒂𝒖𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚

p q pΛq pvq p Λ q → 𝑝 𝑣𝑞

T T T T T
T F F T T

F T F T T
F F F F T

p Λ q → 𝑝 𝑣𝑞 is tautology

132
4. Verify whether the compound statement (p 𝚲 𝐪) 𝚲 ( ¬ ( p 𝐯 𝐪)) is a tautology or
contradiction
p q (p Λ q) pvq ¬ (p v q) (p Λ q) Λ ( ¬ ( p v q))

T T T T F F
T F F T F F
F T F T F F
F F F F T F
(p Λ q) ( ¬ ( p v q)) is a contradiction
5. Using truth table check whether the statement ¬(pvq) v (¬p 𝚲 𝐪) and ¬ 𝒑 or
logically equivalent.
p q ¬𝑝 (pvq) ¬ (p v q) (¬p Λ q) ¬(pvq) v (¬p Λ q)

T T F T F F F
T F F T F F F
F T T T F T T
F F T F T F T
↳ (1) ↳ (2)
From (1) & (2) ¬(pvq) v (¬p 𝚲 𝐪) ≡ ¬ 𝑝
6. P.T. p  (¬ 𝒒vr)  ¬𝒑v (¬qvr)
p q r ¬𝑞 (¬ 𝑞𝑣𝑟) p(¬ 𝑞𝑣𝑟) ¬𝑝 ¬ 𝑝v (¬ 𝑞𝑣𝑟)
T T T F T T F T
T T F F F F F F
T F T T T T F T
T F F T T T F T
F T T F T T T T
F T F F F T T T
F F T T T T T T
F F F T T T T T
↳ (1) ↳ (2)
𝑝 → ( ¬𝑞v r) ≡ ¬ 𝑝𝑣 (¬ 𝑞𝑣𝑟)
Do it yourself : Ex: 12.2 6, 7, 9, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15
133
7. Let A = {𝒂 + √𝟓 𝒃 ; 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝒛} check whether the usual multiplication is a binary
operation on A.
Solution:
Let a + √5 𝑏, c + √5 𝑑, ∈A
(a + √5 𝑏) (c + √5 𝑑) = ac +5bd + √5 (bc + ad) ∈A
Hence usual multiplication is binary on A.

8. On Z define ⨂ by (m ⨂ n) = 𝒎𝒏 + 𝒏𝒎 ∀𝒎, 𝒏 ∈ 𝒛 Is ⨂ binary on z?

Solution: when n = -p where p > 0
1
𝑚𝑛 + 𝑚−𝑝 = Now 𝑚𝑛 + 𝑛𝑚 need not be in z
𝑚𝑝
Hence ⨂ is not binary on Z.
9. Let * be defined on R by (a * b) = a + b + ab -7.
Is * binary on R? If so find 3* (−𝟕⁄𝟏𝟓)
Solution: a + b, ab, -7 are real numbers that their sum is also a real number. Therefore *
is binary
3 * (−7⁄15) = 3 + (−7⁄15)+ 3 (−7⁄15) − 7

= 3 −7⁄15 − 21⁄15 -7 = −88⁄15

𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
10) A=[ ]B= [ ] find A ⋁𝑩, 𝑨⋀𝑩
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
Solution:
0 1 1 1 1 1
A ⋁𝐵 = [ ] ⋁[ ] =[ ]
1 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1
𝐴⋀𝐵 = [ ] ⋀[ ] =[ ]
1 1 0 1 0 1

11. Let p: Jupiter is a planet and

q : India is an island be any two simple statements
Give verbal sentence describing i) ¬ 𝑝𝑣𝑞 ii) p⋀¬𝑞 iii) 𝑝 → ¬𝑞
i) ¬ 𝑝𝑣𝑞 Jupiter is not a planet or India is an island
ii) p⋀¬𝑞 Jupiter is a planet and India is not an island
iii) 𝑝 → ¬𝑞 If jupiter is a planet then India is not an island
Do it yourself: Ex 12.2 2, 3, 4, 5

134