Electrical Instrumental and Measurement (EEE-

374)

NAME Ali Mumtaz

Hunain Akhtar

ENROLLMENT FA23-EEE-010

FA23-EEE-017

SUBMISSION DATE 14/9/2024

SUBMITTED TO Dr. Khurram Ali

SECTION EEE-3

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

Lab Report-2
 Lab # 2: Measurement of different electrical
quantities by multi-meter and error calculation

Objectives
 To measure different electrical quantities by using digital multi-meter.
 To calculate the error in measurements

In-Lab Tasks

Task-1

Resistor (Ra) = 3.9k Ω (color coding)

Rm = 3.88k Ω (measured)

3.9 K −3.88 K
Error % = 3.9 k
x 100

Error % = 0.512%

AC voltage of Pakistan (Va) = 230V ± 5%V

AC voltage measured from switch (Vm) = 223V

Error = 230V – 223V = 7

230−223
Error % = 230
x 100

Error % = 3.04%
Task-2

R1 = 100Ω
R2 = 50Ω

VT = 10.5V
VM = 10.24V

V1 = 6.79V (measured)
V2 = 3.45V (measured)

Using VDR (voltage divider rule)

100
Voltage across R100 (V1) = 150 x 10.5 = 7V (theoratical)

50
Voltage across R50 (V2) = 150 x 10.5 = 3.5V (theoratical)

Error across V1 = 7V - 6.79V = 0.21

Error across V2 = 3.5V – 3.45V = 0.05

E = (6.79 + 3.45) ± (0.21+0.05)

E = 10.24V ± 0.26

E = 10.24 ± 2.54%
Part 2:

Vtotal = 10.5V

V1 = 5.13V (across 100Ω (R1))

V2 = 5.09V (across 100Ω (R2))

Using VDR
Va = (100/200) x 10.5 = 5.25V

It will be same for both since same resistors are used

Error in V1 = 5.25 – 5.13 = 0.12

Error in V2 = 5.25 – 5.09 = 0.16

Total error = (5.13 - 5.09) ± (0.12+0.16)

E = 0.04 ± 0.28
E = 0.04 ± 700%

Part 3:
 VA = 11V
VM = 10.62V

IA = 13.41mA (using ohms law)

IM = 13.2mA

Error of voltage = 11 - 10.62 = 0.38

E = 10.62 ± 0.38 = 10.62 ± 3.58%
Error of current = 13.41 x 10-3 – 13.2 x 10-3 = 2.1 x 10-4
E = 13.41mA ± 2.1 x 10-4 = 13.41mA ± 1.57%

P = VI = (VI) ± (percentage error of current + percentage error of voltage)

P = 0.14 ± 5.15%

Observations and Calculations

Actual value of AC voltage = 230V

Measured value of AC voltage = 224V

Actual value of resistance = 3.9kΩ

Measured value of resistance = 3.88kΩ

Error in AC voltage reading = 7V

Error in resistance reading = 20Ω

Percentage error in AC voltage reading = 3.04%

Percentage error in resistance reading = 0.512 %

Post-Lab Task
Write a comprehensive 1 page note on ohmmeter which should include its working principle,
construction, and operation

Ohmmeter:
An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance (the opposition
offered by a circuit or component to the flow of electric current). Multimeters also function as
ohmmeters when in resistance-measuring mode. An ohmmeter applies current to the circuit or
component whose resistance is to be measured. It then measures the resulting voltage and
calculates the resistance using Ohm’s law.

Working principle:
 The working principle of ohmmeter is, it comprises of a needle and two test leads. The needle
deflection can be controlled with the battery current. Initially, the two test leads of the meter can
be shorted together to calculate the resistance of an electrical circuit. Once the two leads of the
meter are shorted, then the meter can be changed for appropriate action in a fixed range. The
needle comes back to the highest point on the meter scale, and the current in the meter will be
highest. An ohmmeter circuit diagram is shown below.

Once the testing of the circuit is done then the test leads of the meter must be detached. Once the
two test leads of the meter are connected to the circuit then the battery gets discharged. When the
test leads get shorted then the rheostat will be adjusted. The meter needle can be reached to the
lowest position that is zero, and then there will be zero resistance among the two test leads.

Construction:
The important construction features of Ohmmeter consist of following parts:

1. Control and Deflecting coil: They are normally mounted at a right angle to each other and
connected parallel to the generator. The polarities are such that the torque produced by them
is in the opposite direction
2. Permanent Magnet: Permanent magnet with north and south poles to produce a magnetic
effect for deflection of the pointer.
3. Pointer and scale: A pointer is attached to the coils and end of the pointer float on a scale
which is in the range from “zero” to “infinity”. The unit for this is “ohms”.
4. D.C generator or battery connection: Testing voltage is supplied by hand-operated D.C
generator for manual operated Ohmmeter and a battery and electronic voltage charger for
automatic type Ohmmeter.
5. Pressure coil and current coil: Provided for preventing damage to the instrument in case of
low external source resistance.

Inside of ohmmeter
Operation:
The ohmmeter works on the principle of the moving coil instrument, which states then
when a conductor carrying current is placed in a magnetic field, a force is exerted on the
conductor. As seen in the figure above, when the current-carrying conductor comes in the
magnetic field of the permanent magnet, a defecting torque is produced, which moves the
pointer in the scale.

Critical Analysis / Conclusion

 Performance Viva
Total/15
(10 Marks) (5 Marks )

Performance /6

Results /3

Critical Analysis /1

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