ISSN 1330-3651(Print), ISSN 1848-6339 (Online) https://doi.org/10.

17559/TV-00000000000000
Original scientific paper

Overload mitigation SIPS based on DC model optimization and PMU technology

Zoran ZBUNJAK, Igor KUZLE, Dino MAĐAR

Abstract: System integrity protection schemes (SIPS) supported by phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology are based on the concept of collecting information from
remote stations, sending the information to a central concentrator that executes a decision-making algorithm and initiates specialized actions to prevent the spread of
system disturbance. This paper gives application of overload mitigation SIPS. Described protection scheme is based on a mixed integer linear programming (MILP)
optimization of the DC power flow model whose objective is to maximize total load on the observed part of the network. Inaccuracy of the used DC model and the actual
state is replaced by using the PMU technology. In this way, the influence of reactive power, that is ignored in the DC model power flow model calculation, is replaced in
real-time with real synchronized measurements. Described SIPS is tested on IEEE 14 busbar test system. Conducted simulations indicate that developed optimization
algorithm can mitigate potential element overloads with extremely high accuracy by using load shedding methods. Example on real part of Croatian power transmission
network is given at the end of paper. This specific analysis demonstrates benefits of using SIPS based on synchro phasors in real world.

Keywords: optimization; overload mitigation; phasor measurement unit; system integrity protection scheme

1 INTRODUCTION unusual problems in the power system operation and take

advanced predefined measures to neutralize recorded
Electric power system (EPS) protection based on events.
advanced technologies enables system integrity and safe In 2010 a report on SIPS was published [8]. According
operation in conditions of compromised or questionable to report the SIPS deal with congestion, thermal overload,
security [1]. Power transmission system advanced control voltage, frequency and angular instability problems. Stated
implies joint advanced performance based on the control, problems can be mitigated using different types of
protection and measurement functions. Every defined protection schemes. Load shedding schemes together with
operation need to work in real-time with very safe and overload and congestion mitigation schemes are studied
reliable use of telecommunication network and extreme within this paper.
speed requirements [2]. One of technologies that can Undertaken research within the presented paper refers
support development of advanced control system is PMU to congestions in parts of the power transmission network
technology. This technology has been developed in the due to the electricity market conditions of its controlling
1980s [3] and can be used in many applications like e.g. [9].
power system state estimation described in [4]. Advanced One of synchronized measurement application for
control and SIPS are specific areas where significant reducing excessive standing phase angle difference is given
improvements can be achieved using PMU technology in paper [10]. Generation control method for reducing
according to [5]. phase angle differences is described in order to bring
The cause of power systems blackouts, especially large system back to normal condition.
and rare interruptions in electricity supply, is usually a Deployment of wide area monitoring, protection and
combination of a series of mutually connected events. Such control (WAMPAC) systems are recognized as one of
a combination is very unlikely, but sometimes not a low important goals in future Great Britain power system [11].
risk, and it involves chain of a large number of cascade With future research, wide area oscillation control in Great
events [6]. Britain power system should be developed using the
Protection schemes are based on the concept of synchronized measurements technology.
collecting information from remote stations, sending the This paper gives application of overload mitigation
information to a central unit that executes a decision- protection scheme. Described protection scheme is based
making algorithm and initiates specialized actions to on MILP optimization of the DC power flow model whose
prevent the spread of system disturbance. Fig. 1 shows objective is to maximize total load on the observed part of
SIPS supported by PMU technology. the network. Inaccuracy of the used DC model and the
actual state is replaced by using the PMU technology. In
this way, the influence of reactive power, that is ignored in
the DC model power flow model calculation, is replaced in
real-time with real synchronized measurements.
A detailed mathematical description of used
optimization algorithm is given in chapter 2.
Chapter 3 presents operation analysis of the described
protection scheme on the IEEE 14 busbar test system.
Application of protection scheme on the real part of the
Figure 1 SIPS supported by PMU technology Croatian transmission system, subsystem Istria, is shown in
chapter 4 after verifying scheme on IEEE test system.
Special protection schemes are defined in [7] as The contribution of this paper is the use of PMU
schemes designed to identify special events that cause technology to measure the actual loads of the monitored

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 Zoran ZBUNJAK et al.: Overload mitigation SIPS based on DC model optimization and PMU technology

part of the network in order to determine in real time the - δi, δj – voltage phase angle for node i and j,
difference in the loads imposed by the assumptions set - Xij – element reactance between nodes i and j,
when using the DC power flow model in relation to the - Tij – element connection between nodes i and j,
actual power flows. defined as binary value 0 for disconnected or 1 for
connected state,
2 MILP BASED ON DC POWER FLOW MODEL - N – number of nodes,
- δREF – reference voltage phase angle.
The task of the optimization algorithm is to mitigate
the overload in the network by optimizing consumption The node sum is defined by the following expression:
with the aim of preserving the transmission system. The
algorithm applies MILP based on the method of ∑ , (5)
branching and fencing.
MILP studies the optimization problems within the where:
system's default limits. Optimization can be based on the - VARi – load shedding solution at node i, defined as
problem of maximizing or minimizing the default binary value 0 for load disconnection or 1 for load
objective function by finding appropriate decision connection at node i,
variables along with the constraints described by certain - Li – active load power at node i in MW,
equations and inequalities. At MILP, a certain decision - Gi – active generation power at node i in MW.
variable can take values from a set of real or integer
numbers. The method of branching and fencing is based Real-time adjustment factor kQ is created in order to
on the principle of successive solving the objective compensate inaccuracy of the DC model. It represents
function, while the permissible values of the decision impact of reactive power in the real system relative to its
variables do not reach the optimal solution. The details of neglect in the DC model.
the integer programming can be found in [12].
The mathematical model of used algorithm is based , (6)
on the power flow calculation of the simplified model of
the network, the so-called DC model. The DC model where:
assumes three assumptions: - kQ – adjustment factor that is calculated in real time
when overloading occurs in MW/MVA according to
- line resistance RL is negligible in relation to line Eq. (7),
reactance XL, - SijMAX – maximum transmission power between nodes
i and j in MVA.
, (1)
Adjustment factor is calculated in real time when
- per unit voltage |VN| is the same for all nodes, overloading occurs in MW/MVA according to Eq. (7),
and its value is always less than 1.
| | , (2)
, (7)
- voltage angles difference δi-δj of the adjacent nodes is
small, which derives:
where:
( ) ( ) ( ) , (3) - PijDC – calculated active power flow based on the DC
model from node i to node j when overloading
Obviously, taking into account these assumptions occurs,
affects the accuracy of the DC model. According to [13], - SijREAL – real time measured apparent power of the
the total error of the DC model is 5 % compared to the overloaded connection between node i and node j
more accurate AC nonlinear model. Though the accuracy when overloading occurs.
of the DC model is smaller than the AC model, it is
characterized by the simplicity and the speed of the As an additional release condition the model allows
calculation conditioned by its linearity, which is why it is definition of critical loads which must remain connected
proposed in making SIPS. according to Eq. (8).

2.1 Mathematical model , (8)

Power flow calculation for DC network model is where:

based on the following expression: - PRIORi – load shedding release condition in node i,
defined as binary value 0 for loads that can be
disconnected or 1 for loads that must remain
( ) , (4) connected.

where: Objective function is to maximize connected load

- i, j – node tags, according to Eq. (9).
- Pij – active power flow from node i to node j,

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 Zoran ZBUNJAK et al.: Overload mitigation SIPS based on DC model optimization and PMU technology

(∑ ), (9)
Table 1 Assumed rated power of lines and transformers
Defined mathematical model finds a combination of Rated power
Elements
loads whose total real time measured sum represents (MVA)
Lines
maximum possible load due to the constraints of
1-2 (1), 1-2 (2), 1-5, 130
transmission power capacity of all connections in the real 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 3-4, 4-5
time topology of the transmission network. Transformers
Block diagram of proposed optimization algorithm is 85
4-7, 4-9, 5-6
given in Fig. 2. Lines
6-11, 6-12, 6-13, 7-8, 7-9, 70
9-10, 9-14, 10-11, 12-13, 13-14

3.1 Base case scenario

Power flow calculation was carried out without any

change to default scenario using a nonlinear AC model in
the PSS/E software. IEEE 14 busbar test system is
characterized by the majority of generation in busbar 1
and a smaller part in busbar 2. Synchronous compensators
that maintain voltage in the analysed model are modelled
in busbars 3, 6 and 8.

3.2 N-1 analysis

N-1 analysis of IEEE 14 busbar test system including

assumed rated power of lines and transformers indicated a
situation where N-1 criterion was not satisfied. Outage of
Figure 2 Block diagram of proposed optimization algorithm
one of lines 1-2 with assumed rated power of 130 MVA
causes overloading of the other line 1-2, Fig. 4.
3 STUDY CASE ON IEEE 14 BUSBAR TEST SYSTEM
3.3 Calculation of the adjustment factor kQ in real time
Universality of described SIPS is verified on the
based on PMU measurements
IEEE 14 busbar test system, Fig. 3. Data for IEEE 14
busbar test system were downloaded from University of
DC model power flow calculation needs to be
Washington test case archive [14]. Rated power of lines
initially performed in order to perform the adaptation of
and transformers are assumed in Tab. 1. because the
the optimization algorithm to the nonlinear model. Power
standard IEEE 14 busbar test system does not define the
flow on line 1-2 (2) is 127,3 MW according to the DC
specified values. PMU placement method is based on the
model power flows. According to Fig. 4, using a
complete system observability that results in PMUs
nonlinear AC model in the PSS/E software, power flow
placement in each node that has modelled load or
for line 1-2 (2) is 137,3 MW of active power and
generator. In addition to the described nodes, PMUs are
-19,6 MVAr of reactive power, which gives 138,7 MVA
also placed on endangered network elements.
of apparent power.
Adjustment factor kQ for case of overloading line
1-2 (2) is calculated according to Eq. (10):

( )
, (10)
( )

Adjustment factor kQ of 0,92 MW/MVA is selected as

input parameter in the overload optimization algorithm.

3.4 Load optimization with selected adjustment factor

According to input data of generation and load in

each node, reactance of lines and transformers together
with topology matrix, optimization algorithm as a
solution gives loads which need to be disconnected in
order to optimally mitigate overload of line 1-2 (2).
Solution defines that load at busbar 6 of 11,2 MW and at
busbar 11 of 3,5 MW, which makes total of 14,7 MW,
needs to be disconnected in order to optimal mitigate
overload of line 1-2 (2), Tab. 2.
Figure 3 IEEE 14 busbar test system with PMUs placement

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 Figure 4 N-1 analysis of line 1-2 (1)

Figure 5 Checking optimization result on nonlinear model with implemented load supply priority

Figure 6 Line apparent power flow data for different activities

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 Zoran ZBUNJAK et al.: Overload mitigation SIPS based on DC model optimization and PMU technology

Table 2 Optimization results Table 3 Optimization results with implemented load supply priority
Optimal load solution Supply priority
Busbar Load (MW) 0 – not connected, 0 - can be Optimal solution
1 – connected Busbar Load (MW) disconnected 0 – not connected,
1 0 0 1 - cannot be 1 – connected
2 21,7 1 disconnected
3 94,2 1 1 0 0 0
4 47,6 1 2 21,7 0 1
5 7,6 1 3 94,2 0 1
6 11,2 0 4 47,6 0 1
7 0 0 5 7,6 0 1
8 0 0 6 11,2 1 1
9 29,5 1 7 0 0 0
10 9 1 8 0 0 0
11 3,5 0 9 29,5 0 1
12 6,1 1 10 9 0 1
13 13,5 1 11 3,5 1 1
14 14,9 1 12 6,1 0 1
Total load before optimization(MW) 259 13 13,5 0 1
Total optimized consumption (MW) 244,3 14 14,9 0 0
Load that needs to be disconnected (MW) 14,7 Total load before optimization(MW) 259
Total optimized consumption (MW) 244,1
Load that needs to be disconnected (MW) 14,9
3.5 Checking optimization solution on nonlinear model

Optimization algorithm solutions are checked by 3.8 Comparison of optimization results

calculating nonlinear model power flows in the PSS/E.
Outage of loads in busbars 6 and 11 were simulated. Fig. 6 shows line apparent power flow data for N-1
Power flow calculation results in active power of analysis and optimization algorithm with and without
128,2 MW and reactive power of -20,1 MVAr on line supply priority in relation to the assumed rated power.
1-2 (2), which gives apparent power of 129,77 MVA. Overload mitigation of line 1-2 (2) using described
Calculated apparent power is 99,82 % of the assumed optimization algorithms can be easily detected reviewing
rated power. We can conclude that described optimization given figure. Calculated values for line 1-2 (2) are shown
algorithm offered solution that successfully mitigate in Tab. 4.
overload of line 1-2 (2) with extremely high accuracy.
Table 4 Power flows of line 1-2 (2) for different activities
N-1 line Optimal Supply
3.6 Implementing load supply priority and re-optimization Line Unit SMAX
1-2 (1) SIPS priority
MVA 130 138,69 129,77 129,32
Situation when some of the loads for different reasons 1-2 (2)
% 100 106,69 99,82 99,48
must not be disconnected is predicted as part of described
optimization algorithm. We can say that this kind of load Fig. 7 shows busbar voltages for different activities
has a supply priority over other loads. In order to check from which is clear that implementation of described
optimization algorithm, the next step proposes the optimization algorithms does not endanger voltage
originally chosen loads 6 and 11 as the load supply conditions in the observed test system.
priorities. After re-optimization with given conditions of
supply priority, the algorithm solution changes. The new
solution defines load at busbar 14 of 14,9 MW as one that
needs to be disconnected in order to mitigate overload on
line 1-2 (2), Tab. 3.

3.7 Checking optimization solution on nonlinear model

with implemented load supply priority

Connected state of loads in busbars 6 and 11 and

outage of load in busbar 14 were simulated using
nonlinear model in PSS/E software. Power flow
calculation results in 127,7 MW of active power and
-20,4 MVAr of reactive power on line 1-2 (2), which
gives apparent power of 129,32 MVA. Calculated
apparent power represents 99,48 % of assumed rated
Figure 7 Busbar voltages for different activities
power, Fig. 5. We can conclude that optimization
algorithm with implemented load supply priority also
Duration of the described simulation was about 10 ms
offered solution that successfully mitigate overload of line
and optimal solution was reached within 14 iterations.
1-2 (2) with extremely high accuracy.
Extremely fast calculation of optimal solution confirms
possibility of application in SIPS.

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4 APPLICATION ON THE REAL PART OF CROATIAN Model base scenario is defined according to
TRANSMISSION NETWORK following:

Part of Croatian transmission network Istria is - 220 kV double line Plomin–Melina–Pehlin is

connected to the surrounding EPS through 220 kV and disconnected,
110 kV transmission lines (Fig. 8): - TPP Plomin is disconnected,
- peak loads are selected according to summer peak
- 220 kV Plomin–Melina, loads, Tab. 5.
- 220 kV Plomin–Pehlin,
- 110 kV Plomin–Lovran–Matulji, Table 5 Selected busbar loads
- 110 kV Buje–Kopar. Busbar Name P (MW) Q (MVAr) S (MVA)
1 Matulji 0 0 0
Production capacity of Istria is defined by the 2 Kopar 0 0 0
3 Lovran 13,1 3,4 13,53
centralized production of thermal power plant (TPP)
4 Plomin 110 W1 0 0 0
Plomin consisting of two generators: Plomin 1 (115 MW)
5 Plomin 220 0 0 0
and Plomin 2 (210 MW). Generator Plomin 1 is
6 Plomin 110 W2 0 0 0
connected to a 110 kV network and Plomin 2 to a 220 kV 7 Raša 18,6 7,4 20,02
network. The total production capacity of TPP Plomin 1 8 Koromačno 5,6 1,1 5,71
and 2 is 325 MW. 9 Dolinka 31,7 5,4 32,16
During the summer months most of consumption is 10 Šijana 46,0 4,2 46,19
concentrated in the east and west coast of Istria. The 11 T-spoj 0 0 0
reason for this is the growing tourism development 12 Vinčent 8,5 0,7 8,53
accompanied by the construction of large hotel chains. 13 Rovinj 25,6 6,5 26,41
Summer peak loads of subsystem Istria is around 14 Funtana 21,7 4,8 22,22
270 MW with a tendency of further growth. 15 Poreč 32,5 4,4 32,80
16 Katoro 12,2 2,9 12,54
17 Buje 30,4 9,3 31,79
18 Buzet 7,9 0,4 7,91
19 Butoniga 2,6 0 2,60
20 Pazin 10,8 2,5 11,09
21 Tupljak 5,7 1,5 5,89
Active power (MW) 272,9
Reactive power (MVAr) 54,5
Apparent power (MVA) 279,39

For the described base scenario, subsystem Istria is

powered by two lines: 110 kV Matulji–Lovran–Plomin
and 110 kV Buje–Kopar. Matulji and Kopar are selected
as external nodes. All other nodes within the subsystem
are defined as internal. Matulji is chosen as the reference
node. Rated power of connection lines Matulji–Lovran
and Buje–Kopar are determined in accordance with the
real state which in both cases is 89 MVA.
Figure 8 Part of Croatian power system Istria Tab. 6 gives power flow calculations for connection
lines in nonlinear AC and linear DC model for the
Previous analyses [15] and [16] identified events that, described scenario.
during large summer bursts, bring the subsystem Istria to
the state of the endangered condition. In the situation of Table 6 Power flows before optimization
unavailability of the double 220 kV transmission line Nonlinear AC model before optimization
Plomin-Melina-Pehlin system security depends on the Line
P Q S SMAX
%
availability of TPP Plomin generators 1 and 2. (MW) (MVAr) (MVA) (MVA)
Overloading of remaining connections Buje-Kopar and Matulji-
161,3 51 169,2 89 190,1
Plomin-Lovran-Matulji occurs in the case of unplanned Lovran
unavailability of Plomin generators, which ultimately Buje-
141,9 57,2 153 89 171,9
Kopar
causes subsystem Istria blackout. This scenario happened
Linear DC model before optimization
in reality on 12 July 2012 due to the unplanned Line P (MW)
unavailability of TPP Plomin, which resulted in the Matulji-Lovran 148,1
complete supply disruption of subsystem Istria for a total Buje-Kopar 131,3
duration of 26 minutes.
4.2 Calculation of the adjustment factor kQ
4.1 Description of analysed scenarios
According to Tab. 6, DC model power flow
Power subsystem Istria is modelled according to calculation gives active power of 148,1 MW on line
Fig. 8 in the software for power flow calculation PSS/E.

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 Zoran ZBUNJAK et al.: Overload mitigation SIPS based on DC model optimization and PMU technology

Matulji-Lovran and 131,3 MW on line Buje–Kopar. AC phasor measurement technology allows you to collect
model power flow calculation gives apparent power of real-time network data and provide fast and reliable
169,2 MVA for line Matulji-Lovran and 153 MVA for performance of SIPS.
line Buje-Kopar. Universality of described algorithm was tested on the
Adjustment factor kQ for case of overloading lines IEEE 14 busbar test system. From the analyses carried out
Matulji–Lovran and Buje–Kopar is calculated according we can conclude that described optimization algorithm
to Eq. (11) and (12): offered results that successfully mitigate overloading of
test system with extraordinary accuracy.
, (11) Algorithm applicability on the real model of EPS has
been shown by checking algorithm on subsystem Istria.
Analyses showed that it has been successful in overload
, (12) mitigation while simultaneously utilizing the available
transmission power of connection lines. It is therefore
Adjustment factor kQ of 0.86 MW/MVA is selected as concluded that the described algorithm can be used in
input parameter in the overload optimization algorithm further development of SIPS in subsystem Istria.
for case of overloading lines Matulji–Lovran and Buje– In further development, it is necessary to analyse
Kopar. possibility of applying optimization algorithm to
subsystems with a high share of reactive power, as well as
4.3 Optimization results to subsystems where there is electricity production at
certain nodes.
Tab. 7 shows output results of optimization algorithm
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