Storyline

Chapter 39:
Introduction to Quantum Physics

Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 10e

Raymond A. Serway
John W. Jewett, Jr.
Blackbody Radiation and
Planck’s Hypothesis
Blackbody Radiation and
Planck’s Hypothesis
 Blackbody Radiation and
Planck’s Hypothesis
1. The total power of the
emitted radiation increases
with temperature.
P   AeT 4

2. The peak of the wavelength

distribution shifts to shorter
wavelengths as the
temperature increases.
maxT  2.898  10 m  K
3
 Quick Quiz 39.1
The figure shows two stars in
the constellation Orion.
Betelgeuse appears to glow
red, whereas Rigel looks
blue in color. Which star has
a higher surface
temperature?
(a) Betelgeuse
(b) Rigel
(c) both the same
(d) impossible to determine
 Quick Quiz 39.1
The figure shows two stars in
the constellation Orion.
Betelgeuse appears to glow
red, whereas Rigel looks
blue in color. Which star has
a higher surface
temperature?
(a) Betelgeuse
(b) Rigel
(c) both the same
(d) impossible to determine
 Criteria for a Theory of
Blackbody Radiation

P   AeT 4

maxT  2.898  10 m  K
3
 Rayleigh-Jeans Law and
the Ultraviolet Catastrophe

2 ckBT
I   T  
 4
Planck’s Theory of Blackbody Radiation

En  nhf

E  hf

Max Planck
Oscillators and Quantized Energies
 Planck’s Model

e hc / kBT
 Planck’s Model:
Mathematical Trick?
2 hc 2
I   T  
 e
5 hc / kBT
 1
34
h  6.626  10 J s
The Photoelectric Effect
 The Photoelectric Effect
and Energy Conservation

K  U E  0

0   0  K i    e  Vs   0 
 eVs  K i

 K max  eVs
 The Photoelectric Effect
and the Particle Theory of Light

Wave Theory Prediction Observation

Photoelectric effect should occur at any No electrons emitted for frequency
frequency below fc
Light intensity increases  K of Kmax independent of light intensity
photoelectrons increases
No relationship between photoelectron Light frequency increases  Kmax of
energy and light frequency photoelectrons increases
Photoelectrons need time to absorb Electrons are emitted from the surface
incident radiation before escaping from almost instantaneously even at low light
the metal intensities.
 Quick Quiz 39.2
While standing outdoors one evening, you are exposed
to the following four types of electromagnetic radiation:
yellow light from a sodium street lamp, radio waves
from an AM radio station, radio waves from an FM
radio station, and microwaves from an antenna of a
communications system. Rank these types of waves in
terms of photon energy from highest to lowest.
 Quick Quiz 39.2
While standing outdoors one evening, you are exposed
to the following four types of electromagnetic radiation:
yellow light from a sodium street lamp, radio waves
from an AM radio station, radio waves from an FM
radio station, and microwaves from an antenna of a
communications system. Rank these types of waves in
terms of photon energy from highest to lowest.

sodium light, microwaves, FM radio, AM radio

 Einstein’s Model for
the Photoelectric Effect

K  U E  TER

 K max  0   0      hf

K max    hf

K max  hf  
 Explanations of Observations
Observation Explanation

Kmax independent of light intensity Kmax = hf – , no dependence on

intensity

Electrons are emitted from the surface Light energy is in packets; no time
almost instantaneously even at low light needed for electron to acquire energy to
intensities. escape metal
No electrons emitted for frequency Photoelectrons created by absorbing
below fc single photon  photon energy  

Light frequency increases  Kmax of Kmax linear in f

photoelectrons increases
Work Function and Cutoff Frequency

K max  hf  


fc 
h

c c hc
c   
f c  /h 

hc  1240 eV  nm
 Quick Quiz 39.3
Consider one of the curves in the figure. Suppose the
intensity of the incident light is held fixed but its
frequency is increased. The stopping potential in the
figure
(a) remains fixed,
(b) moves to the right,
(c) moves to the left.
 Quick Quiz 39.3
Consider one of the curves in the figure. Suppose the
intensity of the incident light is held fixed but its
frequency is increased. The stopping potential in the
figure
(a) remains fixed,
(b) moves to the right,
(c) moves to the left.
 Quick Quiz 39.4
Suppose classical physicists had the idea of plotting
Kmax versus f as in the figure. Draw a graph of what the
expected plot would look like, based on the wave model
for light.
 Quick Quiz 39.4
Suppose classical physicists had the idea of plotting
Kmax versus f as in the figure. Draw a graph of what the
expected plot would look like, based on the wave model
for light.
 Example 39.3:
The Photoelectric Effect for Sodium
A sodium surface is illuminated with light having a
wavelength of 300 nm. The work function for sodium
metal is 2.46 eV.
(A) Find the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected
photoelectrons.

hc
E  hf 

hc 1240 eV  nm
K max     2.46 eV  1.67 eV
 300 nm
 Example 39.3:
The Photoelectric Effect for Sodium
(B) Find the cutoff wavelength c for sodium.
hc 1240 eV  nm
c    504 nm
 2.46 nm
The Compton Effect

Arthur Holly Compton

The Compton Effect
The Compton Wavelength and the
Compton Shift Equation
h
   0  1  cos  
me c
h
C   0.002 43 nm
me c
 Quick Quiz 39.5
For any given scattering angle , this equation
h
   0  1  cos  
me c
gives the same value for the Compton shift for any wavelength.
Keeping that in mind, for which of the following types of
radiation is the fractional shift in wavelength at a given
scattering angle the largest?
(a) radio waves
(b) microwaves
(c) visible light
(d) x-rays
 Quick Quiz 39.5
For any given scattering angle , this equation
h
   0  1  cos  
me c
gives the same value for the Compton shift for any wavelength.
Keeping that in mind, for which of the following types of
radiation is the fractional shift in wavelength at a given
scattering angle the largest?
(a) radio waves
(b) microwaves
(c) visible light
(d) x-rays
 Example 39.4:
Compton Scattering at 45
X-rays of wavelength 0 = 0.200 000 nm are
scattered from a block of material. The scattered
x-rays are observed at an angle of
45.0° to the incident beam.
Calculate their wavelength.

h 1  cos  
   0 
me c

   0.200 000 109 m 

 6.626  10 34
J  s  1  cos 45.0 
 9.11  10 31
kg  3.00  108
m/s 
 0.200 000  109 m+7.10 1013 m  0.200 710 nm
 Example 39.4:
Compton Scattering at 45
What if the detector is moved so that scattered
x-rays are detected at an angle larger than 45°?
Does the wavelength of the
scattered x-rays increase or
decrease as the angle  increases?

h 1  cos  
   0 
me c
The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
The Wave Properties of Particles

E hf h
p  
c c 

h h
 
p mu

E
f 
h

Louis de Broglie
Principle of Complementarity

The wave and particle models of either matter or

radiation complement each other
The Davisson–Germer Experiment

Davisson and Germer

 Quick Quiz 39.6
An electron and a proton both moving at nonrelativistic
speeds have the same de Broglie wavelength. Which of
the following quantities are also the same for the two
particles?
(a) speed
(b) kinetic energy
(c) momentum
(d) frequency
 Quick Quiz 39.6
An electron and a proton both moving at nonrelativistic
speeds have the same de Broglie wavelength. Which of
the following quantities are also the same for the two
particles?
(a) speed
(b) kinetic energy
(c) momentum
(d) frequency
 Example 39.5: Wavelengths for
Microscopic and Macroscopic Objects
(A) Calculate the de Broglie wavelength for an electron
(me = 9.11  1031 kg) moving at 1.00  107 m/s.

h 6.626  1034 J  s
   7.27  10 11
m
me u  9.11 10 kg 1.00 10 m/s 
31 7
 Example 39.5: Wavelengths for
Microscopic and Macroscopic Objects
(B) A rock of mass 50 g is thrown with a speed of 40 m/s.
What is its de Broglie wavelength?

h 6.626  1034 J  s
   3.3  10 34
m
me u  50  10 kg   40 m/s 
3
The Electron Microscope
The Electron Microscope
A New Model: The Quantum Particle
A New Model: The Quantum Particle
y1  A cos  k1 x  1t  and y2  A cos  k2 x  2t 
y  y1  y2  A cos  k1 x  1t   A cos  k 2 x  2t 

cos a  cos b  2 cos  a  b  /2  cos  a  b  /2 

  k1 x  1t    k2 x  2 t     k1 x  1t    k2 x  2t  

y  2 A cos   cos  
 2   2 
  k     k1  k2 1  2 
y   2 A cos  x t   cos  x t
  2 2   2 2 
A New Model: The Quantum Particle

  k     k1  k2 1  2 
y   2 A cos  x t   cos  x t
  2 2   2 2 
 Phase and Group Speeds

vphase  y  A cos  kx  t 
k
  k     k1  k2 1  2 
y   2 A cos  x t   cos  x t
  2 2   2 2 

coefficient of time variable t   /2  

vg   
coefficient of space variable x  k /2  k
d d d   
vg  vg  
dk dk d  k
 Phase and Group Speeds
d d   
vg  
dk d  k
h h  2  h
  2 f   hf  E k    p
2 2    
d   dE
vg  
d k  dp
2
dE d  p 2  1
1
E  mu 
2 p
vg     2 p  u
2 2m dp dp  2m  2m
 Quick Quiz 39.7
As an analogy to wave packets, consider an
“automobile packet” that occurs near the scene of an
accident on a freeway. The phase speed is analogous
to the speed of individual automobiles as they move
through the backup caused by the accident. The group
speed can be identified as the speed of the leading
edge of the packet of cars. For the automobile packet,
the group speed is
(a) the same as the phase speed,
(b) less than the phase speed, or
(c) greater than the phase speed.
 Quick Quiz 39.7
As an analogy to wave packets, consider an
“automobile packet” that occurs near the scene of an
accident on a freeway. The phase speed is analogous
to the speed of individual automobiles as they move
through the backup caused by the accident. The group
speed can be identified as the speed of the leading
edge of the packet of cars. For the automobile packet,
the group speed is
(a) the same as the phase speed,
(b) less than the phase speed, or
(c) greater than the phase speed.
The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited

d sin   m
The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited
 The Uncertainty Principle

If a measurement of the position of a particle is

made with uncertainty x and a simultaneous
measurement of its x component of momentum is
made with uncertainty px, the product of the two
uncertainties can never be smaller than /2:

xpx 
2
The Uncertainty Principle
p  h /

xpx 
2
Time-Energy Uncertainty Relation

E t 
2
 Quick Quiz 39.8
A particle’s location is measured and specified as
being exactly at x = 0, with zero uncertainty in the x
direction. How does that location affect the uncertainty
of its velocity component in the y direction?
(a) It does not affect it.
(b) It makes it infinite.
(c) It makes it zero.
 Quick Quiz 39.8
A particle’s location is measured and specified as
being exactly at x = 0, with zero uncertainty in the x
direction. How does that location affect the uncertainty
of its velocity component in the y direction?
(a) It does not affect it.
(b) It makes it infinite.
(c) It makes it zero.
 Example 39.6:
Locating an Electron
The speed of an electron is measured to be 5.00  103 m/s
to an accuracy of 0.003 00%. Find the minimum
uncertainty in determining the position of this electron.

px  mvx  mfvx

1.055  1034 J  s
x  
2mfvx 2  9.11 1031 kg   0.000 030 0   5.00 103 m/s 
 3.86  104 m  0.386 mm
 Example 39.6:
Locating an Electron
Atoms have quantized energy levels similar to those of
Planck’s oscillators, although the energy levels of an
atom are usually not evenly spaced. When an atom
makes a transition between states separated in energy by
E, energy is emitted in the form of a photon of
frequency f = E/h. Although an excited atom can
radiate at any time from t = 0 to t = , the average time
interval after excitation during which an atom radiates is
called the lifetime . If  = 1.0  108 s, use the
uncertainty principle to compute the line width f
produced by this finite lifetime.
 Example 39.6:
Locating an Electron

E
E  hf  E  hf  f 
h
1 1 h /2 1 1
f    
h 2t h 2t 4t 4
1
f   8.0  10 Hz
6

4 1.0  10 8
s
 Example 39.6:
Locating an Electron
What if this same lifetime were associated with a
transition that emits a radio wave rather than a visible
light wave from an atom? Is the fractional line width
f /f larger or smaller than for the visible light?

f 8.0  10 Hz
6
8
  1.3  10
f 6.00  10 Hz
14

f 8.0  106 Hz 2
  8.4  10
f 94.7  10 Hz
6