Ch-2 Structure of atom - Solutions

Question 1.
(i) Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram.
(ii) Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.
Answer:
(i) Mass of an electron = 9.1 × 10-28 g
9.1 × 10-28 g is the mass of = 1 electron

(ii) One mole of electrons = 6.022 × 1023 electrons

Mass of 1 electron = 9.1 × 10-31 kg
Mass of 6.022 × 1023 electrons = (9.1 × 10.31kg) × (6.022 × 1023) = 5.48 × 10-7 kg
Charge on one electron = 1.602 × 10-19 coulomb
Charge on one mole electrons = 1.602 × 10-19 × 6.022 × 1023 = 9.65 × 104 coulombs

Question 2.
(i) Calculate the total number of electrons present in one mole of methane.
(ii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of neutrons in 7 mg of 14C.
(Assume that mass of a neutron = 1.675 × 10-27kg).
(iii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH3 at
STP.
Will the answer change if the temperature and pressure are changed ?
Answer:
(i) One mole of methane (CH4) has molecules = 6.022 × 1023
No. of electrons present in one molecule of CH4 = 6 + 4 = 10
No. of electrons present in 6.022 × 1023 molecules of CH4 = 6.022 × 1023 × 10
= 6.022 × 1024 electrons

(ii) Step I. Calculation of total number of carbon atoms

Gram atomic mass of carbon (C-14) = 14 g = 14 × 103 mg
14 × 103 mg of carbon (C-14) have atoms = 6.022 × 1023

Step II. Calculation of total number and tatal mass of neutrons

No. of neutrons present in one atom (C-14) of carbon = 14 – 6 = 8
No. of neutrons present in 3-011 × 1020 atoms (C-14) of carbon = 3.011 × 1020 × 8
= 2.408 × 1021 neutrons
Mass of one neutron = 1.675 × 10-27 kg
Mass of 2.408 × 1021 neutrons = (1.675X10-27 kg) × 2.408 × 1021
= 4.033 × 10-6 kg.
(iii) Step I. Calculation of total number ofNH3 molecules
Gram molecular mass of ammonia (NH3) = 17 g = 17 × 103 mg
17 × 103 mg of NH3 have molecules = 6.022 × 1023

Step II. Calculation of total number and mass of protons

No. of protons present in one molecule of NH3 = 7 + 3 = 10 .
No. of protons present in 12.044 × 1020 molecules of NH3 = 12.044 × 1020 × 10
= 1.2044 × 1022 protons
Mass of one proton = 1.67 × 10-27 kg
Mass of 1.2044 × 1022 protons = (1.67 × 10-27 kg) × 1.2044 × 1022
= 2.01 × 10-5 kg.
No, the answer will not change upon changing the temperature and pressure because
only the number of protons and mass of protons are involved.

Question 3.
How many protons and neutrons are present in the following nuclei

Answer:

Question 4.
Write the complete symbol for the atom (X) with the given atomic number (Z) and
atomic mass (A)
(i) Z = 17,A = 35
(ii) Z = 92, A = 233
(in) Z = 4, A = 9.
Answer:

Question 5.
What is the energy in joules required to shift the electron of the hydrogen atom
from the first Bohr orbit to the fifth Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength of light
emitted when the electron returns to the ground state ? The ground state
electronic energy is – 2.18 × 11-11 ergs.
Answer:

Question 6.
The electronic energy in hydrogen atom is given by En (-2.18 × 10-18 s) / n2J.
Calculate the energy required to remove an electron completely from the n = 2
orbit. What is the longest wavelength of light in cm that can be used to cause this
transition?
Answer:

Question 7.
Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 107 m s-1.
Answer:

Question 8.
The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10-31 kg. If its kinetic energy is 3.0 × 10-25 J,
calculate its wavelength.
Answer:

Question 9.
Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom is an
integral multiple of the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron
revolving around the orbit.
Answer:

Thus, the circumference (2πr) of the Bohr orbit for hydrogen atom is an integral multiple
of the de Broglie wavelength.

Question 10.
Calculate the number of atoms present in :
(i) 52 moles of He
(ii) 52 u of He
(iii) 52 g of He.
Answer:

Question 11.
Calculate the energy required for the process :
He+fe) → He2+(g) + e–
The ionisation energy’ for the H atom in the ground state is 2.18 × 10-18 J atom-1
Answer:

For H atom (Z = 1), En =2.18 × 10-18 × (l)2 J atom-1 (given)

For He+ ion (Z = 2), En =2.18 × 10-18 × (2)2 = 8.72 × 10-18 J atom-1 (one electron species)

Question .12.
If the diameter of carbon atom is 0.15 nm, calculate the number of carbon atoms
which can be placed side by side in a straight line across a length of a scale of
length 20 cm long.
Answer:

Question 13.
2 × 108 atoms of carbon are arranged side by side. Calculate the radius of carbon
atom if the length of this arrangement is 2.4 cm.
Answer:
The length of the arrangement = 2.4 cm
Total number of carbon atoms present = 2 ×108

Radius of each carbon atom = 12(1.2 × 10-8) = 6.0 × 10-9cm = 0.06 nm

Question 14.
The diameter of zinc atom is 2.6 Å. Calculate :
(a) the radius of zinc atom in pm
(b) number of atoms present in a length of 1.6 cm if the zinc atoms are arranged
side by side length wise.
Answer:
(a) Radius of zinc atom =Undefined control sequence \AA= 1.3 Å = 1.3 × 10-10m = 130 ×
10-12m = 130 pm
(b) Length of the scale = 1.6 cm = 1.6 × 1010 pm
Diameter of zinc atom = 260 pm

Question 15.
A certain particle carries 2.5 x 10-16 C of static electric charge. Calculate the
number of electrons present in it.
Answer:

Question 16.
In Millikan’s experiment, the charge on the oil droplets was found to be – 1.282 x
10-18C. Calculate the number of electrons present in it.
Answer:

Question 17.
In Rutherford experiment, generally the thin foil of heavy atoms like gold,
platinum etc. have been used to be bombarded by the a-particles. If a thin foil of
light atoms like aluminium etc. is used, what difference would be observed from
the above results?
Answer:
We have studied that in Rutherford’s experiment by using heavy metals like gold and
platinum, a large number of a-particles sufferred deflection while a very few had to
retrace their path.

If a thin foil of lighter atoms like aluminium etc. be used in the Rutherford experiment,
this means that the obstruction offered to the path of the fast moving a-particles will be
comparatively quite less.

As a result, the number of a-particles deflected will be quite less and the particles which
are deflected back will be negligible.

Question 18.
Symbols 7935Br and 79Br can be written whereas symbols 3579Br and 35Br are not
accepted. Answer in brief.
Answer:
In the symbol BAX of an element :
A denotes the atomic number of the element
B denotes the mass number of the element.
The atomic number of the element can be identified from its symbol because no two
elements can have the atomic number. However, the mass numbers have to be
mentioned in order to identify the elements. Thus,
Symbols 7935Br and 79Br are accepted because atomic number of Br will remain 35
even if not mentioned. Symbol 3579Br is not accepted because atomic number of Br
cannot be 79 (more than the mass number = 35). Similarly, symbol 35Br cannot be
accepted because mass number has to be mentioned. This is needed to differentiate
the isotopes of an element.
Question 19.
An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to
protons. Assign the symbol to the element.
Answer:
An element can be identified by its atomic number only. Let us find the atomic number.
Let the number of protons = x
Number of neutrons = x + [x×31.7100 = (x × 0.317x)
Now, Mass no. of element = no. of protons =no. neutrons
81 = x + x + 0-317 x = 2.317 x or x = 812.317 = 35
∴ No. of protons = 35, No. of neutrons = 81 – 35 =46
Atomic number of element (Z) = No. of protons = 35
The element with atomic number (Z) 35 is bromine 8135Br.
Question 20.
An ion with mass number 37 possesses one unit of negative charge. If the ion
contains 11 -1% more neutrons than the electrons, find the symbol of the ion.
Answer:
Let the no. of electron in the ion = x
∴ the no. of protons = x – 1 (as the ion has one unit negative charge)
and the no. of neutrons = x + x×11.1100 = 1.111 x
Mass no. or mass of the ion = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
(x – 1 + 1.111 x)
Given mass of the ion = 37
∴ x- 1 + 1.111 x = 37 or 2.111 x = 37 + 1 = 38
x = 382.111 = 18
No. of electrons = 18 ; No. of protons = 18 – 1 = 17
Atomic no. of the ion = 17 ; Atom corresponding to ion = Cl
Symbol of the ion = 3717Cl–
Question 21.
An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of positive charge and 30.4% more
neutrons than electrons. Assign symbol to the ion.
Answer:
Let the no. of electrons in the ion = x
∴ the no. of the protons = x + 3 (as the ion has three units positive charge)
and the no. of neutrons = x + x×31.7100 = xc + 0.304 x
Now, mass no. of ion = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
= (x + 3) + (x + 0.304x)
∴ 56 = (x + 3) + (x + 0.304x) or 2.304x = 56 – 3 = 53
x = 532.304 = 23
Atomic no. of the ion (or element) = 23 + 3 = 26
The element with atomic number 26 is iron (Fe) and the corresponding ion is Fe3+.

Question 22.
Dual behaviour of matter proposed by de Broglie led to the discovery of electron
microscope often used for the highly magnified images of biological molecules
and other type of material. If the velocity of the electron in this microscope is 1.6
x 106 m s-1, calculate de Brogile wavelength associated with this electron.
Answer:

Question 23.
Similar to electron diffraction, neutron diffraction microscope is also used for the
determination of the structure of molecules. If the wavelength used here is 800
pm, calculate the characteristic velocity associated with the neutron.
Answer:

Question 24.
If the velocity of the electron in Bohr’s first orbit is 2.19 x 106 m s-1, calculate the
de Brogile wavelength associated with it.
Answer:

Question 25.
The velocity associated with a proton moving in a potential difference of 1000 V is
4.37 x 105 m s-1. If the hockey ball of mass 0.1 kg is moving with this velocity,
calculate the wavelength associated with this velocity.
Answer:
Question 26.
If the position of the electron is measured within an accuracy of ± 0.002 nm,
calculate the uncertainty in the momentum of the electron. Suppose the
momentum of the electron is h4π x 0.05 nm. Is there any problem in defining this
value ?
Answer:

Since actual momentum is smaller than the uncertainty in measuring momentum,

therefore, the momentum of electron can not be defined.
MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

I. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Give the relation between wavelength and momentum of moving
microscopic particle. What is the relation known as?
Answer:

The relation is known as de Broglie’s relationship.

Question 2. Write the electronic configuration and number of unpaired electrons

in Fe2+ion.
Answer: Fe (Z = 26) : [Ar]18 3d64s2
Fe2+ion : [Ar]18 3d6
No. of unpaired electrons = 4

Question 3. What are degenerate orbitals ?

Answer: Orbitals having same energy belonging to the same subshell.

Question 4. What is the most important application of de Broglie concept?

Answer: In the construction of electron microscope used for the measurement of
objects of very small size.
Question 5. Which one Fe3+, Fe2+is more paramagnetic and why?
Answer: As Fe3+ contains 5 impaired electrons while Fe2+ contains only 4 unpaired
electrons. Fe3+ is more paramagnetic.

Question 6. Which element does not have any neutron?

Answer: Hydrogen.

Question 7. What is value of Planck’s constant in S.I. units?

Answer: 6.62 x 1034 Js.

Question 8. Arrange X-rays, cosmic rays and radio waves according to frequency.
Answer: Cosmic rays > X-rays > radio waves.

Question 9. Which series of lines of the hydrogen spectrum lie in the visible
region?
Answer: Balmer series.

Question 10. What is the difference between ground state and excited state?
Answer: Ground state means the lowest energy state. When the electrons absorb
energy and jump to outer orbits, this state is called excited state.

Question 11. What is common between dxy and dx2-y 2 orbitals?

Answer: Both have identical shape, consisting of four lobes.

Question 12. If n is equal to 3, what are the values of quantum numbers l and m?
Answer: I = 0,1, 2
m =- 2, — 1, 0, + 1, + 2 and S = +1/2 and-1/2
for each value of m.

Question 13.

Answer: Z = 35
A = 80
Atomic no. = 35 No. of protons = 35
No. of protons No. of electrons No. of neutrons
= 80 – 35 = 45

Question 14. An electron beam after hitting a neutral crystal produces a

diffraction pattern? What do you conclude?
Answer: Electron has wave nature.
Question 15. An electron beam on hitting a ZnS screen produces a scientillation
on it. What do you conclude?
Answer: Electron has particle nature.

Question 16. Discuss the similarities and differences between a 1s and a 2s

orbital.
Answer: Similarities:

● Both have spherical shape.

● Both have same angular momentum.

Differences:

● 1s has no node while 2s has one node.

● Energy of 2s is greater than that of 1s.

Question 17. What mil be the order of energy levels 3s, 3p and 3d in case of
H-atom?
Answer: All have equal energy.

Question 18. How many unpaired electrons are present in Pd (Z = 46) ?

Answer: The electronic configuration of the element palladium (Z = 46) is [Kr]36 4d10 5S°.
This means that it has no impaired electron.

Question 19. Distinguish between a photon and quantum.

Answer: A quantum is a bundle of energy of a definite magnitude (E = hv) and it may
be from any source. However, a photon is quantum of energy associated with light only.

Question 20. What type of metals are used in photoelectric cells? Give one
example.
Answer: The metals with low ionisation enthalpies are used in photoelectric cells.
Caesium (Cs), an alkali metal belonging to group 1 is the most commonly used metal.

Question 21. When is the energy of electron regarded as zero?

Answer: The energy of the electron is regarded as zero when it is at infinite distance
from the nucleus.
At that point force of attraction between the electron and the nucleus is almost nil.
Therefore, its energy is regarded as zero.

Question 22. What is difference between the notations l and L?

Answer: ‘l’ signifies the secondary quantum number.
‘L’ signifies second energy level (n = 2).
II. Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1. The uncertainty in the position of a moving bullet of mass 10 g
is 10-5 m. Calculate the uncertainty in its velocity?
Answer: According to uncertainty principle,

Question 2. The uncertainty in the position and velocity of a particle are 10-10m
and 5.27 x 10-24 ms-1 respectively. Calculate the mass of the particle. (Haryana
Board 2000)
Answer: According to uncertainty principle,

Question 3. With what velocity must an electron journey so that its momentum is
equal to that of a photon of wavelength = 5200 A?
Answer:

Question 4. Using Aufbau principle, write the ground state electronic

configuration of following atoms.
(i)Boron (Z = 5) (ii) Neon (Z = 10), (iii) Aluminium (Z = 13) (iv) Chlorine (Z = 17), (v)
Calcium (Z = 20) (vi) Rubidium (Z = 37)
Answer: (i)Boron (Z = 5) ; 1s2 2s2 1p1
(ii)Neon (Z = 10) ; 1s2 2s2 2p6
(iii)Aluminium (Z = 13) ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
(iv)Chlorine(Z = 17) ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
(v)Calcium (Z = 20) ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
(vi)Rubidium (Z = 37) ; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2 4p6 5s1.

Question 5. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron moving with 1% of

the speed of light?
Answer:
Question 6. The kinetic energy of an electron is 4.55 x 10-25 J. The mass of
electron 9.1 x 10-1 kg. Calculate velocity, momentum and the wavelength of the
electron?(Haryana Board, 2004, AII CBSE 2000)
Answer:

Question 7. What is the wavelength for the electron accelerated by 1.0 x 104 volts?
Answer:
Question 8. In a hydrogen atom, the energy of an electron in first Bohr’s orbit
is 13.12 x 105 J mol-1. What is the energy required for its excitation to Bohr’s
second orbit?
Answer: The expression for the energy of electron of hydrogen is:

Question 9. What are the two longest wavelength lines (in manometers) in the
Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum?
Answer: According to Rydberg-Balmer equation.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. (a) What is the limitations of Rutherford model of atoms?
(b) How has Bohr’s theory helped in calculating the energy of hydrogen electron
in different energy levels?
Answer: (a) Limitations of Rutherford Model:
(i) When a body is moving in an orbit, it achieves acceleration (even if body is moving
with constant speed in an orbit, it achieves acceleration due to change in direction). So
an electron moving around nucleus in an orbit is under acceleration. However,
according to radiation theory of Maxwell, the charged particles when accelerated must
emit energy as electromagnetic radiations. This means that the revolving electron must
also lose energy continuously in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The loss of
energy in revolution of the electron around the nucleus must bring it closer to the
nucleus and the electron must ultimately fall into the nucleus by the spiral path. This
means that the atom must collapse. But we all know that atom is quite stable in nature.
(ii) Rutherford’s model could not explain the existence of different spectral lines in the
hydrogen spectrum.
(b) Based upon the postulates of Bohr’s theory, it is possible to calculate the energy of
the hydrogen electron and also one electron species. (He+, Li2+ etc.) The mathematical
expression for the energy in the nth orbit is

Question 2. Define atomic number, mass number and neutron. How are the three
related to each other?
Answer: Atomic Number (Z): The atomic number of an element is equal to the number
of protons present inside the nucleus of its atoms.
Since, an isolated atom has no net charge on it, in neutral atoms, the total number of
electrons is equal to its atomic number.
Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom = Number of
electrons in the neutral atoms
Mass Number (A): The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an
atom is called its mass number. Mass number is denoted by A. Thus, for an atom, Mass
number (A) = Number of protons (p) + Number of neutrons (n)
A=p+n
Neutron: It is neutral particle. It is present in the nucleus of an atom. Expect hydrogen
(which contains only one electron and one proton but no neutron), the atoms of all other
elements including isotopes of hydrogen contain all the three fundamental particles
called neutron, proton and electron.
The relation between mass number, Atomic no. and no. of neutrons is given by the
equation:

Where A = Mass number

Z = Atomic number n = Number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Question 3. What were the weaknesses or limitations of Bohr’s model of atoms ?

Briefly describe the quantum mechanical model of atom.
Answer: Limitations of Bohr’s model of an atom:

● It could not explain spectrum of multi-electron atoms.

● It could not explain Zeeman and Stark effects.
● It could not explain shape of molecules.
● It was not in accordance with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Quantum Mechanical Model: It was developed on the basis of Heisenberg’s
uncertainty principle and dual behaviour of matter.

Main features of this model are given below :

● The energy of electrons in an atom is quantized i.e. can only have certain values.
● The existence of quantized electronic energy levels is a direct result of the wave
like properties of electrons.
● Both, the exact position and velocity of an electron in an atom cannot be
determined simultaneously.
● The orbitals are filled in increasing order of energy. All the information about the
electron in an atom is stored in orbital wave function Ψ.
● From the value of Ψ2 at different points within atom, it is possible to predict the
region around the nucleus where electron most probably will be found.

Question 4. State and explain the following:

(i) Aufbau principle
(ii) Pauli exclusion principle.
(iii) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
Answer: (i) Aufbau Principle: In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in
the order of their increasing energies. In other words, electrons first occupy the
lowest-energy orbital available to them and enter into higher energy orbitals only after
the lower energy orbitals are filled.
The order in which the energies of the orbitals increase and hence the order in which
the orbitals are filled is as follows:
Is, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d,7p………………..
(ii) Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can have maximum of two electrons and these
must have opposite signs.
For example: Two electrons in an orbital can be represented by

The two electrons have opposite spin, if one is revolving clockwise, the other is
revolving anticlockwise or vice versa.
(iii) Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity: Electron pairing in p, d and/orbitals cannot
occur until each orbital of a given subshell contains one electron each or is single
occupied.
For example: For the element nitrogen which contains 7 electrons, the following
configuration can be written.

IV. Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Cathode rays are deflected by
(a) electric field only (b) electric and magnetic field
(c) magnetic field only (d) none of these
Question 2. In a sodium atom (atomic number = 11 and mass number = 23) and
the number of neutrons is
(a) equal to the number of protons
(b) less than the number of protons
(c) greater than the number of protons
(d) none of these
Question 3. The Balmer series in the spectrum of hydrogen atom falls in
(a) ultraviolet region (b) visible region
(c) infrared region (d) none of these
Question 4. The idea of stationary orbits was first given by
(a) Rutherford (b) J.J. Thomson (c) Niels Bohr (d) Max Planck
Question 5. de Broglie equation is

Question 6. The orbital with n = 3 and l = 2 is ,

(a) 3s (b) 3p (c) 3d (d) 3j
Question 7. The outermost electronic configuration of manganese (at. no. = 25) is
(a) 3d5 4s2 (b) 3d6 4s1 (c) 3d74s° (d) 3d6 4s2
Question 8. The energy needed to remove a single electron (most loosely bound)
from an isolated – gaseous atom is called
(a) ionisation energy (b) electronegativity
(c) kinetic energy (d) electron affinity
Question 9. The maximum number of electrons in a sub-shell is given by the
equation
(a) n2 (b) 2n2 (c) 2l – 1 (d) 2l + 1
Question 10. If the value of azimuthal quantum number is 2, what will be the
values for magnetic quantum number?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Answer: 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)

V. HOTS Questions
Question 1. Giue flic name and atomic number of the inert gas atom in which the
total number of d-electrons is equal to the difference between the numbers of
total p and total s-electrons.
Answer: Electronic configuration of Kr (atomic no. = 36)
=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 Total no. of s-electrons = 8 Total no. of p-electrons = 18
Difference = 10, no. of d-electrons = 10

Question 2. What is the minimum product of uncertainty in the position and

momentum of an electron?
Answer: h/4π

Question 3. Which orbital is non-directional?

Answer: s-orbital.

Question 4. What is the difference between notations l and L?

Answer: I represents the subshell and L represents shell.

Question 5. How many electrons in an atom can have n + l = 6?

Answer: 18.

Question 6. An anion A3+has 18 electrons. Write the atomic number of A.

Answer: 15.

Question 7. Arrange the electron (e), protons (p) and alpha particle (α) in the
increasing order for the values of e/m (charge/mass).
Answer: α < p < e.