Pakistan Studies 9: hapter 3, Pakistan: Land and Environment Natu Vegetation has vast mean from the soil is included i bushes and climbers etc The What type of plant many factors ¢.g. nature sea level), weather, behavior of winds and f We cannot gain complete knowledge of the plants nina because these are thousands in number, what we can do is to restrict our study only to those plants which are very common and important for human life. As we have studied earlier, the geographical regions of Pakistan differ in their characteristics; according gly the plants grown in these areas are different in nature. The characteristics of the forests and the ve; ion. 4500 years old Juniper tree i} } ation differ from region to re Ziarat (Balochistan)'s plain and the Balochistan Plateau is mostly dry and of desert and semi-desert mountainous regions the climate is wet. de (height from sea level) has direct effect on vegetation. Pakistan offers all stages of altitude, from low-lying plains to the snowcapped mountain peaks. Markhor our Poplar trees Forests of Nogthern Mountainous ‘National animal Kinds of Vegetation Ps northem mountainous region is full of fores ywn as deodar, sanober (juniper), diar, cheer, partal etc. Souther Himalayan region is lata lower altitude as compared to\the northern regions. This region receives heavy rainfall and is ‘covered with deodar, juniper, poplar and willow trees. In the comparatively arid regions of Kohe- Kohistan-e-Namak (Salt Range), shisham trees are found. These are of deciduous type and Bsely populated. Dry and moderate regions, for instance, the vast regions of Balochistan Plateau, d with different types of wild grass, small bushes and the dwarf palm. In the arid western hills go, and pistachio trees are found in abundance. Junipers of Ziarat (Balochistan) are the world’s Oftheir kind. Some of these very precious trees are ts old, but unfortunately this treasure is diminishing ‘of time due to indiscriminate cutting and e Indus plain dwarf thorny trees are found in Se trees can survive under 45° C temperatures. In the Indus Plain, forests can sustain dry . These forests have variety of trees, these treesakistan Studies 9: Chapter 3, Pakistan: Land and Environment There is a large variety of birds and animals found in the different areas of Pakistan most important and well-known are the following: different kinds of deer, wild boar, bear, leopard, lion, wo ; fox, jackal, monkey, crocodile and birds especially tt irds. The markhor is the national animal of Pakistan, In the marshy coastal regions many kinds of mammals are found i.e. luddhars, indus dolphins, fish-eater ats, hog deer, and wild boar. During the migratory period about one million birds of different kinds arrive in Pakistan’s deltas and marshy regions. Our rivers and coastal areas provide suitable breeding places both for salt water and fresh water fish. Herring, mackerel, shark and shellfish are among the most well known varieties Ice leopard, Marco Polo sheep and stag are among the most endangered species of our animals; these have been preserved in the sanctuaries provided for them in the remote Himalaya areas. Hunting of Houbara Bustard talore (a Cholistan bird of the big he hunted in the past, has now been banned. Chakore is our national bird, other n include; pigeon, dove, parrot, mena, cagle, quail, partridge, pheasant.‘Hills are a part of the Pir Panjal ‘Throughout the winter season the ow-capped. Abundant vegetation and e scenic beauty and can provide good “exchange earings by developing nal standards. Nanga Parbat is the famous peak of the Central Himalaya ‘Kashmir Valley is located between the Greater Himalaya Ranges. Karakoram the north of the Central Himalayas, parts of northern Kashmir and Gilgit ude of the Karakoram Mountains is 7000 extends 400 kilometers from Hunza second highest’mountain peak and a great tourist and mountaineers attraction- Nangga Parbat ire a good source of firewood and timber. People like goat-killing (buz kushi), golf and polo are playe and in the areas where . During winters people spend in their homes, in some areas living. Due to remely pleasant weatherMountains of this range are located in the South of the direction. Their height ranges up to 3600 meters above Mountains (Safed Koh) because their peaks are always coveféd With snow. The Khyber in the close vicinity of Peshawar is the major pass that connects Afghanistan with bin-the Safed: Koh’Rangé is'48'kavlong! The River Kurram flows in th of this mountain range. Kohat valley is located.at'the extreme end of the Kurram Pass jects Pakistan with Afghanistan. Hills: The fertile Peshawar valley lies'in the south of the Kabul River. The valley d by the River Swat and the Warsak-Dam, built on River Kabul. Forming a rampart Pakistan and Afghanistan, Wazitistan Hills ie between the Gonialand/Kimrum rivers? Safed Koh. This area is very ich in mineral wealth. Bannu near Tochi Pass and Dera near Gomal Pass are the two most important cities of the area, Kurrum Dam and River are the main sources of irrigation in the Bannu valley. The'Sulaiman Range lies in the east of the upper Balochistan mountain n part of Balochistan. Toba Kakar Mountains are in the north-west. The Lower oF the Sulaiman Range. Low altitude hill ranges of Makran, Kharan andPakistan Studies 9: Chaper 3, Pakistan: Land and Environment Kala Bagh. On the west bank of the Indus the Sait Range extends towards south, covering the districts of » Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan in the KP Province. Average height of the Plateau and the hills of the region | OTE MELTS, but ara poinenear Sakesar it rises to about 1525 meters above sea level 4. Arid and Semi-Arid Mountainous Regions The areas receiving less than 12cm rain per year are termed as arid regions. Following a areas of Pakistan fall in this category = The Suleimai Range: The Suleiman Range | in the west (on the right bank) of the ri Indus, Takht-e-Sulciman is the highest peak of the range (height 3535 meters). * Kirthar Hills: Dry Kirthar Hills lie in the south of the Suleiman Rang * Balochistan Plateau: Balochistan Plateau covers enormous area 0 At different points it is 600 to 900 meters high from sea level; its aver ‘tude is 650 meters, The plateau is located in the midst of the Kirthar Hill Range. Wfuslity Bai Hills ar part of the Balochistan Plateaif. The area represents a variety of pk atures; features of one part drastically differ from the other part. In the north-western d: slateat all is scanty and agriculture is impossible. Hamnun Mash Toba Kakar an Quetta is the car ne mountains of ristoric city of wealth of natural resources of which natural ga: pe e also found in sizeable quantiti“Martial Law promulgated in 1958. features of Basic Democracies and their implications. ‘of Muslim Family Law Ordinance, 1959. of 1962 Constitution. fe and armed forces during 1965 War. velopment during Ayub Khan era. he LFO promulgated by Yahya Khan. s and its aftermath, paration of East-Pakistan tion of a State and Search ra Constitution 1947-58sion, they rather moved their armed force’ in the states and captured oo in this way, defied all the principles she had undertaken to hon the state of Pakistan, was faced with acute administrative ‘Most of the employees in the British administration had been Hindus. The Hindu s migrated to India, they had to be replaced by the untrained and unskilled local the capital of the new ed the basic infrastructure required for ‘machinery. Government offices were Sét up in military barracks and tents. The Pakistan ut the supply of basic stationery iter ssuez During the British period the can: s irrigating the Indus Basin worked as an ted drainage systerit This drainage sys -m, one of the biggest of its kind in the world, parts in 1947 as.airesblt of the partition of India and the upper heads of the three big “Bias and Ravi, as well as many head-works like Madhupur Headworks at Ravi and yrks at Sutleg fell in the Indian control. As a result of Indian occupation of Kashmir, 7, the situation further deteriorated as the upper heads of river Jhelum and “of the Indian occupied territory. By assuming control over the water courses of ‘a position in which she could cause damage to Pakistan's agricultural economy by supplies. In April 1948, India demonstrated her negative potential by cutting in the vicinity of Lahore; crops grown on thousands of acres w onomic Problems: Pakistan was deprived of its due share opted to serve India destroyed official records before le nents and hospitals had become non ast swith the parts.ernor-General of Pakistan of Pakistan were confident that demand for Pa Thar the Pakistan scheme was not viable administratively and Siti li were divided the partition s! s faced by the newly formed ations af she Coneres ‘Quaid-e Azam worked day and night to solve the prob ly days, the people of Pakistan who had greatlove for the Quaid, stood by his: ‘Almighty the problems were solved With astonishing speed. In the folio By some of the more significant steps taken by the Quaid~ Azam’ acting as the swe shall also study some important pi hhall be undone in very short time and Ind government of Pakistan were of n pundits were about to: of advice rendered by hi the first session of the assembly on A principles of the future constitution of Pakistan. He expressed hope that the ft shall be democratic and Islamic but by no means of theocratic nature. Rij of Pakistan shall be equal to the Muslim c Constitution making at a very high pace and complete it as early as he rehabilitation of refugees was a problem of enormous magni ly crippled state like Pakistan. The problem was managed excellent Mohammad Ali Jinnah; on his appeal the local people came fot n uprooted from their homes and were in miserable con Relief Fund” to which people donated generously.The enemies Started making hostile propaganida against Pakistan from the ‘very first. i. They were spreading rumors that Pakistan was not economically viable and that she pllapse like a house of cards. The Quaid felt that the nation was being unnerved by the ad that this situation called for an urgent remedy. The Quaid, despite his failing health, made the country, he met the people, addressed them, gave them courage and hope, and at Pakistan was destined to live for ever and that the conspiracies of itsienemies will soon eches built the confidence of the nation and infused in the people a new zeal and rachi was designated as Pakistan's capital. Azam’ said that Urdu would be adopted as Pakistan’s national language. OF the solution of the economic problems the Quaid-éAzam instituted “The Pakistan Fund”; le contributed generously to this fund, Arrangements for the establishment of the State Banke ‘were made in a record period of eleven months. On July 1, 1948. the Quaid-e-Azam" wated the State Bank in Karachi. iaid-e-Azam instituted the “Fedefal‘Court” as the first step towards the establishment of a judicial system; this was the highest court of the country, which later came to be known 5S was a barrister by the All India Muslim League in 1923. is entire life for the well being Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jina Liaquat Ali Khanha ; ‘In 1950 he presented the outlines Principles Committee Report. The report, however, sh and brought under the direct control of the British Cr Fme-was divided into a large number of small and large tates. There w did not offer resistance to the British advance; they rather 26 i fn tum allowed them to continue ruling their states provided they rendered ft A British officer called “Resident” served. 48a link between the British policies were carried out by d steld the titles of Rajas, Maharajas, Mirs, Nawwabs, Mehtars and Nizam ete)-2 these princely states were 635 in number. ‘and the princely states, in certain areas on the north west tries old laws prevailed and old judicial practices were followed. These areas ‘of the British India. A British officer having the rank of “Political Agent” serv awa- KP). Ninety nine percent of the population of this area nas a result of Indian partition in 1947. bers of the provincial assemblies of the provinces sat in separate ses; the division of their respective province or not and wanted their provi an. India flouted the efforts of the s the states through 1mTaking advantage of the situation, the Indians staged the | aus * See frees oFRiashmirsucceinen vitae After this the Indian forces n Melccn occupied a large part of it, : peste Within’ the Pakistan territory maintained their independent position for ie part of Pakistan one after the other. With the efforts of the Quaid-e-Azam’s’ ten d to Pakistan by April 1948. The states that did not accede to Pakistan in the early days Chitral and Flunza located in the area adjoining the NWFP (now KP), Bahawalpur located s of the Punjab and Sind and Kalat, Kharan, Lasbela and Makran in the Baluchistan area. In es were dissolved and amalgamated into the neighboring provinces. Constitution Making in Pakistan n_and its Significance: Constitution is a state’s al law, which stipulates rules and regulation g different organs of the state. All states have three legislature, executive and judiciary. A the composition and mutual ‘Transfer of power: ‘The Quaid and Mountbatten itutional Evol ng the Objectives Resolution the Constituent Assembly formed. ‘Tesolution. The constitution makers had to face many practical The greatest difficulty was posed by the geographical position of ‘About 1600 Km Indian territory separated the East Pakistan nce between the two wings of the country had started wrly days after partition. The western wing had four | population of these four provinces was less than the of East Pakistan. The East Pakistan demanded representation ‘population, but the four provinces of the West Pakistan fers and resources should be distributed between the two due to the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan ces in the way of constitution making. Differences c and the Assembly developed in October luhammad dismissed the Assembly underst 14, 1947. In order to run the state in ace igus! ‘to determine the rights and duties of the citizens of the s framed in one Obviously a constitution could not be tion, was being run under a oi OS called After the creation of Pakistan, certain amen constitution of Pakistan. The Quaid the permanent constitution Of Pakistan in very short ti ted as the temporary Pakistan to frame the governor general of Pakistan; he alsoyheld the office of the elet ituent Assembly of Pakistan. We havealready studied in the first che n had high moral and spiritual,fdeals in their minds and they want ‘be a reflection of these ideals, ‘They also wanted Pakistan’s constitut Azam’ did Rot live to see his di actualized; he died £02 jent Asséimbly adopted the guiding principles for the future consti linto a document, known as the Objectives Resolution. The reso al justice will be upheld. ) n to shape their lives according to the princitely flexible and had the quality of adjusting itself to th ‘ided for the citizens of Pakistan, ‘of government was established. The federation consisted of one Federal and two: vernments; one in the east and the other in the West Pakistan. Federal government wers. executive, the National Assembly elected the prime ial executive heads were called chief ministers, who the respective provincial assemblies. Legislature was established, both. the provinces were nthe basis of parity in the federal legislature, ublic type of constitution. The head of the state, who was it was elected by the National Assembly and the two mblies. ani citizen who had altained the age of 21 was eligible to ve assemblies in the states of emergency. ld be elected president of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. ciples of Policy the state of Pakistan was duty bound to create conditions under which n would be enabled to shape their lives accor-ding to the injunctions of the: compulsory, organization of Zakat, Augaf and MasajidPakistan Studies 9: Chapter 4, History of Pakistane| ‘Tt was undertaken that all existing laws shall be amended in accordance with the Islamic spirit, A ‘commission, established under this constitution, shall frame proposals to amend all the present pieces of the legislation in the light of Islamic injunctions. Ayub Khan Era (1958-1969) Political Background; From Quaid’s Death to Ayub’s Martial Law The Quaid-e-Azam died on September 11, 1948, Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din was elected governor general — | ‘on September 14, 1948. Molvi Tamiz-ud-Din was ied the speaker of the Constituent Assembly. After Liaquat, Ali Khan’s assassination in a public meeting (Jalsa) at Rawalpindi on October 16, 1951, Khawaja 7 ‘Nazim-ud-Din took over as prime minister. Ex-finance minister Malik Ghulam Muhammad was appointed Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy Mohammad Ali Bogra Khawaja Nazimuddin governor general in his place. Anti Qadiani Movement (Tehrik-e-Khatm jand due to large scale violence and agitation martial law had to be impos Bovemor general Ghulam Muhammad alleged the prime minister Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din’s government ‘of incompetence, as\the government had failed to control the agitation. He dismissed the prime minister from his office. abuwwat) gained momentum ed in Lahore for two months, Mohammad “Ali! Bogra, Pakistan’s ambassador in America was called back and appointed as prime ‘minister. Bogra belonged to East Pakistan, during his period P ign policy took a sharp pro American firm and Pakistan became a committed American ally in the Cold War international polities. If ‘September 1954 Pakistan joined SEATO and in February 1955 became a member of CENTO. These were American sponsored military alliances and were instituted only to serve the American interest and (@ un the advancement of the Soviet Union which America considered to be its biggest enemy. Pakistal not gain anything out of the membership of these alliances, kistan’s fore ber 24, 1954, Governor General Ghulam Mohammad imposed emergency in the country ed the Constituent Assembly. Bogra resigned on August 6, 1955 and Mohammad Ali took1ammad Ali amalgamated the four provinces of the ‘a single province naming it the West Pakistan. On Constituent Assembly of Pakistan passed the first the country. As the constitution did not provide governor ‘on March 5, 1956 Iskandar Mirza was elected the first 1956, Ch. Mohammad Ali was replaced by the East Pakistan politician Hussain Shaheed In October 1957 he was replaced by I. I. Chundrigar. Chundrigar’s period as prime minister lived (less than three months i.e. October 18, 1957 to December 16, 1957). He was made Firoz Khan Noon was appointed prime minister. Firoz Khan Noon remained in office till , 1958 President Iskandar Mirza imposed in the country. As Chief Martial Law General Mohammad Ayub Khan the constitution, dissolved all thet civil “institutions and assumed full. powers. Khan himself assumed thé office sending inexile, ‘Ayub Khan promulgated the Basic Democracies Order. This order established Basie tly known as the BD System. In the beginning 80 thousand BD members were inces (40 thousand from each provinces; East Pakistan and West Pakistan). In sem was established under the BD systet. Four tiers ofthe system in ‘Tehsil Council, the District Council and the Divisionalhe BD members through their vote, gave Ayub Khan the right of fi Instead of forming a representative body for framing the constitution, ‘legal experts for this purpose. The Consfitition Commission was he t ignored many of the Commission's recommendations ft of the constitution which ave it an entirely new character. The don March 1, 1962 and it was promulgated on June 8, 1962, Martial L and constitutional government restored. According to Ayub Khan \d they were answerable only to him. Their tenure of office ‘them any time he liked. Assembly and members of the two proviricial ‘system in which the BD members served as.en enormous powers, the ministers were only accountable to him, and he was in a the law making process in the National Assembly through his ministers. He had a law passed by the National Assembly. The process of removing the President aml the Republic of Pakistan’ in the original text of the constitution, but it was later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. This was done on strong public protest. ples of Law Making’ it was stated that no law will be repugnant to Islam. ples of State Policy’ provided that the Muslims will be enabled, individually and to order their lives in accordance wth Islam, zakat, augaf and rica (mosques dull tweeted ) shall be eliminated. fair. The opposition alleged the government ‘lection and started a movement for restorationsecurity was in danger. She and ammunitions from the USA. way India’s military might Indian occupied Kashmir, which is highly to a hair of the Prophet Mohammad (SAW) ‘there, In December 1963 the hair of the Prophet ‘Hazrat Bal. The incident spurred great unrest ise they held the Indian government responsible, came on roads and started agitation against yy. On the other hand the Indian army o¢cupied a military post of Pakistan in Sind, In July 1965, the Pakistan army pushed the Indian troops, trying to poundary at several points, back in their territory. Feeling the dangers of the ‘came {o an agreement that they will resolve their mutual issues through ically the situation in Rann of Katch and Kashmir did not improve. The Indian ary line and occupied the passes of Kargil Sector. In August 1965, Indian troops in Kashmir the Indians started a full scale war and attacked the Punjab eptember 6, 1965. Lahore was the prime target of the Indian Army. Fighting Army Stopped Indian advance. On September 20, 1965 the UN Security stan to cease-fire. On September 23 the cease-fire became effective 5ae the senda were given a chance to baa dered by the big land owners, Preference was given to the tenant re re facilitated, through easy loans, to install tube-wells. In order to improve the | projects like the Tarbela and the Mangla Dam were launched with the help of the Fiendly countries. For the eradication of water-logging and salinity tube-wells were bers. Special attention was paid to enhance the produce of grains and fruit. High ere imported. Steps were taken for the development of livestock. The ADBP (Agriculture ‘of Pakistan) played very important role in the progress of agriculture sector during ers called Ayub era the Green Revolution era. me to liberate them from the corrupt practices of the politicians. But these high hopes soon n into disappointment. The political parties were made ineffective, the diffefences ‘east and the west wings of the country widened to an enormous degree. The demand for stribution of resources afd parity between the two wings intensified. East Pakistan leader ‘instance the demands were suppressed with iron hand but gradually Mujib’s demands je common carise of the East Pakistan people. Mujib’s programme was based on more 0 fr East Pakistan. Many leaders in the west wing labeled th endence. as the programme retailed all over the country. In February 1969, Karachi became the center of violent imposed emergency and made an attempt to re-conciliate with the opposition, and ‘calling a Round Table Conference of opposition parties at Rawalpindi. In this tried to normalize the situation, he agreed to accept « number of oppositionelections Mito tend ‘over power to the elected ile. He kept his pledge. The nted the new Election Commissioner on July 28, 1970. Alll the princely states, ‘enjoying a special stattis, were annexed with Pakistan. The province of West P the four provinces were revived. The democratic principle of one-man-one- ely the election results proved fatal for the solide of Ps ven aa single seat in the west wing; mn the other hand, it captured If n. The secret of Awami Leagues landslide victory was itsfor the breaking of Pakistan, In 971 the Indian forces crossed the ders and entered East Pakistan, the terrorist wing of the Awami attacking the positions of and providing support to Indian skirmishes gradually develope: ers. The Pakistan army was cut into two parts,,its position in East Pakistan was even more ‘Was to fight on two fronts, the local rebels om’one side and the Indian Army on the other. On 6, 1971 Indian troops entered Dacca and the Pakistan Army had to surrender. More than 90 soldiers and officers were taken prisoner and transferred to Indian camps. Bangladesh ly proclaimed a republic on Decembér 21, 1971 ive Assembly consisted of house/s under the 1956 constitution of B)2 03 D)4 aw was imposed in Pakistan in October ‘B) 1957 ©) 1958 D) 1959 ordinance was promulgated in the year. ©) 1958 D) 1959 house/s under the 1962 constitution of —