Design of

Joints

MACHINE DESIGN

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Design of Joints

Riveted Joint

 A rivet is a short cylindrical bar with a head integral to it.

 The cylindrical portion of the rivet is called shank or body and lower portion of
shank is known as tail

 The rivets are used to make permanent fastening between the plates such as in
structural work, ship building, bridges, tanks and boiler shells. The riveted joints are
widely used for joining light metals.

Material of rivet

 The material of the rivets must be tough and ductile.

 They are usually made of steel (low carbon steel or nickel steel), brass, aluminium
or copper, but when strength and a fluid tight joint is the main consideration, then
the steel rivets are used.

Type of rivet head

 Snap head – In structural work and machine riveting

 Counter sunk head – Mainly used for ship building where flat surfaces are
necessary

 Conical head – Used in case of hand hammering

 Pan head – have maximum strength, but these are difficult to shape

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Types of Riveted Joints

 Lap joint

 A lap joint is that in which one plate overlaps the other and the two plates are
then riveted together

 Butt joint

 A butt joint is that in which the main plates are kept in alignment butting with
each other and a cover plate i.e. strap, is placed either on one side or on
both sides of the main plates

 The cover plate is then riveted together with the main plates

 Two type: Single strap butt joint and double strap butt joint

Types of rivet joint on the basis of number of rows of

rivet
 Single riveted joint – There is a single row of rivets in a lap joint

 Double riveted joint – There are two rows of rivets in a lap joint

 Triple riveted joint

 Quadruple riveted joint

Terms in rivet joint

 Pitch – It is the distance from the centre of one rivet to the centre of the next rivet
measured parallel to the seam

 Back pitch – It is the perpendicular distance between the centre lines of the
successive rows

 Diagonal pitch – It is the distance between the centres of the rivets in adjacent
rows of zig-zag riveted joint

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 Margin or marginal pitch – It is the distance between the centre of rivet hole to the
nearest edge of the plate

Points to Remember
 Caulking: In order to make the joints leak proof or fluid tight in pressure vessels like
steam boilers, air receivers and tanks etc.

 Fullering: It is similar to caulking except the shape of the tool. The tools used for
this purpose are known as fullering tools. The thickness of the fullering tool is equal
to the thickness of plates.

 Unwin formula: Relationship between diameter of rivet hole (d) and plate thickness
(t) is given by:

Failure of rivet
 Tearing of the plate at an edge

 Tearing of the plate across a row of rivets

 Shearing of the rivets

 Crushing of the plate or rivets

Shear strength of a rivet

 For single shear

Ps = Shear strength of the rivet

d = Diameter of the rivet

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= Permissible shear stress of the rivet

n = Number of rivets

 For double shear

Tensile strength of the plate

= Tensile strength of the plate

= Width of the plate

= Rivet hole diameter

t = Thickness of the plate

= Permissible tensile stress of the plate

Crushing strength of the plate

= Crushing strength of the plate

= Permissible compressive stress of the plate

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Infinite riveting

= Pitch of rivets

n = No of rivets per pitch length

Ps = Shear strength of the rivet per pitch length

Pt= Tensile strength of the plate per pitch length

Pc= Crushing strength of the plate per pitch length

Pplate= Strength of solid plate per pitch length

Shearing efficiency,

Crushing efficiency,

Tearing efficiency,

Efficiency of a Riveted Joint

The efficiency of a riveted joint is defined as the ratio of the strength of riveted joint to
the strength of the un-riveted or solid plate.

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Bolted Joint

Bolt of uniform strength

 A bolt which is subjected to the same stress level at different cross-sections in the
bolt is called as the bolt of uniform strength

 There are two methods to make a bolt of uniform strength

1) Reduce the shank diameter to core diameter of the thread

2) Reduce the cross-section of the shank by drilling a hole in the shank portion

d1 = Diameter of the hole

d = Diameter of the shank

dc = Core diameter of the thread

Bolted joint analysis

Bolted joint under tensile load

= Induced tensile stress in the bolt

dc = Core diameter of the bolt

P = Applied tensile load

= Permissible tensile stress of the bolt

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= Yield strength in tension

FOS = Factor of safety

= Maximum value of tensile load that the bolt can sustain = Strength of the bolt in
tension

dc = 0.8d

d = pitch diameter

Points to Remember
 A square thread has more efficiency than a trapezoidal thread

 The thread angle of a trapezoidal thread is 30o

 The thread angle of an acme thread is 29o

 Buttress thread (thread angle = 45o) can transmit power only in one direction

Welded Joint
 A welded joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the edges of
the two parts to be joined together, with or without the application of pressure and a
filler material

 Welding is extensively used in fabrication as an alternative method for casting or

forging and as a replacement for bolted and riveted joints

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Advantages

 A welded joint has a great strength and often a welded joint has the strength of the
parent metal itself or more

 Higher efficiency

 Very rigid joint

Disadvantages

 Residual stress is developed in the joint and also a heat affected zone is formed

 Skilled labour is required

Types of welded joint

 Lap joint

 The lap joint or the fillet joint is obtained by overlapping the plates and then
welding the edges of the plates

 Single transverse fillet, Double transverse fillet and Parallel fillet joints are its
type

 Butt joint

 The butt joint is obtained by placing the plates edge to edge

 Example: square butt joint, Single V-butt joint, Single U-butt joint, Double V-
butt joint

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Fillet joint

1) Parallel fillet weld – The force will be acting along the length of the weld

 Maximum shear stress induced in the fillet weld is:

Throat

t = size of the weld or leg of the weld

 Strength of the fillet weld is given by:

= Permissible shear stress for the weld

= Strength of the weld

 Strength of a double parallel fillet weld is given by:

2) Transverse fillet weld – The force will be acting perpendicular to the length of
the weld

 Maximum shear stress induced in the weld is given by:

 Strength of the weld is given by:

 Strength of a double transverse fillet weld is given by:

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Butt joint

 It is the joint between two plates, lying approximately in the same plane and by
this joint, the ends of the two plates are connected.

 Butt weld joints are weak in tension

 Stress induced in the butt joint

= Tensile stress in developed in the weld

P = Applied tensile load

h = Throat of the weld

= Length of the weld

 Strength of the butt joint

= Maximum load that the weld can sustain (strength of the weld)

t = thickness of the plate = throat of the weld

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