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Series Tests 2

1. The document summarizes several common tests for determining if a series converges or diverges, including the integral test, comparison tests, ratio test, and alternating series test. 2. It also reviews important power series and their intervals of convergence, such as the Taylor series, exponential, logarithm, and binomial series. 3. Key series covered include geometric, p-series, and constant series, as well as the exponential series and examples of differentiating and integrating power series term-by-term.

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Kyle Koofers
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66 views3 pages

Series Tests 2

1. The document summarizes several common tests for determining if a series converges or diverges, including the integral test, comparison tests, ratio test, and alternating series test. 2. It also reviews important power series and their intervals of convergence, such as the Taylor series, exponential, logarithm, and binomial series. 3. Key series covered include geometric, p-series, and constant series, as well as the exponential series and examples of differentiating and integrating power series term-by-term.

Uploaded by

Kyle Koofers
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Series Tests Complete Summary

Standard Series

(a) Geometric Series:


n=0

Ar

= A + Ar + Ar + =

A 1r

if |r| < 1

diverges if |r| 1

(b) p-Series:

1 = np

converges if p > 1 diverges if p 1

(c) Constant Series: for any number c = 0,

c = c + c + c + diverges.

(d) Exponential Series

xn = ex converges for any x by the ratio test. n! n=1 Our Tests

0. nth Term Test: If lim |an | = 0 then


n

an diverges.

1. Integral Test:

If f (x) is a continuous, non-negative, decreasing function, then


f (n) converges
n=1 1

f (x)dx

is nite.

Use the next two tests to compare a given series to one of the Standard Series or one that can be handled with the integral test. 2. Direct Comparison Test: If 0 an bn for all large n, then 0 an bn and therefore

If the bigger series converges, then so does the smaller one. If the smaller series diverges, then so does the bigger one.

3. Limit Comparison Test: If an , bn 0 and


n

lim

an =L bn

with L = 0 or

then

an and

bn either both converge or both diverge. bn to be one of

This makes precise the intuition that an Lbn for large n. To apply it, take the Standard Series or one that can be handled with the integral test.

4. Ratio Test: If an 0 and lim

Try this rst for power series and series involving factorials or exponentials (e.g. n! and 2n ).

an converges absolutely an+1 = r then if r > 1 then an diverges an if r = 1 cant tell

if r < 1 then

5. Alternating Series Test: If the an are non-negative (an 0), decreasing (a1 a2 a3 ), and lim an = 0, then (1)n an converges.
n

Testing for Convergence Check the convergence of a series S =


n

an by the following steps.

(1) Check that lim |an | = 0. If not, then S diverges. (2) Check |an | by any test. If this converges, S is absolutely convergent.

(3) If the series is alternating (i.e. of the form (1)n |an |) and the |an | are decreasing (for example, if derivative < 0 for large x) then the series is conditionally convergent by the A.S.T. For (2) ask yourself: Does the ratio test work? especially if the terms factorials. (Note: if the limiting ratio is r > 1, the series diverges and Step (3) is not needed). Can I simplify by dropping lower order terms ? If so, justify this simplication by the L.C.T. Can I do the corresponding integral? If so, use the integral test. Is there an obvious inequality comparing an to a standard series? If so use the DCT.

Power Series A power series f (x) = an (x a)n denes a function on its interval of convergence = the part of the real line between a R and a + R (where R is possibly ). 1. The interval of convergence is found by the Ratio Test condition
n

lim

an+1 an

< 1

2. The series converges absolutely for x inside the interval of convergence, diverges for x outside, and can have various behavior (AC, CC or divergent) at the endpoints (you wont be asked to do this). 3. We can dierentiate and integrate power series term-by-term; this does not change the interval of convergence.

Taylor Series Theorem If f (x) has n + 1 derivatives on an interval [a, x] then 1 1 f (x) = f (a) + f (a) (x a) + f (a) (x a)2 + . . . + f (n) (a) (x a)n + Rn 2 n! where the remainder satises |Rn | M |x a|n+1 (n + 1)! where M = max. of |f (n+1) (t)| for t between a and x.

Important Taylor Series These series converge for any x: ex = 1 + x + x2 x3 x4 + + + = 2! 3! 4!

xn n! n=1 x2n+1 (2n + 1)! x2n (2n)!

x3 x5 + + = sin x = x 3! 5! x2 x4 cos x = 1 + + = 2! 4! and these converge on the interval |x| < 1: 1 1x

(1)n
n=0

(1)n
n=0

= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + =
n=0

xn xn n n=1

ln(1 x) = x +

x2 2

x3 3

x4 4

+ =

(1 + x)p = 1 + px +

p n p(p 1) 2 p(p 1)(p 2) 3 x + x + = 1 + x . n 2! 3! n=1

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