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EEE 432 Lecture 11

A very useful lecture in electrical drive

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28 views

EEE 432 Lecture 11

A very useful lecture in electrical drive

Uploaded by

AMOS MUSONDA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE 432

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Assembly Language
Programming (Cont.)
Lecture 11
1 Machine Cycle for the 8051
➢ The CPU takes a certain number of clock cycles to execute an instruction.
➢ In the 8051 family, these clock cycles are referred to as machine cycles.
➢ 8051 instructions are executed in a particular number of their machine cycles. To
calculate a time delay, we use these known machine cycles.
➢ In the 8051 family, the length of the machine cycle depends on the frequency of
the crystal oscillator connected to the 8051 system. The crystal oscillator, along
with on-chip circuitry, provide the clock source for the 8051 CPU.
➢ The frequency of the crystal connected to the 8051 family can vary from 4 MHz to
30 MHz, depending on the chip rating and manufacturer.
➢ In the original 8051, one machine cycle lasts 12 oscillator periods.
➢ Therefore, to calculate the machine cycle for the 8051, we take 1/12 of the crystal
frequency, then take its inverse, as shown in Example 1.

EEE 432 - Embedded Systems (2024) 4


Example 1
The following shows crystal frequency for three different 8051-based systems. Find
the period of the machine cycle in each case.
(a) 11.0592 MHz (b) 16 MHz (c) 20 MHz
Solution
(a) 11.0592 MHz/12 = 921.6 kHz; machine cycle = 1/921.6 kHz = 1.085 µs
(b) 16 MHz/12 = 1.333 MHz; machine cycle = 1/1.333 MHz = 0.75 µs
(c) 20 MHz/12 = 1.66 MHz; machine cycle = 1/1.66 MHz = 0.60 µs

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Example 2
For an 8051 system of 11.0592 MHz, find how long it takes to execute each of the
following instructions:
(a) MOV R3,#55 (b) DEC R3 (c) DJNZ R2,target
(d) LJMP (e) SJMP (f) NOP (no operation)
(g) MUL AB
Solution
The machine cycle for a system of 11.0592 MHz is 1.085 µs.
Instruction Machine Cycle Execution Time
(a) MOV R3,#55 1 1.085 µs
(b) DEC R3 1 1.085 µs
(c) DJNZ R2,target 2 2.17 µs

EEE 432 - Embedded Systems (2024) 6


Example 2 (Cont.)
(d) LJMP 2 2.17 µs
(e) SJMP 2 2.17 µs
(f) NOP 1 1.085 µs
(g) MUL AB 4 4.34 µs

EEE 432 - Embedded Systems (2024) 7


2 Delay Calculation for the 8051
➢ A delay subroutine consists of two parts:
❖ setting a counter, and
❖ a loop.
➢ Most of the time delay is performed by the body of the loop, as shown in Example
9.

EEE 432 - Embedded Systems (2024) 8


Example 3
Find the size of the delay in the following program, if the crystal frequency is 11.0592
MHz
MOV A,#55H ;load A with 55H
AGAIN: MOV P1,A ;issue value in reg A to port 1
ACALL DELAY ;time delay
CPL A ;complement reg A
SJMP AGAIN ;keep doing this indefinitely
;-------Time delay
DELAY: MOV R3,#200 ;load R3 with 200
HERE: DJNZ R3,HERE ;stay here until R3 become 0
RET ;return to caller
EEE 432 - Embedded Systems (2024) 9
Example 3 (Cont.)
Solution
We have the following machine cycles for each instruction of the DELAY subroutine:
Machine Cycle
DELAY : MOV R3,#200 1
HERE: DJNZ R3,HERE 2
RET 2
Therefore, we have a time delay of [(200 x 2) + 1 + 2] x 1.085 µs = 437.255 µs.

EEE 432 - Embedded Systems (2024) 10


3 Loop Inside Loop Delay
➢ Very often we calculate the time delay based on the instructions inside the loop and
ignore the clock cycles associated with the instructions outside the loop.
➢ In Example 3, the largest value the R3 register can take is 255; therefore, one way
to increase the delay is to use NOP instructions in the loop.
➢ NOP, which stands for “no operation,” simply wastes time. This is shown in
Example 4.

EEE 432 - Embedded Systems (2024) 11


Example 4
For an 8051 system of 11.0592 MHz, find the time delay for the following subroutine:
Machine Cycle
DELAY : MOV R3,#250 1

HERE: NOP 1
NOP 1
NOP 1
NOP 1
DJNZ R3,HERE 2

RET 2
EEE 432 - Embedded Systems (2024) 12
Example 4
Solution
➢ The time delay inside the HERE loop is
[250(1 + 1 + 1+ 1 + 2)] x 1.085 µs = 1500 x 1.085 µs = 1627.5 µs.
➢ Adding the two instructions outside the loop we have
1627.5 µs + 3 x 1.085 µs = 1630.755 µs
NOTE: If machine cycle timing is critical to your system design, make sure that you
check the manufacturer’s data sheets for the device specification. For example, the
DS89C420 has 3 machine cycles instead of 2 machine cycles for the RET instruction.

EEE 432 - Embedded Systems (2024) 13


Example 5
For a machine cycle of 1.085 µs, find the time delay in the following subroutine.
Machine Cycle
DELAY :
MOV R2,#200 1
AGAIN: MOV R3,#250 1
HERE: NOP 1
NOP 1
DJNZ R3,HERE 2
DJNZ R2,AGAIN 2
RET 2

EEE 432 - Embedded Systems (2024) 14


Example 5
Solution
➢ For the HERE loop, we have (4 x 250) xl.085 µs = 1085 µs.
➢ The AGAIN loop repeats the HERE loop 200 times; therefore, we have 200 × 1085
µs = 217000, if we do not include the overhead.
➢ However, the instructions "MOV R3, #250" and "DJNZ R2 ,AGAIN" at the
beginning and end of the AGAJN loop add (3 × 200 × 1.085 µs) = 651 µs to the
time delay. As a result we have 217000 + 651 = 217651 µs = 217.651 milliseconds
for total time delay associated with the above DELAY subroutine.
➢ Notice that in the case of a nested loop, as in all other time delay loops, the time is
approximate since we have ignored the first and last instructions in the subroutine.
➢ The exact time is 217651 + 3 × 1.085 = 217654.255 µs.

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