CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “The study of drug abuse in
society, its reasons and impact on our society ” is the work of Mueen
Akhtar under the supervision of Prof. Rana Atif Nisar submitted to
University of Karachi partially fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree masters from department of criminology.

_____________ _________________
Supervisor Signature Chairman signature

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 DEDICATION
This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to my beloved parents
who have been our source of inspiration and gave us strength when we
thought of giving up, who continually provide their moral, spiritual,
emotional and support made this achievement to the completion.
I also dedicate my research to the department of criminology
because of that I got an opportunity for writing this research thesis.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Research is difficult to write and is never written alone. First of all, I
would like to bow my head before "Almighty Allah", the Omnipotent,
the Omnipresent, the most Merciful, the most Beneficent, who
presented me in a Muslim community and also bestowed and blessed
me with such a lucid intelligence as I could endeavor my services
towards higher ideas of life. I must pay my debt of gratitude to my
worthy supervisor because none of this would have been possible
without the guidance and encouragement of my supervisor and
mentor, Prof. Rana Atif Nisar. His kind support, understanding, and
patience were of immense help to me. Through our interaction, I also
learned many things that are always useful in the real world. I am
grateful to him ever inspiring guidance, keen interest, scholarly
comments and constructive suggestions throughout the course of my
studies.

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 Table of contents
Chapter 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
1.1 What is drug? ...........................................................................................................................5
1.2 historical background of drugs …………………………………………………………………………………………….7
1.3 type of drugs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
1.4 common types of use in Pakistan ………………………………………………………………………………………18
1.5 Objective of the thesis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………20
1.6 Hypothesis of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………………….20
Chapter 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
Review of related ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….23
2.1 What is drug addiction? ……..……………………………………………………………………………………………23

2.2 What happens to the brain when a person takes drugs? …………………………………………..23

2.3 Why do some people become addicted to drugs while others don't? ………………………………24

2.4 Can drug addiction be cured or prevented? …………………………………………………………………….24

2.5 Reason of drugs use in different groups …………………………………………………………………………..25

2.6 common use of drugs …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..26

2.8 How Drugs Affect Central Nervous System ……………………………………………………………………...34

2.9 The Effects of Drugs on the Body and Brain ……………………………………………………………………..37

2.9(1) -The effects of drugs on the body ..………………………………………………………………………………..39

2.9 (2)-Introducing the Human Brain ……………………………………………………………………………………..40

2.10 Drug-Induced Effects on Your Behavior ………………………………………………………………………….42
2.11 The CAP Control Theory of Drug Abuse …………………………………………………………………………..43

2.12 Emerging Concepts Concerning Drug Abuse …………………………………………………………………..47

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Chapter 3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..49
Research methodology ………………………………………………………………………………………………………49
3.1 Research Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………50
3.2 Research ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………50
3.3 Population ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...51
3.4 Sample ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...51
3.5 sampling ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………51
3.6 sampling procedure …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..51
3.7 Type of sampling ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….51
3.8 Simple random sampling …………………………………………………………………………………………………..52
3.9 Questionnaire Method ………………………………………………………………………………………………………52
3.10 Method of Research ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..53
3.11 Type of Questionnaire …………………………………………………………………………………………………….53
Chapter 4 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………55
Data analysis and interpretation ………………………………………………………………………………………..55
Item analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….56
Chapter 5 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………75
Summary, discussion, recommendation and conclusion …………………………………………………….75
5.1 summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….76
5.2 discussion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………76
5.3 recommendation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………78
5.4 conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..79

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Introduction
Man’s desire to utilize the congenial prompt or narcotic effects upon the
nervous system has been in practice across the world in ancient as well as in the modern
civilization. With the passage of time this luxury turned into criminal or deviant behavior .in
past few years it has come to know that drug addiction is a psychologically , sociologically and
economic problems .

 As the modern world facing a lot in the mean while giving tremendous rise to many
social problems for example : Unemployment , over population , Poverty , Injustice
Economic , Emotional and social in securities , frustration ,etc which in order to
increasing the addiction of drugs.
 According to Robin (1975) Psycho active substances were known in almost every corner
of earth from time immemorial.
 Drugs addiction may be in form of Wine, Alcohol or lysergic acid diethyl amide, hemp
cannabis, opium derivatives all or any of which decreases the efficiency and health of an
individual.

1.1DRUGS

A drug is any substance that cause a change in an organism’s psychology and

physiology when it consumed. Drugs are typically distinguished from food and
substances and provide nutritional support . Consumption of drug can be via inhalation ,
injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on skin , suppository , or dissolution
under the tongue .

 Drug is very wider term and can be used for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes.
Drug in context of phrases like drug problem or drug abuse is really a short hand for
socially disapproved ways (Mir:1997)
 Weissman has statement :” Drug is any substance ( other than food ) which by its
chemical nature the structure of living organism “

According to Oxford Dictionary

 “ A substance which when swallowed, inhaled or human body induces drowsiness ,

sleep and insensibility according to its potency and amount taken”

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According to WHO
WHO (world Health Organization) has defined drug as “ any substance that
when taken into the living organism may modify one or more of its function . OR
“ A Drug , broadly speaking , is any substance that when absorbed into body of living organism ,
alters normal bodily function.

1.2Historical background of drugs addiction

Human have been using one sort to another drugs for thousands of years. Wine was
used at least from the time early Egyptians, narcotics from 4000 B.C and medicinal use
of marijuana has been dated to 2737 B.C. In China. But not until 19 centuries were the
active substance in drug extracted. There followed in a time when of newly discovered
substance morphine, cocaine was completely unregulated and prescribed freely by
physician for a wide variety of ailments. By the early 1900s there were an estimated
250000 addicts in United States.
The problem of addiction were recognized gradually. The first
drug national laws was to pure food and drugs act of 1906, which required accurate
labeling of patent medicines containing opium and certain others drugs . In 1914 the
Harrison Narcotic act forbade sale of substantial does of opiates or cocaine except by
licensed doctors and pharmacies.

Later heroin was totally banned. Supreme court

decision made it illegal for doctors tp prescribe any narcotic to addict , many doctors
who prescribe maintenance does as part of an addiction treatment plan were jailed ,
and soon all attempts were abandoned. Use of narcotics and cocaine diminished by
1920s. In 1970s some states and localities had decriminalized marijuana and lowered
drinking ages.

The 1980s brought a decline in the use of most of drugs, but cocaine and countless state
laws and countless state law specified a variety of punitive measure, including life
imprisonments and even death penalty. To clarify the situation, the comprehensive
drugs abuse prevention and control act of 1970s.
Opium eventually made it to China, and the
local Chinese started trading it with the British, French and Dutch traders. It started
arriving in Europe and the Americas in bulk in the late 17th century, when it swiftly
became a problem.

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With improved ships that could carry more cargo, traders could get almost anywhere in the
world and bring back whatever they could get their hands on. Without control, drugs ran
rampant through middle and upper society. The poor were no better off; in Europe-particularly
in Britain-gin had become a nuisance thanks to some exceptionally poorly thought-out laws,
and in the Americas rum and beer were proving problematic for colonists.
While the use of opium for dulling pain was well known by
physicians worldwide, the real problem began with the isolation of morphine from opium in
1804. Introduced commercially in 1827, morphine quickly became the drug of choice,
particularly after the advent of the hypodermic syringe in 1853. With few effective controls on
its production and sale, it rapidly reached epidemic levels in the United States thanks to the
American Civil War. Around 45,000 soldiers came home from this war unable to function
without morphine, according to Time’s The Civil War: An Illustrated History. A similar effect was
observed in the Franco-Prussian wars between France and Germany.
In the late half of the 19th century, drug abuse was so widespread that Britain went to war
twice with China to keep opium trade routes open, and these naturally became known as the
Opium Wars. Cocaine was isolated in 1884 and quickly became yet another widespread drug of
abuse. Heroin and other opiates were synthesized and marketed as no addictive alternatives to
morphine. Of course, heroin did turn out to be very addictive, causing more people to abuse
the drug.
Thanks to increased chemical and drug development in the 20th century, more
drugs with abuse potential became available. LSD, and synthetic opiates are all relatively recent
drugs. To counter the growing tide of addiction, drug laws became stricter, and drug addiction
started to carry a serious social stigma.

Drug abuse has plagued the American continent since the 1800s, when morphine, heroin and
cocaine were hailed for their amazing curative properties. By the mid-20th century, however,
illicit drug use was all but eradicated in the US through focused national and global suppression
of the industry. All that changed in the 1960s when many new and exotic drugs, such as
hallucinogens, amphetamines and marijuana, became more readily available. The proliferation
of these substances birthed many government agencies, all commissioned to counter the
scourge of illegal drugs. These bureaucracies, in turn, needed statistical information in order to
effectively understand the scope of their task. In due course, they discovered that:
 Between 1980 and 1984, first-time cocaine users averaged 1.3 million per year.
 By 1994, that number dwindled to 533,000.
 In 1995, 5,000,000 Americans confessed to smoking marijuana on a frequent basis.

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  In 1996, the Office of Drug Control Policy detected an increase in heroin use among youth
and young adults.
 Between 1992 and 1993, 5.5 percent of pregnant women per year took some form of illicit
drug.
(a)Beer

Since the dawn of history, mankind has found ways to relieve the daily grind of life. In ancient
Mesopotamia (the area now known as Iraq), agriculture slowly began to flourish, and a large
network of city states started to gain prominence. With the cultivation of wheat and barley
came another product, beer. After all, the water wasn’t particularly healthy, and the
weak alcohol content in beer killed off a lot of harmful organisms in the water.
While the beer wasn’t particularly strong, it also wasn’t particularly nice, as the concept of
sterility was unknown in 3,000 BCE. However, beer was consumed in bulk, and even the gods
enjoyed getting drunk. Consequently, addiction to alcohol was rampant in the so-called cradle
of civilization, and people during that time generally lived much shorter lives thanks to disease
and, presumably, drunkenness.
(b)Opium

Throughout the time that beer was gaining popularity, the Indians, Assyrians and
Egyptians were cultivating and preparing opium from the opium poppy. Indeed the upper classes
of many civilization would use this to relax and press time, although some uses are much less
benign. One Egyptian scroll recommends using opium to soothe a crying baby.

(c)Hallucinogens and Natural Highs

Moving on 15 centuries, the cults of Dionysus, Demeter and

Persephone in ancient Greece used a special form of mead (fermented honey) or beer to induce visions
known as mysteries. Naturally, there is something very mystical in seeing hallucinations, and plants
containing entheogens (natural chemicals that induce hallucinations) have been widely cultivated
throughout the world; these include the peyote cactus, fly agaric, and cannabis. Clearly, this is a form of
drug abuse, although it was a socially acceptable one at the time. While the Romans embraced these
drugs for recreational use because of the ease of obtaining them through trade, there was a long period of
time after the fall of the Roman Empire known as the Dark Ages where relatively few intoxicants were
imported to Europe. Over the Atlantic, the Aztecs, Incas and Mayans were experimenting with peyote,
cannabis and mescaline to induce shamanic visions.

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(d)Cocaine

During the second millennium, world trade started to be more prominent. Ships started
sailing from China to Europe-Marco Polo rediscovered major trade routes to India and China, and in 1492,
a lost expedition led by Christopher Columbus ended up in Hispaniola, the island that encompasses the
Dominican Republic and Haiti. After that, the American continent became ripe for development. Various
conquistadors discovered the drugs that kept the locals going, especially cocaine, which was touted as a
wonder cure for all ailments.

(e)Tobacco

One of the major drugs that came out of the New World was tobacco. Sir Walter Raleigh
famously introduced dried tobacco leaves to England, where they were controlled and taxed heavily.
Again, abuse of tobacco led to very expensive addictions, as it was a risky but incredibly profitable voyage
for those who made it over the Atlantic

1.3 TYPES OF DRUGS

Drugs under international control include amphetamine-type stimulants,
coca/cocaine, cannabis, hallucinogens, opiates and sedative hypnotics. Countries have decided
to control these drugs because they pose a threat to health.
While some of the physical effects of drugs might sound nice, they do not last long. Many
people get depressed and lonely afterwards and start feeling sick. Also, it is common for people
who use drugs to seem confused, have red eyes, sweat a lot and not care about their physical
appearance. To learn more about each type of drug and how they could affect your health,
please read the following information:

 CANABIS
 COCAINE
 ECSTASY
 HALLUCINOGENS
 HEROIN
 METHAMPHETAMINE

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(a)CANABIS-

Bongo/Ganja/Grass/Marijuana/Pot/Thai sticks

As per report of UNODC on 25 April 2008 - Approximately 4 per cent of the world's
adults - some 162 million people – use it

WHAT IS IT?

Cannabis is a tobacco-like greenish or brownish material made up of the dried flowering tops
and leaves of the cannabis (hemp) plant. Cannabis resin or "hash" is the dried black or brown
secretion of the flowering tops of the cannabis plant, which is made into a powder or pressed
into slabs or cakes. Cannabis oil or "hash oil" is cannabis resin in liquid form. Cannabis is by far
the most cultivated, trafficked and abused illicit drug.

How is it taken?

All forms of cannabis are usually smoked. Cannabis resin and oil can also be ingested orally or
brewed in tea.

How does it affect users?

Cannabis can make users feel relaxed and heighten their

sensory awareness. Thus, users may experience a more vivid sense of sight, smell, taste and
hearing.

What are the risks associated with cannabis use?

Short-term effects include increased

appetite and pulse rate. While high, users' intellectual and physical abilities are impaired. With
large doses, users may experience severely altered sensory perceptions and slow and confused
thinking. If the dose is very large, the effects of cannabis are similar to those of hallucinogens,
and may cause anxiety, panic and even psychotic episodes.
Regular users of cannabis risk developing dependency to the point where they lose interest in
all other activities, such as work and personal relationships.

Furthermore, cannabis smoke also contains 50 per cent more tar than high tar cigarettes, thus
putting users at an increased risk for lung cancer and other respiratory diseases.

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Other risks

As with any illicit drug, taking cannabis also clouds the user's judgment and increases
the chance of him or her making bad choices, such as having unprotected sex. Thus, the user
risks contracting HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and other infectious diseases

Why should we care about cannabis?

cannabis at least once in the course of a year, making it the

world's most widely used illicit drug. In some countries, more than half of all young people have
tried it. In spite of this high rate of usage, many basic facts about cannabis remain obscure. Of
particular concern are the recent growth in the drug's potency, and mounting questions about
the role of cannabis in mental illnesses.

In recent years, research has demonstrated that cannabis is becoming more potent. Studies
done in key markets such as the Netherlands, the United States and Canada, for example, have
shown that the potency of sinsemilla cannabis, made from the unfertilized buds of the female
plant, has doubled. The market for this high-potency, indoor-produced variety appears to be
growing in many key consumption countries. As the drug grows stronger, users consequently
experience more powerful - and dangerous - psychological effects. Emerging research indicates
that cannabis consumption may have greater mental health implications than previously
believed.
Although it is often seen as a less harmful drug, cannabis use poses several health risks. Even
when used only once, cannabis may lead to panic attacks, paranoia, psychotic symptoms and
other negative acute effects. The drug may also precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals
and intensify symptoms in diagnosed schizophrenics. As it is mostly smoked and contain high
levels of tar, cannabis additionally puts users at an increased risk of lung cancer and other
respiratory diseases.
The risk of becoming dependent on cannabis is also higher than most casual users suspect.
Regular users risk developing psychological dependence to the point where they cannot quit
even when the drug use starts to negatively impact in other areas of their lives, such as work
and personal relations. Around 9 per cent of those who try cannabis are unable to stop using it,
and demand for treatment for cannabis-related problems has increased in recent years in the
US and Europe.

(b)COCAINE-

What is it?

Cocaine is a fine white or off-white powder that acts as a powerful stimulant. In its pure form,
cocaine is extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. On the street, it can be diluted or "cut"

12
with other substances to increase the quantity. Crack is cocaine that has been further
processed with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and looks like small flakes or
rocks.

Prevalence rates for lifetime use of cocaine are typically

between one and three per cent in developed countries, with higher rates in the United States
and in the producer countries of South America.

How is it taken?

Cocaine is usually sniffed/snorted or injected, whereas crack is smoked.

How does it affect users?

Cocaine can make users feel exhilarated and euphoric. Furthermore, users often experience a
temporary increase in alertness and energy levels, and a postponement of hunger and fatigue.

What are the risks associated with cocaine use?

Short-term effects include faster breathing and increases in body temperature and heart rate.
Users' behaviour can also become bizarre, erratic and violent. Excessive doses of cocaine may
lead to convulsions, seizures, stroke, cerebral haemorrhage or heart failure.

Long-term users of cocaine risk a number of health problems, some of them depending on the
ingestion method. Sniffing cocaine severely damages nose tissue, smoking can cause
respiratory problems, whilst injection can lead to abscesses and infectious diseases.

Other risks, regardless of ingestion method, include dependency, malnutrition, weight loss,
disorientation, apathy and a state similar to paranoid psychosis.

Other risks

Mixing cocaine with alcohol is a dangerous cocktail and can greatly increase the chances of
sudden death. In fact, it is the most common two-drug mixture when sudden death occurs.

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And as with any illicit drug, taking cocaine also clouds the user's judgment and increases the
chance of him or her making bad choices, such as having unprotected sex and sharing needles.
Thus, the user risks contracting HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and other infectious diseases.

(c)ECSTASY-

What is it?

Ecstasy is a psychoactive stimulant. In fact, the term "ecstasy" does not refer to a single
substance, but rather to a range of substances similar in chemistry and effects. It is usually
distributed as a tablet or pill but can also be a powder or capsule. The tablets can be in many
different shapes and sizes.

Over the last decade or so, ecstasy use has made its way into the mainstream culture in certain
countries. Younger people in particular often seem to possess a skewed sense of safety about
ecstasy use, believing rather erroneously that the substance is safe and benign.

How is it taken?

It is usually taken orally but can also be snorted or injected.

How does it affect users?

Ecstasy can heighten users' empathy levels and induce a feeling of closeness to people around
them. It is often used at "rave parties" to increase participants' sociability and energy levels.

What are the risks associated ecstasy use?

In the short term, ecstasy can make the body ignore distress signals such as dehydration,
dizziness and exhaustion, and it can also interfere with the body's ability to regulate
temperature. Furthermore, ecstasy can severely damage internal organs such as the liver and
the kidneys, and sometimes lead to convulsions and heart failure.

Large doses of ecstasy also cause restlessness, anxiety and severe visual and auditory
hallucinations.

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Longer-term ecstasy use can damage certain brain regions, resulting in serious depression and
memory loss.

Other risks

Tablets or pills that are sold as "ecstasy" may contain other potentially dangerous substances
which can vary widely in strength and effects.

As with any illicit drug, taking ecstasy also clouds the user's judgment and increases the chance
of him or her making bad choices, such as having unprotected sex. Thus, the user risks
contracting HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and other infectious diseases.

(c)HALLUCINOGENS-

What are they?

Hallucinogens, or "psychedelics", are drugs that alter users' state of consciousness and produce
different kinds of hallucinations.

The main types of hallucinogens are d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), hencyclidine (PCP),
hallucinogenic amphetamines, mescaline and psilocybe mushrooms.

(d)LSD - D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

What is it?

LSD is a semi-synthetic drug derived from lysergic acid, which is found in a fungus that grows on
rye and other grains.
LSD, commonly referred to as "acid", is one of the most potent hallucinogens. It is usually sold
on the street as small squares of blotting paper with drops containing the drug, but also as
tablets, capsules or occasionally in liquid form. It is a colourless, odourless substance with a
slightly bitter taste.

How is it taken?

It is usually swallowed.

How does it affect users?

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Taking LSD leads to strong changes in thought, mood and senses in addition to feelings of
empathy and sociability. However, the exact effects of LSD vary depending on the mental state
of the user and the environment when taking the drug.

What are the risks associated with LSD use?

Short-term, LSD produces delusions and distorted perceptions. The user´s sense of depth and
time changes and colours, sound and touch seem more intense.

Some LSD users experience severe, terrifying thoughts and feelings such as fear of losing
control, fear of insanity and death, and despair.

The physical effects are small compared to the psychological and emotional effects. They
include dilated pupils, increased heart rate and blood pressure, loss of appetite, sleeplessness,
dry mouth and tremors.

(e)HEROIN-

What is it?

Heroin is an addictive drug with painkilling properties processed from morphine, a naturally
occurring substance from the Asian opium poppy plant. Pure heroin is a white powder. Street
heroin is usually brownish white because it is diluted or "cut" with impurities, meaning each
dose is different.

How is it taken?

It is usually injected but can also be snorted, smoked or inhaled.

How does it affect users?

Heroin can make users feel an initial surge of euphoria, along with a feeling of warmth and
relaxation. Users also often become detached from emotional or physical distress, pain or
anxiety.

What are the risks associated with heroin use?

Short-term effects include constricted pupils, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, inability to

concentrate and apathy.

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Furthermore, heroin is very addictive, and development of tolerance and physical and
psychological dependence occurs rapidly.

Long-term heroin use has a variety of severe health effects. Among other things, it can cause
severe weight loss and malnutrition that can lead to damaged veins and liver disease. It can also
lead to menstrual irregularity, sedation and chronic apathy.

Abruptly quitting heroin use leads to moderate/severe withdrawal symptoms such as cramps,
diarrhea, tremors, panic, running nose, chills and sweats.

Other risks

When taking heroin, users risk taking an overdose, which can lead to coma and death through
respiratory depression.

As with any illicit drug, taking heroin also clouds the user's judgment and increases the chance
of him or her making bad choices, such as having unprotected sex and sharing needles. Thus,
the user risks contracting HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and other infectious diseases.

(f)METHAMPHETAMINE-

What is it?

Methamphetamine is part of the group of drugs called amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). It is

a synthetic drug that is usually manufactured in illegal laboratories. Methamphetamine comes
as a powder, tablet or as crystals that look like shards of glass.

How is it taken?

It can be swallowed, sniffed/snorted, smoked or injected.

How does it affect users?

Methamphetamine stimulates a feeling of physical and mental wellbeing, as well as a surge of

euphoria and exhilaration. Users experience a temporary rise in energy, often perceived to
improve their performance at manual or intellectual tasks. Users also feel postponement of
hunger and fatigue.

What are the risks associated with methamphetamine use?

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Short-term, users can lose their appetite and start breathing faster. Their heart rate and blood
pressure may increase and the body temperature may go up and cause sweating. With large
doses, users may feel restless and irritable and they may experience panic attacks.

Excessive doses of methamphetamine can lead to convulsions, seizures and death from
respiratory failure, stroke or heart failure.

Long-term methamphetamine use can lead to malnutrition, weight loss and the development
of psychological dependence. Once chronic users stop taking methamphetamine, a long period
of sleep, and then depression, usually follows.

Other risks

Methamphetamine use sometimes triggers aggressive, violent and bizarre behaviour among
users.

1.4COMMON DRUGS IN PAKISTAN

United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in collaboration with the Ministry of
Narcotics Control, Anti Narcotics Force, carried out a National Drug Abuse Assessment 2006/07.
The report on this Assessment contains data of opioid users and also highlights statistics and
analysis of patterns and trends in drug abuse in Pakistan.

 Hashish (cannabis) is the most commonly used substance

 Sedatives and Tranquilizers
 Heroin
 Opium
 Injecting drug use
 Ecstasy
 Solvent Abuse among Street Children

(a)What are Opioids?

 Opium
 Heroin

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Opioid users (estimated number of 628,000 opioid users in Pakistan)

Heroin Users: Heroin remained the most popular drug being abused by 77% or approximately
484,000. These findings mirror those of Drug Abuse Assessment undertaken in 2000 (estimated
number of heroin users in 2000 drug abuse assessment was 500,000). Given the massive
increase of opium and heroin production in neighboring Afghanistan this stability in prevalent
rates is a notable achievement.

Age Group: The opioid users fall in the age bracket of 15-64 years which is very high rate.

Drug injecting users

• Over the last one decade the drug abuse problem has become more complicated as the
number of IDUs has doubled. There are an estimated 125,000 injecting drug users
• It is important to note that in the year 2000 the absolute number of injecting drug users in
Pakistan was 60,000, which almost doubled in 2006, an alarming trend that needs to be
addressed on priority • In
1990’s the proportion of injecting users was reported between 2 and 8 percent of opiod users
• In 2000 injecting was reported among 15 percent (60,000)

• In 2006 up to 29 percent (125,000) injected drugs

MAJOR DRUGS OF USE

 Cannabis is the most commonly used substance followed by sedatives and tranquilizers,
such as benzodiazepines, heroin, opium and other opiates
 Ecstasy & cocaine (ATS) are emerging drugs especially among youth belonging to the
higher socio-economic groups in some urban centers in Pakistan
 Inhalant abuse is common among street children

INITIATION OF DRUGS

 Average age of initiation of drug use is 18 years.

 Majority of drug users interviewed had used Charas (Cannabis) as the first substance in
their lifetime.

Reasons of starting drugs

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 Influence of friends or peer pressure
 Social and family stresses
 Sibling or other family member’s use of drugs
 To heighten sexual pleasure
 To overcome frustrations/tragedies
 As pain medication

Factors responsible for increase of drug abuse in Pakistan

 Increased availability of drugs at low prices.

 Rapidly changing social norms which place new demands on individuals for which drugs
offer a false solution.
 Lack of jobs and economic frustration.
 Lack of proper interest in education, peer pressure and negligence of parents.
 Existence and operation of drug dens.
 Lack of drug education within the family and in educational institutions.
 Apathy on the part of community leaders in responding to drug abuse symptoms.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 To identify the different patterns of drugs abuse.

 To know the sociological, economical and psychological reason of drug abuse in our
society.

 To find out the different impacts of drug abuses.

 Fourth object of the study is, To know about the remedies patterns to remove this curse
from the society.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

 There is good relation between social problem and drug abuse.

 There are multiples reasons in our society to start drug.

 Drugs effect to our health and mentally.

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  Different awareness programs of effects of drugs on different level can prevent huge level
of use of drugs.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

 Age

 Nature of family

 Level of education

 Income

DEPENDENT VARIABLES

 Relationship with spouse

 Easily availability of drugs

 Level of awareness about negative effects of drugs

 Desire to give up drugs addiction

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Chapter NO – 2

Review of related literature

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 2.1What Is drug addiction?

Addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use

that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences. The initial decision to
take drugs is voluntary for most people, but repeated drug use can lead to brain changes that
challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense
urges to take drugs. These brain changes can be persistent, which is why drug addiction is
considered a "relapsing" disease—people in recovery from drug use disorders are at increased
risk for returning to drug use even after years of not taking the drug.

It's common for a person to relapse, but relapse doesn't mean that treatment doesn’t work. As
with other chronic health conditions, treatment should be ongoing and should be adjusted
based on how the patient responds. Treatment plans need to be reviewed often and modified
to fit the patient’s changing needs.

2.2 What happens to the brain when a person takes drugs?

Most drugs affect the brain's

"reward circuit" by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This reward system
controls the body's ability to feel pleasure and motivates a person to repeat behaviors needed
to thrive, such as eating and spending time with loved ones. This overstimulation of the reward
circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that can lead people to take a drug again and
again.

As a person continues to use drugs, the brain adjusts to the excess dopamine by making less of
it and/or reducing the ability of cells in the reward circuit to respond to it. This reduces the high
that the person feels compared to the high they felt when first taking the drug—an effect
known as tolerance. They might take more of the drug, trying to achieve the same dopamine
high. It can also cause them to get less pleasure from other things they once enjoyed, like food
or social activities.

Long-term use also causes changes in other brain chemical systems and circuits as well,
affecting functions that include:

 learning
 judgment
 decision-making
 stress
 memory
 behavior

Despite being aware of these harmful outcomes, many people who use drugs continue to take
them, which is the nature of addiction.

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 2.3Why do some people become addicted to drugs while others don't?
No one factor can predict if a person will become addicted to drugs. A combination of factors
influences risk for addiction. The more risk factors a person has, the greater the chance that
taking drugs can lead to addiction. For example:

 Biology. The genes that people are born with account for about half of a person's risk for
addiction. Gender, ethnicity, and the presence of other mental disorders may also influence risk
for drug use and addiction.
 Environment. A person’s environment includes many different influences, from family and
friends to economic status and general quality of life. Factors such as peer pressure, physical
and sexual abuse, early exposure to drugs, stress, and parental guidance can greatly affect a
person’s likelihood of drug use and addiction.
 Development. Genetic and environmental factors interact with critical developmental stages in
a person’s life to affect addiction risk. Although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction,
the earlier that drug use begins, the more likely it will progress to addiction. This is particularly
problematic for teens. Because areas in their brains that control decision-making, judgment,
and self-control are still developing, teens may be especially prone to risky behaviors, including
trying drugs.

2.4Can drug addiction be cured or prevented?

As with most other chronic diseases, such
as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease, treatment for drug addiction generally isn’t a cure.
However, addiction is treatable and can be successfully managed. People who are recovering
from an addiction will be at risk for relapse for years and possibly for their whole lives. Research
shows that combining addiction treatment medicines with behavioral therapy ensures the best
chance of success for most patients. Treatment approaches tailored to each patient’s drug use
patterns and any co-occurring medical, mental, and social problems can lead to continued
recovery.

More good news is that drug use and addiction are preventable. Results from NIDA-funded
research have shown that prevention programs involving families, schools, communities, and
the media are effective for preventing or reducing drug use and addiction. Although personal
events and cultural factors affect drug use trends, when young people view drug use as
harmful, they tend to decrease their drug taking. Therefore, education and outreach are key in
helping people understand the possible risks of drug use. Teachers, parents, and health care
providers have crucial roles in educating young people and preventing drug use and addiction.

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 2.5 REASONS FOR DRUG USE WITHIN DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS

It’s important to understand that people use drugs for many different reasons,
but that there is no one stereotypical drug user. Different social groups from different
backgrounds and demographics have different reasons and triggering factors for abusing drugs.
While drug use can affect virtually anyone, there are particular groups in society who become
more vulnerable to drug use and eventual addiction.

Some of the groups of drug users may include:

 Teens
 Working professionals
 Homelessness and mental illness

(a)Teen

Teens face a different set of substance abuse triggers and influences. Teenagers face a difficult
period of time that’s characterized by school pressures, social obligations, hormonal changes
and much more.

Teenagers often face family or financial stresses as they grow old enough to understand the
challenges of life. Teenagers are also faced with the intense pressure of needing to fit in and
look cool, which often means abusing drugs and alcohol. Additionally, teens typically go
through a phase of rebellion against their parents or attachment figures. Substance abuse is a
common way to express this rebellious stage.

Because teens are at a vulnerable time in their lives, they may continue to abuse drugs and
eventually become addicted. This addiction helps them find control and escape from their
external stress and pressure.

(b)Working professionals

Many seemingly “normal” individuals succumb to drug abuse. This happens for a variety of
reasons, which includes societal pressures, work-related burdens, or financial stress.
Additionally, many working professionals have the means with which to support a drug
dependence. They are often doctors, lawyers or other professional types with high incomes to
pay for a drug habit.

(c)Homelessness and mental illness

When people think of drug use, they typically think of homeless people or those living in
poverty. They may also associate drug use with mental illness such as schizophrenia, bipolar
disorder, and other psychiatric conditions. These are especially vulnerable societal groups who use
drugs as part of a much larger issue.

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Homeless people and those struggling with mental health challenges face isolation, depression, and
an overall lack of support that leads them to use drugs. Additionally, they often find themselves
associating with others who face the same challenges and who also use drugs. This then becomes a
cycle of drug use, which often leads to addiction.

2.6 TRIGGERING AND COMMON CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

While there are emotional, psychological, and physical reasons why people may choose to
abuse drugs in the first place, there are several triggers that fall within these reasons.

Emotional stress can develop due to a number of reasons. It can be the result of a loss such as a
job, a death, a divorce, or finances. Even health issues and medical conditions can cause severe
emotional damage. Physically, many people use drugs to boost their endurance, improve their
focus, or enhance their appearance in some capacity. Finally, drug use is also the result of
psychological factors such as mental illness, mental trauma, or even just general attitude and
beliefs.

Regardless of the triggers for drug use, it’s important to learn how to cope in healthy and
productive ways. Unfortunately, many people turn to substances as an easy or perceived
helpful way to cope.

Here are some of the most common causes of drug abuse and why
substance use occurs in different people:

 Grieving a death
 End of a relationship
 Mental illness
 Environmental influences
 Relaxation
 Self-medication
 Financial burdens
 Career pressures
 School pressures
 Family demands
 Peer and Social Pressure
 Abuse and trauma

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  Boredom
 To fit in
 Curiosity and experimentation
 Rebellion
 To be in control
 To enhance performance
 Isolation
 Misinformation or ignorance
 Instant Gratification
 Wide availability

(a)Grieving:

The death of a loved one, such as a close friend or family member, or even a mentor who
positively influenced a person, is emotionally devastating for people. Different people handle
grief in different ways. Some people are able to seek counseling or work through grief on their
own in healthy ways. Other people really struggle with emotional or physical loss, so they use
drugs as a way of coping with grief in the short-term. However, this short-term coping
mechanism may transition into a long-term dependence for some people.

(b)End of a Relationship:

The end of a relationship is one of the most emotionally destructive events in a person’s life.
When a relationship ends through a breakup or divorce, it can negatively impact self-
confidence. This goes on to affect other areas of life including career, friendships, families, and
even one’s ability to find a purpose. If the person doesn’t have appropriate emotional support
available to them, they may use drugs as a way of grieving the loss of their relationship.

(c)Mental Illness:

A complex trigger of substance abuse is mental illness. There are several varieties of mental illness that
manifest themselves in different ways. Some people who face mental health challenges are vulnerable
to using drugs as a way of rationalizing or making sense of their illness. Others who face depression or
anxiety disorders may use drugs to help lift them out of these low mental states.

(d)Environmental Influences:

The environment that a person has been exposed to can influence and trigger drug use.
Growing up in poverty or in households with drug addiction, abuse, crime or other negative
factors can create a high risk for substance abuse in those exposed to these conditions. They
may perceive drug use as normal or acceptable. Or, they may psychologically believe this to be
a pattern they can fall into.

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(e)Relaxation:

The average adult faces typical life obligations such as bills, family, and work. Because of this,
many people look for outlets to help relax and find a balance between responsibilities and
having fun. Unfortunately, some people may use drugs as an outlet to help relax and unwind on
evenings and weekends. If left unaddressed, this pattern can develop into a dependence or
addiction.

(f)Self-Medication:

When people face physical or emotional pain, they may use drugs to self-medicate. This means
they use drugs that aren’t prescribed to them by a doctor. Instead, they use drugs such as
painkillers to administer pain relief to themselves. Certain painkillers have highly addictive
properties, which often leads to developing an addiction to them.

(g)Financial Stress:

The burden of financial stress can be intolerable for many people. Money pressures can cause
people to feel trapped, desperate, and out of control. These feelings lead to emotional and
psychological conditions that trigger drug use. Drugs can often help people to forget about their
financial responsibilities or avoid dealing with them altogether.

(h)Career Pressures:

It is common in today’s society to have your identity tied to your career. For many people, their
career places a lot of pressure on them to perform, which is often reflected in their idea of their
own self-worth. This type of pressure can cause emotional and psychological stress. To help
perform better or alleviate work stress, it’s possible to turn to drugs to help cope, forget
failures, or boost performance.

(i)School Pressures:

Similar to career pressures, school pressure is another one of the common reasons people
abuse drugs. Many people face large workloads with classes and homework, financial stress
from student loans, balancing family and work while going to school and the pressure to
perform academically. These stressful conditions make it easy for some people to be more
susceptible to drug use as a way of coping.

Additionally, professional educational programs such as medical or law school have even
greater standards of academic achievement, coupled with higher financial costs. It is not
uncommon for students in graduate programs to use stimulants and other drugs as a means of
boosting their cognitive performance.

(j)Family Demands:

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Typical family demands include balancing work with raising kids, as well as financial obligations
towards family members. But, when those demands become overwhelming, it can be difficult
to manage. This may be especially true for young mothers who can face feelings of isolation,
loneliness, and anxiety. Drug use, especially through prescription pills, can become an easy way
for parents to help cope with family demands.

(k)Peer and Social Pressure:

One of the most well-known ways for people — especially teens and young adults — to start
using drugs is through external pressures from other people. Commonly known as peer
pressure, people may begin using drugs because of the influence of their peers. For them, it
becomes something they all share in common, and so they feel pressured to continue to use
drugs even if they understand the dire consequences.

Additionally, younger people may experience social pressure to use drugs from television, social
media, and other celebrity influences. It’s possible that people see drug use being glorified in
the media, and so they feel pressured to participate as well.

(l)Trauma and Abuse:

Past or current traumas such as abuse, accidents, emergencies and other events can negatively
impact people psychologically. Traumatic events can imprint in memory, making it difficult to
move past them. Even traumas that occurred during childhood can resurface in adult years,
bringing up new thoughts and feelings. Instead of seeking professional help to address trauma
in a healthy way, people may use drugs as a means to help them forget these memories.

Present traumas, such as living in an abusive environment, can also trigger substance use as a
means of forgetting the pain and suffering. Often, abuse is faced on a regular or even daily
basis, and so drug use can quickly turn into an addiction in this case.

(m)Enjoyment of Getting High:

Many people try drugs once as an experiment and end up finding euphoric sensations from
these substances. The chemical reactions between the drug and the brain cause a release of
dopamine, which is pleasurable to many people. When this happens, people will continue to
chase that same euphoria and release because they like how it makes them feel. It may make
them feel more relaxed, self-confident, in control, or any number of other outcomes.

(n)Boredom:

Teens and young adults often face feelings of boredom or monotony, as many of them don’t
yet have adult responsibilities such as careers, bills, higher education, families, and more. Drug
use may seem like a convenient or entertaining way to pass the time. While this may not always

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lead to a full addiction, it can often become a go-to way of alleviating boredom instead of
choosing other positive activities.

(o)Wanting to Fit In:

Because human beings are social creatures, it’s important for us to feel like we belong or fit in.
This can affect people of any age but is most influential during teenage and early adult years. If
others around them are using drugs, they may fear feeling left out, or that they won’t fit in. As a
result, they place pressure on themselves to use drugs as well.

(p)Curiosity and Experimentation:

For those who are around drugs, but haven’t yet used them, they may hear positive feedback
about certain drugs. They may become intrigued or interested in their friends’ experiences, and
so they try certain drugs as well. This isn’t necessarily the result of the pressure of fear of not
fitting in, but rather genuine curiosity and a desire to try something new.

(q)Rebellion:

Certain personalities are more prone to rebellion or going against the grain. This occurs in teens
and even in adults. Because drug use is illicit or not socially acceptable, it actually drives certain
people to want to use them in order to rebel, stand out or be different. For some people, this
may simply be a phase of rebellion and experimentation, or it may develop into an addiction.

(r)Being in Control:

When stressful periods of time occur with relationships, job loss, health scares, or other
tragedies, many people lose a sense of being in control of their own lives. Drug use provides a
false sense of being in control of health, emotions or behaviors that many people find
appealing. They may feel as though when everything else around them is falling apart, they can
rely on their substance use to give them stability.

(s)Enhance Performance:

They may also help to alleviate fatigue and lethargy. These are usually stimulants and other
prescription drugs. For students or busy professionals, these types of drugs can seem like a
viable solution.

Other drugs, such as anabolic steroids, human growth hormones or stimulants, are used to
improve physical performance in athletes or those who are extremely physically active. People
often choose to use these types of drugs in order to compete or look a certain way.

(t)Prescription Medications:

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Prescription drug abuse is becoming an increasingly concerning issue that affects many people.
Doctors may prescribe opioid painkillers to patients who are recovering from surgery and facing
injuries or other medical situations. Left unmonitored, some people are susceptible to abusing
these prescription medications because of the high they provide. They may end up getting
hooked unintentionally and begin finding ways to keep obtaining their prescription pills .

(u)Isolation:

Despite being more connected than ever, many people suffer from feelings of isolation. If they
feel as though they can’t relate to others or that they aren’t understood by their peers, they
may feel out of place. These feelings can lead to low self-esteem or even depression over time.
This only further exacerbates a state of isolation. In order to numb this loneliness or emptiness,
they use drugs to feel alive and forget about feeling isolated. Using drugs may also give them a
sense of satisfaction and purpose.

(v)Misinformation or Ignorance:

Drug use and dependence have a number of consequences. Physical, emotional, social,
financial, and psychological repercussions stop many people from continuing to use drugs or
from using drugs in the first place. Unfortunately, despite the amount of awareness surround
the risks of drug use, there is still a lot of misinformation about it.

This misinformation may especially impact young or undereducated people who don’t have the
life experience or ability to understand the dangers of drug use. Additionally, many people may
see others use drugs and not face any health or other concerns, and so they think that it won’t
hurt them either.

(w)Instant Gratification:

Many individuals have personality types that desire instant gratification. This means they look
for ways to be satisfied immediately and in the short-term, as opposed to being satisfied by
delayed gratification. This may be especially true in young people who are conditioned today to
expect that things happen on-demand.

Drug use delivers instant gratification in terms of physical, psychological, and emotional
sensations. It’s also often a social act, which further enhances feelings of gratification .

(x)Availability of Drugs:

With the increased convenience of the internet and modern communications, it’s relatively
easy for people to obtain drugs today. When it comes to prescription medications specifically,
these drugs are now being distributed as street drugs. They can also easily be obtained from
friends, family members, and colleagues who have prescriptions of their own.

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Prescription drugs are also fairly easy to obtain with a prescription from a doctor, provided
there are no clear signs of a risk for abuse and dependence.

2.7 HOW DRUGS AFFECT THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

To know about the effect of drugs abuse on our

digestive system it is very important to know about what is digestive system how it works.
The digestive system is composed of several organs, such as the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, and large intestine, according to the national
institute of health. This includes the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), which is made up of
hollow organs that begin with the mouth and end at the anus. The stomach and small and
large intestines are some of the hollow organs that are part of the digestive system. The
pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are some of the hard organs that make up the GI tract .

The digestive system ensures that

you receive the nutrients needed to maintain a healthy body. This is where the body turns
these nutrients into the energy required to repair and heal itself or even to stimulate
growth. Nutrients include protein, fats, carbohydrates, water, vitamin, and minerals .
The digestive organs make sure that nutrients are broken down into smaller components it
can use. Chewing, mixing, and squeezing are part of this process. From there, bodily fluids,
such as bile, enzymes, and stomach acid, continue to use the food you eat to provide the
body with nutrients.

The body’s nerves and hormones also play a part in the digestive system’s process.
Hormones let your brain know if you’re full or hungry. Nerves let your body know when it
needs to expand or contract the muscles that move food along in your body.

HOW IT AFFECT
Some drugs can cause a user to develop nausea or vomiting, and different drugs have
different effects on the digestive system.

 Alcohol

This drug makes it difficult to ingest necessary nutrients and may even cause anemia. Excessive
use of alcohol is associated with colon and rectal cancers

 Cocaine

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), cocaine can impair tissue in the
bowels and cause pain in the abdomen.

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  Opioids

These drugs can cause constipation, acid reflux issues, and pain in the abdomen.

 Hallucinogens

Some psychedelics, such as Ayahuasca, are associated with nausea or vomiting.

 Tobacco

This drug, though legal, is associated with cancers of the colon, esophagus, and stomach. It is
also associated with the development of diabetes and inflammation.

 Prescription medications

A 2013 study published by Frontline Gastroenterology shows that some commonly prescribed
drugs may cause damage to the GI tract. According to a 2008 paper published in Acta Chirurgica
Iugoslavica, drug abuse in general is known to cause rectal bleeding and abdominal pain that
may indicate ischemic colitis. This is a condition in which blood flow to the colon (large
intestine) decreases because of blocked arteries. It can cause long-term damage to the colon.

Short-Term Effects
Some short-term effects of drug abuse on the digestive system can include:

 Decreased appetite
 Nausea
 Inflammation
 Poor digestion
 Constipation
 Vomiting
 Inability to absorb nutrients

The degree to which this damage occurs depends on the type of drug used.

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Long-Term Effects

A 2008 study shows that drug smugglers may suffer damage to their digestive system. This is
because some people smuggle drugs using a body cavity and often ingest these drugs in a
dangerous manner in order not to get caught by authorities. Chronic consumption of alcohol,
particularly beer, has been associated with rectal cancer. Abuse of alcohol is also associated
with anemia and fatigue.
Long-term use of certain drugs is associated with a variety of cancers, including cancers of the
stomach, colon, rectum, and esophagus.

2.8 How Drugs Affect Central Nervous System

Drugs interact with the brain and body to alter moods, emotions, and behaviors by changing
brain chemistry and a person’s perceptions, and by impacting how individuals interact with the
world around them.

Effects of Drugs on the Brain & Neurotransmitters

Mind-altering drugs may slow down or speed up the central nervous system and autonomic
functions necessary for living, such as blood pressure, respiration, heart rate, and body
temperature. Levels of some of the brain’s chemical messengers, or neurotransmitters, are also
impacted by drug abuse, including.

 Dopamine

This neurotransmitter regulates moods, enhances pleasure, and is involved with movement,
reward and reinforcing behaviors, motivation, and attention .

 Drugs that can impact dopamine levels

Marijuana, heroin & other opioids, stimulants, ecstasy, PCP

 Serotonin

This neurotransmitter is responsible for stabilizing moods and regulating emotions.

 Drugs that can impact serotonin levels

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Ecstasy and hallucinogens

 Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)

GABA acts as a natural tranquilizer, mitigating the stress response and lowering anxiety levels
as well as slowing down functions of the central nervous system.

 Drugs that can impact GABA levels benzodiazepines

 Drugs that can impact norepinephrine levels opioids and ecstasy

Regions of the brain are disrupted by drug abuse, as the NIDA reports that the brain stem, limbic
system, and cerebral cortex are all affected. The brain stem controls life-sustaining functions, including
sleeping, breathing, and heart rate, while the limbic system holds the brain’s reward circuitry and helps
to control emotions and the ability to feel happiness. The cerebral cortex is considered the “thinking
center” of the brain, managing problem-solving, planning, and decision-making abilities as well as
helping people to process information provided by their senses. The more often drugs are used, the
more they will impact brain chemicals and circuitry, which can lead to drug dependence and withdrawal
symptoms when the drugs process out of the body. Drug cravings, dependence, and withdrawal
symptoms, coupled with a loss of control over use, are signs of addiction.

Marijuana

Marijuana is the most regularly used illicit drug in the United States, and its use is especially
common among adolescents and young adults, NIDA reports. The psychoactive chemical in
marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (TCH), interacts and binds with cannabinoid receptors
in the brain, producing a mellowing and relaxing effect. Regions of the brain with high
concentrations of cannabinoid receptors are heavily impacted. One such part of the brain, the
hippocampus, manages short-term memory, meaning that marijuana use can impede
recollection of recent events. Additional regions of the brain that are impacted include the
cerebellum and basal ganglia, which help to control coordination and involuntary muscle
movements respectively. When someone abuses marijuana, impaired motor skills, mood
alterations, distorted time and sensory perception, decreased memory, and trouble thinking
clearly and solving problems are all common short-term side effects.

Marijuana also interferes with levels of dopamine in the brain, causing the euphoric “high” that
users document. Marijuana also has several long-term side effects on the brain, which are
especially prevalent in individuals who use the drug before the brain is fully developed. NIDA
warns that marijuana use in adolescence, and continued on into adulthood, may result in a loss

35
of IQ points that are not recoverable even with abstinence. Also, initiating marijuana use before
turning age 18 raises the risk for addiction as an adult. As many as 30 percent of those who use
marijuana will suffer from addiction to the drug, and the risk is increased 4-7 times when use
begins before the age of 18. As a person ages, neurons in the hippocampus are naturally lost,
and marijuana use may speed up this process, leading to memory problems. Impaired
coordination, learning issues, and sleep problems can result from long-term marijuana use and
its impact on the brain. NIDA also reports on the possible link between marijuana use and the
onset of psychosis and psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia in those who are genetically
vulnerable. Breathing and respiration problems, chronic cough, and bronchitis are additional
possible consequences of chronic marijuana smoking. Marijuana use can also disrupt heart
rhythm and normal cardiac functions.

Heroin and Prescription Opioids

Heroin and prescription opioid like OxyContin (oxycodone), Vicodin

(acetaminophen/hydrocodone), fentanyl, methadone, and Dilaudid (hydromorphone) bind to
opioid receptors in the brain and trigger the release of dopamine. In a sense, these drugs hijack
the limbic system in the brain, inducing a powerful high that individuals are often keen to
recreate, leading to reinforcing behaviors. Opioid drugs are considered highly addictive,
as ASAM publishes that almost a quarter of heroin users will suffer from addiction to opioids.
Over 2.5 million Americans battled opioid addiction in 2015. Heroin is considered the fastest-
acting opioid, taking effect nearly immediately and making it extremely addictive, the Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA) warns. When someone takes an opioid drug repeatedly,
they can develop a tolerance to it as the body gets used to its interaction in the brain.
Individuals may then take more of the drug to feel the desired effects. The brain will then stop
functioning as it did before introduction of the opioid, causing levels of dopamine to drop when
the drug wears off.

Dependence on opioids can form rather quickly. Physical withdrawal symptoms may resemble the flu, and
emotional withdrawal symptoms include depression, anxiety, and insomnia.

Opioid drugs also disrupt the natural production of norepinephrine and act as central nervous
system depressants. Opioids block pain sensations, induce drowsiness, reduce body
temperature, and slow heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration functions. Opioid overdose is
an all too common consequence of opioid abuse, which can often result in severe respiratory
depression that can be fatal. The CDC reports that 60 percent of all overdose deaths in 2015
involved an opioid drug, and 91 people in the United States die from an opioid overdose each

36
 day. Long-term, chronic heroin use may also result in the deterioration of some of the brain’s
white matter, which can negatively impact the way a person responds to stress, regulates
emotions, and makes decisions, NIDA publishes. Lung complications and infections of the lining
of the heart are additional long-term concerns surrounding perpetuated opioid drug abuse.

2.9 The Effects of Drugs on the Body and Brain

Drugs, whether they’re the illicit or prescription kind, are designed to affect your brain and body in
a certain way. However, aside from their primary effects, you also have to watch out for their side
effects, especially when you abuse them and end up becoming addicted to them down the line.
Actual adverse effects like permanent brain and bodily damage can also occur when you take drugs
excessively and/or for quite a long period of time without breaks.

The symptoms and complications induced by abusing drugs can continue long after you’ve stopped
taking them to boot, so user and buyer beware.

The Different Drugs and Their Effects on The Brain and Body

Here’s a table of the most common drugs or substances that people use that are a mix of legal,
illegal, prescription, medicinal and/or recreational. It lists down their respective effects on your
brain and your body.

Alcohol Effects on the Brain

Headaches, slurred speech, loss of inhibition, impaired judgment, and constant drinking to “feel
normal”.

Alcohol effects on the body

Vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, liver damage, upset stomach, distorted vision and hearing, and
breathing difficulties

Marijuana effects on the brain

Mood problems, impaired memory, altered sense of time, delusions, hallucinations, difficulty
with thinking and problem-solving, altered senses, and psychosis.

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Marijuana effects on the body

Breathing problems, increased heart rate, impaired body movement, intense nausea and
vomiting, and problems with child development during and after pregnancy.

Cocaine effects on the brain

Mood problems, convulsions, stroke, seizures, headaches, auditory hallucinations, restlessness,

paranoia, psychosis, and chronic headaches.

Cocaine effects on the body

Heart attack, sexual issues, heart disease, nosebleeds, runny nose, loss of smell, lung problems,
and trouble swallowing.

Meth effects on the brain

Hallucinations, paranoia, hyperexcitability, hyperactivity, seizures, panic, violent behavior,

delusions, and psychosis.

Meth effects on the body

Nausea, irritability, convulsions, loss of appetite, dilation of pupils, increased heart rate, and
disturbed sleep patterns.

Heroin effects on the brain

Clouded mental function, tranquilizing effects, brain chemistry changes, withdrawal from social
activities, and permanent brain damage risk.

Heroin effects on the body

Nausea, vomiting, coma risk, dry mouth, drowsiness, flushed skin, severe itching, slowed heart
rate, slowed breathing, and a heavy feeling in your extremities.

Morphine effects on the brain

Confusion, poor coordination, decreased responsiveness, seizures, dizziness, and potential

brain damage due to oxygen deprivation.

Morphine effects on the body

Nausea, vomiting, constipation, lightheadedness, dizziness, drowsiness, increased sweating,

and dry mouth.

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LSD effects on the brain

Delusions, visual hallucinations, sense of time and self changes, convulsions, disorientation,
synthesia, LSD trip flashbacks, severe depression, and psychosis

LSD effects on the body

Dilated pupils, flushed skin, increased body temperature, rambling and incoherent speech,
bizarre comments, and poor appetite.

As you can see, various drugs naturally produced various effects on your brain
and body, the most common side effects of which are nausea. It makes sense since nausea
seems to be one of the body’s many alarms to inform you that something is wrong aside from
outright pain. Taking too much of any drug is poison to your body (and toxic to your kidney).

2.9(1) -The effects of drugs on the body

Drug addiction and abuse are liked with a variety of health side effects that are both short-term
and long-term. They differ depending on the type of drug you’re using, how much of it you’ve
consumed, how often you’ve taken it, and your personal bill of health.
All in all, the effects of abusing drugs and being dependent
on them can be quite far-reaching, to say the least.
Side effects of drug addiction may include the following.
Lung Disease:
Drugs like tobacco or nicotine in vapes can lead to lung issues.
Rise in Body Temperature:
Drug use can lead increases in body temperature
Hormonal Changes:
Hormonal changes can lead to breast development in men
Immunocompromised
You have a higher risk for infection and illness due to a weakened immune system.
Live Strain:
There’s increased strain on your liver that can lead to organ damage or outright organ failure
when push comes to shove.

39
Mental Issues:
Drugs can cause brain damage, mental confusion, and stroke. It can also induce problems with
memory, attention and decision-making, which make daily living more difficult.
Nausea and Abdominal Pain:
As discussed above, nausea is a common drug abuse symptom due to how toxic the condition
makes your body, leading to a vomit reflex, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and weight loss
Heart Conditions:
You can also get various cardiovascular ailments ranging from abnormal heart rates to heart
attacks. You can also end up with collapse veins and blood vessel infections from all the
injections you’re putting your body through.
Death:
The most severe health consequence of drug abuse is death. The sharpest rise in drug-related
deaths comes from heroin and synthetic opioids. Every day, more than 90 Americans end up
dying due to opioid overdose. Additionally, 1 out of 4 deaths come from illicit drug abuse.

Furthermore, more disabilities, illnesses, and deaths are linked with drug abuse
than any other preventable health condition. In 2013, 12 million people have driven under the
influence of drugs (including alcohol), while nearly 4,000 fatally injured drivers have tested
positive for using drugs.

2.9 (2)-Introducing the Human Brain

Whatever complication happens to your body due to drug abuse will probably be caused first
by your brain becoming addicted to drugs in the first place. With that said, what is the human
brain and how does it work?
(a)What Is the Human Brain?
The human body’s most complex organ is the brain. It’s a 3-pound mass of white and gray
matter that sits at the center of all human activity. It gives you a sense of identity and is needed
for pursuits like creating an artistic masterpiece, enjoying a meal, driving a car, or breathing
without thinking about it as well as breathing manually.
(b)What Does the Brain Do?
The brain is responsible for regulating your body’s basic functions. It also enables you to
interpret and respond to everything you experience or to “external stimuli”. It also shapes how

40
you behave. In other words, your brain is who you are. It’s your soul. Your brain experiences
everything that you think and feel; your body is merely its container.
(c)How Does The Brain Work?
The brain is like a supercomputer and it’s probably many times more complex than the most
powerful supercomputer in existence. Instead of silicon chips and electric circuits that controls
every operation, the brain is composed of billions of brain cells known as neurons that are
organized in circuit-like networks. Each neuron serves as a switch for information flows.
Every time a neuron receives enough signals from other neurons, it fires off its own signal to
other neurons. This interconnected circuitry from different parts of the brain to the spinal cord
and nerves from across the body—work as a team to accomplish various tasks, from
coordinating your blood flow to rewarding you with a chemical known as dopamine to make
you feel pleasure and euphoria when on the verge of accomplishing something.
(d)Effects of Drug Addiction on the Brain
All drugs in existence—from nicotine to cocaine, marijuana to opioids, and so forth—affect the
brain’s “reward” circuit that’s part of the limbic system. They cause a flood of the dopamine
chemical, which is responsible for regulating movement, emotions, and feelings of pleasure. A
torrent of dopamine causes you to feel euphoria or a “high” as though you just aced a test or
got a raise even though you just snorted a coke line.
If you abuse a drug long enough, your body will start having a hard time functioning without it
since it has already changed your brain chemistry. After all, drugs interfere with your ability to
make choices or control your impulses. Here are `important things to keep in mind:
One of the Main Causes of Drug Addiction:
Yes, the high you get from the dopamine flood in your brain is one off the main causes of drug
addiction. Why? It’s because it feels so good that you can’t get enough of it. It’s designed to be
that way because dopamine helps regulate constructive behavior and actions for your survival
or ego boost. You’re likelier to be motivated to achieve your dream through that dopamine
rush.
From Voluntary to Involuntary:
Everyone starts off using drugs voluntarily. It’s a commodity that’s as in-demand as good food
and real estate because of the things it makes us feel. However, once you’ve used drugs often
enough, you might end up craving it involuntarily the same way thirst pushes you to drink
water or hunger pushes you to eat. Taking drugs regularly “normalizes” drug-taking to an
involuntary level.
How Drugs Change Brain Chemistry:

41
The alterations in your brain from drug use are natural consequences of usage since humans
have evolved to be adaptable. You tend to acclimatize to anything you do regularly, including
drug use that turns into abuse. What’s worse is that drugs tend to interfere with your ability to
make choices, thus turning you into a zombie that only has drugs in your mind to a compulsive
degree.
The Most Addictive Drugs Around:
No, drug abuse doesn’t only refer to excessive usage of illegal drugs on your own accord. It also
refers to the habitual taking of any highly addictive substance, which can include legal regulated
substances like alcohol, marijuana (sometimes used for medicinal purposes), and opioids
(mostly used as prescription painkillers).
Drug Addiction Is a Disease:
Substance use disorder is a disease rather than a crime people willingly commit like stealing or
grand theft auto. It should be treated like a disease instead of merely prosecuted in court for
jail time and court-mandated rehab. This condition does a number on your self-control because
they usually cause a flood of dopamine to swirl inside your brain, giving you a misplaced sense
of accomplishment.

2.10 Drug-Induced Effects on Your Behavior

Drug addiction or substance use disorder can lead to various behavioral problems rooted upon
the changes each drug can do to your brain the more you take them. Most deal with self-
perpetuating abuse to ensure addiction, such that the more you take a drug the higher your risk
of taking more due to the body’s natural ability to tolerate and reduce the effects of anything it
consumes for a long time period.

There behavioral disorders can be either short-term or long-term. They also commonly include
the following issues across the board.
Addiction:
Across the board, one of the dangers of using any drug is the risk of developing an addiction to
it due to some people trying to bypass the tolerance or desensitization cycle of drugs wherein
they use more of the drug instead of less as their body gets used to its potency.
Paranoia:
Drug-induced paranoia is common in drugs like cocaine and meth. A paranoid person might
come to conclusions quickly and have confusing or unsettling feelings you can’t easily explain,
triggering your flight-or-fight instinct.
Aggressiveness:

42
Drugs like meth can cause aggression that can then lead to outright violent acts. They might
alter the neurotransmitters of serotonin, gamma-aminobytyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine,
and dopamine in order to induce more aggressive behavior.
Hallucinations:
Drugs like LSD, meth, and cocaine can also cause hallucinations. The thing with meth and
cocaine is that hallucinations are a side effect or byproduct of theirs. In the case of LSD and
other hallucinogenic drugs, they’re instead the primary effect or intended use.
Loss of Self-Control:
Not to be confused with impulsiveness, loss of self-control is different because someone can
feel more impulsive than usual without necessarily giving in to his or her impulses. Once your
drug addiction has gone from bad to worse, all self-control keeping you from stopping using the
drug will be gone even as it ruins your quality of life.

There are serious consequences to being a drug addict. You might

end up missing work, committing punishable offenses due to poor impulse control, or getting
into trouble, accidents or injuries. Drug addiction and alcoholism are partly to blame for 80
percent of offenses that lead to jail time in the U.S.A. Such offenses include property damage
while intoxicated, driving under the influence, and domestic violence.

The CAP Control Theory of Drug Abuse

Steven R. Gold, Ph.D.,

The CAP control theory emphasizes the interaction of the individual’s style and the affective
experience of drug use with the drug’s pharma-cogenic effect. These are the basic ingredients
of the cognitive affective-pharmacogenic (CAP) control theory of addiction (Coghlan et al. 1973;
Gold and Coghlan 1976). The cognitive style of the drug abuser is viewed as the essential factor
in an individual’s moving from drug experimentation to drug abuse. The cognitive dimension
will therefore be discussed first.

Behavior Therapy

There is a current trend in behavior therapy emphasizing cognitive approaches (Lazarus

1976; Mahoney 1977; Meichenbaum 1977). The major tenets of cognitive behavior therapy are

43
that human behavior is mediated by unobservable that intervene between a stimulus and the
response to that stimulus. Beliefs, sets, strategies, attributions, and expectancies are examples
of the types of mediating constructs currently considered crucial to an understanding of
emotion and behavior. Second, the way an individual labels or evaluates a situation determines
his or her emotional and behavioral response to it. A third basic assumption is that thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors are causally interactive (Mahoney 1977).

Cognitive Approach

To tie the cognitive approach to drug abusers, the CAP control theory posits that the
abuse process begins with conflict as a predisposing factor. People who are having difficulty in
meeting demands or expectations placed upon them by society or by themselves are in conflict,
and a consequence of the stress of conflict is anxiety. Anxiety is a universal feeling, something
most of us experience to some degree each day. It is not the experience of anxiety but the
individual’s interpretation of the anxiety that is crucial to the theory. Underlying the anxiety of
drug abusers is a belief that they cannot alter or control the situation; that they are powerless
to affect their environment and decrease or eliminate the sources of stress. The belief that they
are powerless to cope with stress is the major cognitive distortion of drug abusers. One
consequence of this is the intense feeling of low self-esteem that is a well-known clinical entity
among drug abusers (Krystal and Raskin 1970). Feelings of self-depreciation, which form the
belief that one is powerless, represent the affective component of the CAP theory.

Anxiety

The experience of anxiety is, of course, uncomfortable, and a means of anxiety

reduction is necessary. A primary pharmacogenic effect of heroin is anxiety reduction. Not only
does the drug provide relief from anxiety, but the individual obtains a temporary ecstatic
feeling a “high.” Under the influence of the drug the individual temporarily experiences an
increased sense of power, control, and well-being. The sense of powerlessness is replaced by an
exaggerated sense of being all powerful, no task is too great and no feat impossible while
“high.” Thus, drugs can do for abusers what they believe they cannot do for themselves: get rid

44
of anxiety, lead to good feeling about themselves, and make them believe they are competent,
in control, and able to master their environment.

Unfortunately for the drug abuser, the drug effects are short lived and any temporary
gains turn into long-term losses. Inevitably, after the high wears off some internal or external
source of stress will rekindle the conflict and anxiety. Not only do the old feelings of lack of
control return but they are likely to be even stronger than before. It is this increasing sense of
powerlessness with increased drug use that leads the individual from drug use to abuse. Each
time drug users rely on a drug to relieve tension and feel good about themselves, they become
a little less capable of coping on their own. By using drugs to cope, the individual is cut off from
learning other more adaptive coping mechanisms and becomes less tolerant of the pain of
anxiety. The drug user now knows that anxiety does not have to be tolerated, as drug taking
has been successful in the past in removing tension and producing good feelings. It is therefore
expected that drug use will increase both in frequency and in the number of different situations
in which it is employed. For example, arguments with parents may beof a primary source of
conflict and anxiety for the adolescent drug abuser. Drug taking will frequently follow such an
argument. An adolescent experiencing school-related stress, having learned that drug taking is
an effective means of anxiety reduction, may turn to additional drug taking to compensate for
academic failures. The reliance on drugs to cope with stress therefore creates a vicious cycle;
the more drugs are used, the more the individual believes they are necessary. Each drug
experience serves to confirm for users the belief that they are powerless to function on their
own.

Assumptions

The CAP model of drug abuse also makes several assumptions about the treatment of
drug abuse. First, effective and lasting change is based on learning that behavior has
consequences and that one can have an effect on his or her own life. To replace a sense of
powerlessness with a sense of mastery, the abuser has to be taught alternative ways of
responding to external or internal stress. These alternative ways cannot, however, be
developed, practiced, and adopted as long as the individual continues to use drugs. A second

45
assumption is that an effective treatment plan must be multimodal (Lazarus 1976). A complete
treatment plan must assess not only the overt behavior of drug taking but the negative
emotions (e.g., 9 anxiety), unpleasant physical sensations (e.g., aches and pains that accompany
withdrawal), intrusive images (e.g., recollections of past failures), faulty cognitions (e.g.,
“nothing I do will ever be successful”), and interpersonal inadequacies (e.g., difficulty in making
friends with non-drug-taking peers). Each of the individual’s problem areas may require a
specific treatment strategy. For example, systematic desensitization may be used to help the
abuser cope with anxiety, while cognitive restructuring may be needed to correct the faulty
cognitive processes.

Research Support for The Cap Theory

The CAP theory of drug abuse was developed primarily on experiences gained working
with adolescent drug abusers at Holy Cross Campus, a coed residential treatment center in
Rhinecliff, New York (Coghlan et al. 1973). To evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment
program and the CAP model, adolescents completed two personality tests, once approximately
30 days after admission and again six months later (Gold and Coghlan 1976). The Rotter Locus
of Control (I-E) Scale (Rotter 1966) was used to assess whether an individual believed
reinforcement to be contingent on personal efforts and behavior (internal control) or a result of
luck, fate, chance, or more powerful others (external control). A second scale, the Self-Esteem
Survey (SES) was also used as a measure of self-evaluation (Coopersmith 1967). It was predicted
that after six months in residential treatment the adolescents would move toward more
internal control and greater self-esteem. Data based on 32 males and 21 females provided
some support for the hypotheses. Females became significantly more internally oriented. Both
males’ and females’ scores on the SES reflected higher self-esteem, though the change was not
statistically significant. A second important finding was a significant correlation for the females
between low self-esteem and both running away and self-destructive acts (Gold and Coghlan
1976).

Conclusion

46
 In summary, the CAP theory of drug abuse emphasizes the interaction of cognitive-
affective-pharmacogenic effects of drug taking. The belief that one is powerless to affect the
environment and cope with stress plays a central role in the theory. The CAP theory is seen as
being consistent with newer cognitive models which emphasize the role of internal thoughts
and beliefs in the development of maladaptive behavior. Research findings support the
hypothesis that an individual’s belief in the ability to control a situation strongly influences
behavior. Successful treatment of the drug abuser requires a multimodal approach which alters
faulty thinking, teaches new interpersonal skills, helps the abuser cope with pain and anxiety,
and encourages the development of a positive self-image.

Emerging Concepts Concerning Drug Abuse

William R. Martin, M.D

HOMEOSTASIS Himmelsbach’s (1943)

concept of compensatory homeostatic mechanisms as an explanation for both tolerance and

dependence was the basis of several experiments, and we were able to show that indeed homeostatic
mechanisms played a role in both acute and chronic tolerance and 278 physical dependences. The
accumulation of carbon dioxide was shown to be one of the mechanisms involved in the acute
diminution of morphine’s depressant effects on respiration in the acute decelerate cat (Martin and
Eisenman 1962), and panting induced by morphine in the dog was due to an alteration of the
temperature set point. Further, dissipation of body heat was responsible for acute tolerance to
morphine induced panting (Martin 1968). We further demonstrated in patients who were physically
dependent on morphine that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide minute-volume stimulus response
curve was shifted to the left indicating that the respiratory set point had been sensitized to CO2 as a
consequence of chronic morphine administration. This, to my knowledge, was the first experimental
evidence that a homeostatic set point could be altered as the consequence of chronic administration of
narcotics (Martin et al. 1968).

THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF THE NARCOTIC ADDICT

47
The results we obtained in humans and in the dog during protracted abstinence suggested that
protracted abstinence was associated with an exacerbation of feelings of hypophoria and that
these feelings of hypophoria might be associated with an increased need state.

the nature of this hypophoria. Our studies on protracted abstinence had already indicated that
long-term exposure to opiates gave rise to persisting and enhanced hypophoric feelings. We
felt there was some evidence that suggested that these feelings might be related in some way
to exaggerated need states which in turn were related to increased egocentricity. Hypophoria,
exaggerated need states, and egocentricity increase the probability that individuals will have
antisocial feelings and exhibit impulsivity. With this theoretical basis, a maturation scale was
constructed that had items that were related to egocentricity, characterized by selfishness,
inability to love, and callousness; impulsive behavior, characterized by thoughtlessness and
uninhibited behavior; a need scale, related to sexual desires, hunger, body health, pain, and
general wanting; a hypophoria scale, related to a negative perception of life, of poor self-image,
feelings of being disrespected, disapproved of, and unappreciated, as well as feelings of
ineffeciency and ineptness, withdrawal from competition, worry, and anger; and finally an
antisocial scale consisting of items relating to antisocial feelings, feelings of nonconformity,
poor judgment, and lack of social concern (Martin et al. 1977).

Conclusion

Thus work on problems of addiction over some 20 years has led to some
interesting speculations about the psychopathology and pathophysiology of drug abuse and to
some innovations in the area of treatment. It was at first blush disappointing that the narcotic
antagonists had such a poor patient acceptance. In retrospect this should have been
anticipated, for the narcotic antagonists do not in any way relieve the hypophoric feelings of
patients. This in no way detracts from the validity of the concepts of Wikler concerning the role
of conditioning in relapse, for hypophoria and conditioned abstinence and drug-seeking
behavior are probably coexisting pathologies. If treatment is to beoptimized, in all probability
both will have to be dealt with. It is my conviction at this time that extinction of conditioned
abstinence and drug-seeking behavior using antagonist therapy will be better accepted by

48
 patients whose hypophoria has been decreased. One of the fundamental questions is how we
can develop antihypophoric drugs which will not induce tolerance andlor dependence and not
exacerbate existing hypophoria. Perhaps in this regard we have attended too much to the early
abstinence syndrome and not enough to the pathophysiology of the protracted abstinence
syndrome. There seems little question now that a variety of neurotransmitters and receptors
are involved in affective disorders. It thus should be possible to identify agonists which when
administered under appropriate circumstances should be able to relieve feelings of hypophoria
and thus rectify this pathologic situation. This may represent a radical departure from current
strategies in drug development for it is aimed at developing drugs that will be highly 284
reinforcing to patients suffering from hypophoria but which will neither exacerbate their
disease nor be toxic

49
Chapter NO 3
Research Methodology

50
3.1 Research Methodology
Research is an integral part of good professional practice in many professions and has been
responsible for greatly influencing the practice procedures and outcomes in these professions.
Among many professions such as medicine, public health, psychology and education, research
and practice are well integrated and practice relies very heavily upon what is discovered
through research. Most professions that are in the human service industry would lend
themselves to the questions raised above and you as a service provider should be well prepared
to answer them. Irrespective of your field of practice and the level at which you work, in your
day to day practice, you will encounter many of these questions and to improve your practice
you must find their answers. Research is one of the ways to help you do so objectively.
According to Sharma: “methodology refers to a system of principles and methods of organizing
and constructing theoretical and practical activity.”
Collins dictionary of sociology (1991) has defined methodology as, “the techniques and
strategies employed within a discipline to manipulate data and acquire knowledge.”
The data which provides the relevant collected evidence by researcher is known as
methodology. Methodology consist of type of study, universe sampling methods of data
collection, pre testing, coding, tabulation, Etc.

3.2 Research:
Research is an intensive and purposeful research for acknowledge and understanding of social and
physical phenomenon. Research is a scientific activity undertaken to established something, A fact
theory a principle, or an application. It is an academic activity research in common parlance refers to
search for knowledge. One can also define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent
information on a specific topic. Infact research is a part of scientific investigation. Research as a
movement, a movement from known to the unknown. It is actually a voyage of discovery. We all possess
the vital instinct of inquisitiveness is the mother of all knowledge and method, which man employees for
obtaining the knowledge of whatever the unknown, can be termed as research

According to Martyn Shuttle Worth

Research is a process of steps use to collect and analyse information to increase our
understanding of a topic or issues. It consists of three steps: POSE A QUESTION, COLLECT DATA
TO ANSWER THE QUESTION, and PRESENT THE ANSWER TO THE QUESTION.

The Merriam- Webster Online Dictionary Research:

A studious inquiry or examination specially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the
discovery and interpretation of the facts, revision of accepted theory or laws in the lights of
new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.

51
3.3 POPULATION:
Population is group of interest to the researcher, the group to which the researcher would like
to generalize the result of the study.
According to John W. Best
Population is any group of individual that have one or more characteristic in common of that
are of interest to the researcher the population may be all individual of a particular type or
more restricted part of the group.
Present Researcher Population:
Researcher visited universities and get filled questionnaires from student teenager from each
group of universities.
3.4 Sample:
A sample as it's the name implies is a smaller representation of a large whole. The selected
part which is used to ascertain the characteristic of a large group is called sample
3.5 Sampling:
Sampling is the process of inferring something about a large group of elements by studying
only a part of it

3.6 Sampling Procedure:

Sampling is the process of selecting of a number of individual present the large group from
which they are selected so far studying any problem it is difficult to study the whole universe
studying the entire universe is not Vaseline anyway. It is therefore convenient to pick up sample
out of the universe proposed to covered by the study.
3.7 Types of Sampling:
In general, there are two basic types of sampling depending on whom or what is allowed to
given the selection of the sample.
The two types of sampling are:
1: Probability sampling.
2: Non Probability Sampling.
Probability Sampling
Probability sampling is the technique in which every element unit in the sampling frame has an
equal and independent chance of being included in the sample. Obviously selection of one
element unit will not influence the selection of others.

52
a) Simple random sampling.
b) Systematic sampling.
c) Cluster sampling.
d) Stratified sampling.

• Non Probability Sampling

Non probability sampling is the sampling technique in which the subject elements are not
chosen.
At random. Therefore, the like hood that any particular element of the population will be
selected is not known and cannot be calculated.
a) Incidental sampling.
b) Purchasing sampling.
c) Composite sampling.
Sample of the Study
In the present study I take 80 people from society has been taken as a sample. List of the areas
where I selected the people for sampling:
1. Multan
2. Karachi
3. Jalalpur peer wala
4. Sher sultan
5. Lahore
6. wacha sandeela (village)

3.8 Simple random sampling

For this research I have used the simple randomsampling. The learn random applied does not
mean haphazard or casual selection on implies a stricted objectives proposal on drawing a
sample so as to give every individual in the population the same enhance of being selected.
3.9 Questionnaire method

53
 When people are selected for observation and gives their responses through writing their
answer actually pitting in words. Their feelings and attitude the format of question is called
questionnaire. In the present study research the researcher has used the questionnaire for
collecting data.
According to Robert Ross
The questionnaire consists of specific written inquires. It is that their responses can be analyzed
for useable information.
According to John W. Best
The general category of inquiry forms included data collecting instruments through which
responds answer question are responding to statements in writing.
3.10 Method of Research
According to Creswell and Clark (2011:2),
several definitions for mixed methods have emerged over the years that incorporate
various elements of methods, research processes, philosophy and research design.
It is evident from the above definitions that there are two opinions with respect to the
definition of a mixed method study. The first advocates that the two methods must be from
both the paradigm that is one must mix quantitative and qualitative methods. This research
method is qualitative.

3.11 Type of Questionnaire

there are various types of questionnaire but basic two are given below
1) The close ended
2) The open ended
1. The close ended
Questionnaire that call for short tick Mark responses are known as the restricted or
close form type.
2. The open ended
The open ended form or unrestricted questionnaire calls for a free response, in the
respondent’s own words.
Questionnaire used in research
Here earlier has selected the close form of questionnaire as it calls for short, restricted
and checked response. It requires response agree, strongly agree, disagree, strongly
disagree and don’t know.

54
It is well to avoid un-anticipated responses as to construct in good psychological order,
it is easy to fill, take a less time, it is easy tabulate and analyze response. In this research
I used this method for date collecting.
3.12 Data collecting instrument
the selection of research strategy usually followed information by formulating of one or
more hypothesis, for testing the hypothesis the researcher produced to collect data a
data gathering techniques is said to be reliable when it yields consistent result is said to
be valid when it measures, what is supposed to measure. From the great variety of
tools, the researcher has chosen that are most relevant and useful. The qualification of
these data make possible the final analysis and interpretation. A list of data gathering
devices have proven self an education research should be included.

55
Chapter 4
Data analysis and interpretation

56
ITEM ANALYSIS –

QUESTION NO 1: Depression is the main cause behind Drug addiction.

Table NO-1

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

32 40
1 Agree
32 40
2 Strongly agree

8 10
3 Disagree
2 2.5
4 Strongly Disagree
6 7.5
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-1

Report
5%
10%
33.70% 23.70%

27.50%

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 40% students agreed and 40% strongly agree with our given statement, but the
10% students disagreed,2.5% strongly disagree and 7% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram respondents agreed that depression is main
cause of drug abusing.

57
Question NO:2 Chars is most used in our society.
Table NO-2

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

23 28.75
1 Agree
22 27.5
2 Strongly agree

12 15
3 Disagree
3 3.75
4 Strongly Disagree
20 25
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-2

Report

25% 28.70%
3.50%
15%
27.50%

agree strongly disagree disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 28.7% students agreed and 27.5% strongly agreed with our given statement, but
the 15% students disagreed, 3.7% strongly disagreed and 25% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram respondents agreed that chars is most used
drug in our society.

58
Question NO-3 You think that Drug abuse is right in our society.
Table NO-3

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

9 11.25
1 Agree
17 21.25
2 Strongly agree

9 11.25
3 Disagree
40 50
4 Strongly Disagree
5 6.25
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-3

Report
6.20% 11.20%

21.20%

50%
11.20%

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 11.2% students agreed and 21.2% strongly agreed with our given statement, but
the 11.2% students disagreed, 50% strongly disagreed and 6.5% have no idea with this
statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram respondents agreed that chars is most used
drug in our society

59
Question NO:4 All illegal Drugs are equal harmful to human health.
Table NO-4

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

16 20
1 Agree
44 55
2 Strongly agree

10 12.5
3 Disagree
2 2.5
4 Strongly Disagree
8 10
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-4

Report
2.50%
10% 20%
12.50%

55%

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 20% students agreed and 55% strongly agreed with our given statement, but the
12.5% students disagreed, 2.5% strongly disagreed and 10% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram respondents agreed that all drugs are equal
harmful to human health.

60
Question NO:5 Our Society is too tolerant towards Drugs users.
Table NO-5

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

36 45
1 Agree
18 22.5
2 Strongly agree

9 11.25
3 Disagree
3 3.75
4 Strongly Disagree
14 17.5
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-5

Report

3.70% 17.50%
45%
11.25%

22.50%

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 45% students agreed and 22.5% strongly agreed with our given statement, but
the 11.2% students disagreed, 3.7% strongly disagreed and 17% have no idea with this
statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram respondents agreed that our society is too
tolerant.

61
Question NO:6 I See drug addicts more as criminals than victims.
Table NO-6

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

16 20
1 Agree
21 26.25
2 Strongly agree

11 13.75
3 Disagree
12 15
4 Strongly Disagree
20 25
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-6

25 20

15 26.25

13.75

Agree Strongly agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Don’t Know

Interpretation:
There are 26% strongly agreed that they drug addicts as criminal more than victims, but the
13% are disagreed with this statement and 25% have no idea about that.

Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram I agreed that the respondent saw the
drug addicts as criminal more than victims.

62
Question NO: Drug addiction is fair chance to get alone in society.
Table NO-7

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

37 43.75
1 Agree
27 33.75
2 Strongly agree

6 7.5
3 Disagree
3 3.75
4 Strongly Disagree
9 11.25
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-7

Report

3.75
11.25

7.5 43.75

33.75

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree Don’t Know

Interpretation:
There are 44% students are agree with drugs addicts is a fair chance to get alone in society ,
but also 7% disagree with this statement and 11% have no idea for this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram we agreed that drug addiction is fair chance
to get alone.

63
Question NO:8 The availability of drug poses a great threat to young people now a days.
Table NO-8

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

27 33.75
1 Agree
31 38.75
2 Strongly agree
4 5
3 Disagree
3 3.75
4 Strongly Disagree
15 18.75
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-8

Reprt

18.75
3.75
33.75
5

38.75

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree Don’t Know

Interpretation:
There are 33% students agreed that availability of illegal drugs poses a great threat to
young people , but the 5% students disagreed with this statement and 19% have no idea with
this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie chart we agree that the availability of illegal drug
poses a great threat to young people.

64
Question NO:9 Drugs are easily available to teen agers in our community.
Table NO-9

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

27 33.75
1 Agree
35 43.75
2 Strongly agree

8 10
3 Disagree
2 2.5
4 Strongly Disagree
8 10
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-9

report

2.5
10

10 33.75

43.75

agree strongly agree disagree stromgly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 34% students agreed that drugs are easily available for young people, but the
10% students disagreed with this statement and 10% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie chart we agree that drugs are easily available to young
people.

65
Question NO:10 People use drugs to escape from worries or troubles.
Table NO-10

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

24 30
1 Agree
28 35
2 Strongly agree

11 13.75
3 Disagree
4 5
4 Strongly Disagree
13 16.25
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-10

REPORT

16.25
30
5

13.75

35

Agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 30% students agreed that people uses drugs ass to escape from the worries , but
the 14% students disagreed with this statement and 16% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie chart we agree people uses drugs due to his worries.

66
Question NO:11 Drugs seem Necessary to have good time and fit it .
Table NO-11

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

10 12.5
1 Agree
9 11.25
2 Strongly agree

15 18.25
3 Disagree
22 27.7
4 Strongly Disagree
24 30
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-11

Report

12.5
30
11.25

18.25

27.7

agree strongly agree disgree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 12% students agreed that drugs seem necessary to have good time and fit , but
the 18% students disagreed with this statement and 30% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie chart we agreed that it is perception that drugs are
necessary to have good health and active.

67
Question NO:12 Parents and teachers guidance can solve the drug abuse problem in society.
Table NO-12

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

24 30
1 Agree
30 37.5
2 Strongly agree

8 10
3 Disagree
7 8.75
4 Strongly Disagree
11 13.75
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-12

Report

13.75%
30%
8.75%

10%

37.50%

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 30% students agreed that parents and teacher can important role in this society ,
but the 10% students disagreed with this statement and 14% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie chart we agreed that parents and teachers can solve
drugs abuse issue.

68
Question NO:13 Organization for prevention of drugs are very effective in our society.
Table NO-13

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

25 31.25
1 Agree
10 12.5
2 Strongly agree

22 27.25
3 Disagree
15 18.75
4 Strongly Disagree
8 10
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-13

Report

10%

31.25%
18.75%

12.50%
27.50%

agree STRONGLY AGREE disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 31% students agreed with our given statement, but the 27% students disagreed
with this statement and 10% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram we agree that organization for prevention of
drugs are effective in our society.

69
Question NO:14 Drugs should be legalized.
Table NO-14

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

4 5
1 Agree
2 2.5
2 Strongly agree

18 22.5
3 Disagree
46 57.5
4 Strongly Disagree
10 12.5
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-14

Report

agree stronly agree disagree strongly disagree DON’T KNOW

Interpretation:
There are 5% students agreed with our given statement, but the 83% students disagreed
with this statement and 12% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram respondents are not agree that drugs should
be legalized.

70
Question NO:15 Use of drugs make home life happy.
Table NO-15

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

5 6.25
1 Agree
4 5
2 Strongly agree

17 21.25
3 Disagree
53 66.25
4 Strongly Disagree
1 1.25
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-15

Report
6.25%
1.20%
5%

21.20%

66%

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 5% students agreed with our given statement, but the 83% students disagreed
with this statement and 12% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram we do not agree that use of drug make home
life happy.

71
Question NO:16 After having drugs abuse people commit crimes.
Table NO-16

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

24 30
1 Agree
30 37.5
2 Strongly agree

4 5
3 Disagree
13 16.25
4 Strongly Disagree
9 11.25
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-16

Report
11.20%

30%
16.20%

5%
37%

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 5% students agreed with our given statement, but the 83% students disagreed
with this statement and 12% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram respondents that after having drugs abuse
mostly people commit crimes.

72
Question NO:17 Usually friends introduce drugs in our society.
Table NO-17

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

46 57.5
1 Agree
20 25
Strongly agree
2 2.5
3 Disagree
2 2.5
4 Strongly Disagree
10 12.5
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-17

Report
12.50%
2.50%
2.50%

25% 57.50%

agree strongly agree disagree STRONGLY disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 57% students agreed with our given statement, but the 2% students disagreed
with this statement and 12% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram respondents agreed that usually friends
introduce drugs.

73
Question NO:18 Drugs addicted feels bad or guilty about drug use.
Table NO-18

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

29 36.25
1 Agree
14 17.5
2 Strongly agree

5 6.25
3 Disagree
5 6.25
4 Strongly Disagree
27 33.75
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-18

Report
33.70%
36.20%
6.50% 17.50%

6.55

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 36% students agreed with our given statement, but the 6% students disagreed
with this statement and 34% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram respondents agreed that drugs addicted feels
bad or guilty about the drugs use.

74
Question NO:18 Use of drugs decrease the social problems of life.
Table NO-18

S:NO Items Responses % of Responses

8 10
1 Agree
19 23.7
2 Strongly agree

22 27.5
3 Disagree
27 33.7
4 Strongly Disagree
4 5
5 Don’t know
TOTAL 80 100

Graph NO-18

Report

5% 10%
33.70% 23.70%

27.50%

agree strongly agree disagree strongly disagree don’t know

Interpretation:
There are 33% students agreed with our given statement, but the 60% students disagreed
with this statement and 5% have no idea with this statement.
Result:
According to the above schedule and pie diagram respondents agreed that uses of drugs
increase the social problems of life.

75
Chapter 5
Summary, discussion, recommendation and conclusion

76
5.1 Summary:

Drug addiction can cause the serious, long term consequences, including problems with physi-
cal and mental health, relationship employment, and the laws. During addiction has been and
still in a topical issue around the world. There are different reasons why people get addicted
and various levels to which people become depend on drugs. Some people start taking them
because of pure curiosity, others so as to improve their athletic performance or reduce stress
get rid of depression. It doesn’t matter why people start, the main thing here is to get help at
the right time and not to ruin their life and health.

Drug abusing is increasing with very serious

ratio in many nations. Although drugs threaten many societies, Their effect can also combated
successfully. The researchers looks at some of the problems caused by drugs use on society,
and suggests some solitions to he problems. Drug abuse cause multiple problems for countries
and communities. The medical effects are very obvious. Addicts abuse their bodies and neglect
their health and so eventually require expensive treatment or hospitalization. The second
effects are crime. People who take drugs become crazy and irrational and often cause harm a
danger to themselves and others. However the menace of drugs can be fought. Education is
main way to tackle this issue. People need to be aware of the effects so that they can avoid this
problem. The government could also start different programs to educate their citizens. A
second approach is to increase police manpower and power to stop dealers and to enforce the
law.

The researcher finds that there are multiples reasons to start drugs. Some of people
starts having drugs to overcome their depression level. Some of people starts drugs when they
fail any exam of their life .by that way they seem that drug is the thing which can overcome
their pain but it actually more dangerous than their pain. Some people starts drugs only for
fashion but gradually they become addicts.

5.2 Discussion:

1. Most of the students agree that depression is main causes behind drug addiction, but most
of student are agree and students have no opinion.
2. Most of the student agree that alcohol abuse causes more problem in society than drug
abuse, most of the students disagree with statement and some students have no option.

77
3. Most of the students are satisfied from drug abuse is right in our society , but most of the
students are disagree and some students have no opinion.
4. most of students are satisfied from drugs from all illegal drugs are equally to human health,
but most of the students are disagree and some students have no such opinion about this
statement.
5. most of the students are agree that I would see during drug addict more criminal than victims
, but some of the students are doisagree with this statement and some of the students have no
opinion.
6. most of the students are agree that drugs addicts are given a fair chance to get alone in
society but most of the students are disagree with this statement and some the students have
no opinion.
7. Most of the students are satisfied from the availability of illegal drug poses great threat to
young people now days but most of the students disagree and some of the students have no
opinion.
8. Most of the students are agree that drug is easily available to teen agers in our community,
but most of the students are disagree with this statement and some of the students have no
opinion.
9. Most of the students are agree that people use drugs to escape from worries or trouble, but
most of the students are disagree with this statement and some of students have no opinion.
10. Most of the students are satisfied from seems necessary to have a good time and fit in , but
some of the students are disagree with this statement and some of the students have no
opinion.
11. Most of the students are agree that parents and teacher guidance can solve the drug abuse
problem in our society , but most of the students are disagree and some of the students have
no opinion.
12. Most of the students are agree organization for prevention of the drug are very effective in
Pakistan , but most of the students are disagree with this statement and some of the students
have no opinion.
13. Most of the students are agree that drug should be legalized, but most of the students are
disagree with this statement and some of the students have no opinion.
14. Most of the students are agree that the use of the drugs make home life happy, but most of
the students are disagree with this statement and some of the students have no opinion
15. Most of the students are agree after indulging in drug abuse problem, but most of the
students are disagree with this statement and some of the students have no opinion.

78
16. Most of the students are agree that use of drugs to escape from worries or troubles, but
most of the students are disagree with this statement and some of the students have no
opinion.
17. Most of the students are agree that usually friends introduced drugs to others friends , but
most of the students are disagree with this statement and some of the students have no
opinion.
19. Most of the students are agree that drugs addicted feels bad or guilty about the use of
drugs , but most of the students are disagree with this statement and some of the students
have no opinion.
20. Most of the students are agree that the use of drugs decreases the problems of life , but
most of the students are disagree with this statement and some of the students have no
opinion.

5.3 Recommendation:

1. Educational institution should have to teach about drugs and it causes that affect a
person life .
2. Three should be awareness programs about that how drug addiction is dangerous for
our health.
3. Parents should give time to their children and have friendly relationship with them .
4. Parents should take interest in their children’s daily activities, letting them feel them
feel that they are concerned about their interest , while on the other hand parents can
keep a constant watch on their behavior.
5. Parents should not give too much extra money to their children.
6. Government should take a step for the removal of drugs.
7. There should be compulsory drugs education in every educational institution .
8. There should be awareness program through media.
9. The press can invite or discourage drug taking by young treating them as a responsible
citizens of the future.
10. Sociologist should be employed in the rehabilitation clinical, and work together with the
psychologist.
11. The smuggling protection programs should be strict and vigilant watches should be kept
at all entry and exist point of the country.
12. The media should give relevant information and explain drug problem real root, then to
present one sided picture , irrelevant just for the sake of selling products in the market.
13. Education on religion should be given by the parents only.
14. Families should focus on drug abuse prevention program.
15. A community based program for the prevention of the drug usage should be developed
on order to rid communities of drugs abuse and crime related activities we must put
drugs dealers out of business.

79
16. The law enforcement should be able to locate where the drugs are being brought in
they find out the roots its coming from and destroy it there only.

Conclusion
The topic of research is the study of drugs abuse in society, its reason and impact on
society. After a long period of research researcher gets the result that there is gradually
increasing of drug abuse. There is lot of reasons behind this. There is lack of security to
prevention this use of drugs. What researcher gets that there is main three groups in the
society who abuse drugs mostly. As per researcher mostly teenagers use drugs either they
are students either they are not. Second they use drugs who are working professionally.
Third they use who are homeless or illness. May be researcher could be wrong but he finds
this. Drug abusing is increasing day by day, no matters what they have ages.
The most important point, which researcher notes that money is not most important for
drugs abuse. For this statement researcher says that people gets arrangement of drugs even
if they are poor. But its may be poor people abuse of drugs at not that level as rich people
do. Its main reason is easy availability of drugs.
There are many reasons to abuse drugs. Some of them researcher notes down that stress,
for enjoyment, to increase their sex power, to experiment, to stop feeling bored, to become
confident and solve their problems of daily life. Most of them use drugs due to break up in
relationship. When their relationships breaks up then they start to use drugs. After survey
researcher can say with fully confidence then mostly people use drugs due to stress issue.
They think this is the only reason in the world to remove stress form their life. The elite
class uses drugs to stress and some of them use drugs for enjoyment. Gathering is the
important part of our lives. So if there is drug abusing in any bodies gathering, there is 90
percent chance that all members of that group use drugs. That’s why we should avoid all
the gatherings like that. Some of respondents said that they stared drug abuse due to
friends. Their friends had introduced them first time.
There are lots of impacts of drug abuse in society. It effects on our brain. The way brain
works we have mentioned in our 2nd chapter which clearly shows that drug effects drug
user’s brain and digestive system. It effects user’s health. Researcher has mentioned in 2 nd
chapter many others effects of drug abusing.

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