0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views128 pages

Laplace Transform

Engineering mathematics 2

Uploaded by

DAVID MOKEPWESI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views128 pages

Laplace Transform

Engineering mathematics 2

Uploaded by

DAVID MOKEPWESI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 128

ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS II
LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Mohsen Aghaeiboorkheili
Department of Mathematics & Computer Science
The Papua New Guinea University of Technology

September 02, 2024


Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Definition 1 (Laplace Transform)


Laplace transform for the function f (t) will be denoted by L {f (t)}
and also defined by
Z ∞
L {f (t)} = e−st f (t)dt. (1)
0

The integral is respect to t so the answer will be a function based


on the variable s. That is why we can call the Laplace transform as

L {f (t)} = F (s).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 2/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Definition 1 (Laplace Transform)


Laplace transform for the function f (t) will be denoted by L {f (t)}
and also defined by
Z ∞
L {f (t)} = e−st f (t)dt. (1)
0

The integral is respect to t so the answer will be a function based


on the variable s. That is why we can call the Laplace transform as

L {f (t)} = F (s).

Example 1
Suppose that a is a real number. Find Laplace transform for f (t) =
eat provided s > a.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 2/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Solution
R∞ R∞
L {f (t)} = 0
e−st f (t)dt = 0
e−st eat dt
R∞ 1  (a−s)t t=∞
= 0
e(a−s)t dt = e t=0
a−s
1 h    i
= lim e(a−s)t − lim e(a−s)t
a−s t→∞ t→0

1 1 1
= (0 − 1) = − =
a−s a−s s−a
It means the Laplace transform for f (t) = eat can be denoted as F (s) =
1
. 
s−a

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 3/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Solution
R∞ R∞
L {f (t)} = 0
e−st f (t)dt = 0
e−st eat dt
R∞ 1  (a−s)t t=∞
= 0
e(a−s)t dt = e t=0
a−s
1 h    i
= lim e(a−s)t − lim e(a−s)t
a−s t→∞ t→0

1 1 1
= (0 − 1) = − =
a−s a−s s−a
It means the Laplace transform for f (t) = eat can be denoted as F (s) =
1
. 
s−a
If it is mentioned to use definition of Laplace transform to find Laplace
transform of a function then you should use Definition 1 otherwise we
rarely find the Laplace transform of a function using integration. Instead
we can use the following table.
Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 3/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

f (t) L {f (t)} f (t) L {f (t)} f (t) L {f (t)}

1 n! s−a
1 tn eat cos(bt)
s sn+1 (s − a)2 + b2

1 n! a
eat tn eat sinh(at)
s−a (s − a)n+1 s 2 − a2

a−b a s
eat − ebt sin(at) cosh(at)
(s − a)(s − b) s 2 + a2 s 2 − a2

s 2as
cos(at) t sin(at) δ(t − a) e−as
s2 + a2 (s2 + a2 )2

s2 − a2 b
t cos(at) eat sin(bt)
(s2 + a2 )2 (s − a)2 + b2

Table 1: Laplace Transforms of Selected Functions

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 4/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Example 2
Use Table 1 to find the Laplace transform for f (t) = sin(3t).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 5/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Example 2
Use Table 1 to find the Laplace transform for f (t) = sin(3t).

Solution
3
Using Table 1, L {sin(3t)} = .
s2 +9

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 5/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Example 2
Use Table 1 to find the Laplace transform for f (t) = sin(3t).

Solution
3
Using Table 1, L {sin(3t)} = .
s2 +9

Example 3
Use Table 1 to find the Laplace transform for f (t) = e2t cos(5t).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 5/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Example 2
Use Table 1 to find the Laplace transform for f (t) = sin(3t).

Solution
3
Using Table 1, L {sin(3t)} = .
s2 +9

Example 3
Use Table 1 to find the Laplace transform for f (t) = e2t cos(5t).

Solution
s−2
Using Table 1, L {e2t cos(5t)} = .
(s − 2)2 + 25
Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 5/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Remark 1 (Linearity of Laplace transform)


The Laplace transform is linear, i. e.,

L {af (t) + bg(t)} = aL {f (t)} + bL {g(t)},

for any a and b in R.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 6/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Remark 1 (Linearity of Laplace transform)


The Laplace transform is linear, i. e.,

L {af (t) + bg(t)} = aL {f (t)} + bL {g(t)},

for any a and b in R.

Example 4
Use Table 1 to find the Laplace transform for f (t) = 14t − sin(7t).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 6/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Remark 1 (Linearity of Laplace transform)


The Laplace transform is linear, i. e.,

L {af (t) + bg(t)} = aL {f (t)} + bL {g(t)},

for any a and b in R.

Example 4
Use Table 1 to find the Laplace transform for f (t) = 14t − sin(7t).

Solution
L {14t − sin(7t)} = L {14t} + L {− sin(7t)}

= 14L {t} − L {sin(7t)}

14 7
= − .
s2 s2 + 49
Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 6/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Example 5
Use Table 1 to find the Laplace transform for f (t) = −5t2 e−4t + sin(3t).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 7/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Example 5
Use Table 1 to find the Laplace transform for f (t) = −5t2 e−4t + sin(3t).

Solution
L {−5t2 e−4t + sin(3t)} = L {−5t2 e−4t } + L {sin(3t)}

= −5L {t2 e−4t } + L {sin(3t)}


10 3
= − + .
(s + 4)3 s2 + 9

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 7/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Example 5
Use Table 1 to find the Laplace transform for f (t) = −5t2 e−4t + sin(3t).

Solution
L {−5t2 e−4t + sin(3t)} = L {−5t2 e−4t } + L {sin(3t)}

= −5L {t2 e−4t } + L {sin(3t)}


10 3
= − + .
(s + 4)3 s2 + 9

Definition 2 (Inverse Laplace Transform)


The reverse process of computing Laplace transform of f (t) is called in-
verse Laplace transform and will be denoted by L −1 {F (s)}.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 7/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

F (s) L −1 {F (s)} F (S) L −1 {F (s)} F (S) L −1 {F (s)}

1 n! s 2 − a2
1 tn t cos(at)
s sn+1 (s2 + a2 )2

1 n! b
eat tn eat eat sin(bt)
s−a (s − a)n+1 (s − a)2 + b2

a−b a s−a
eat − ebt sin(at) eat cos(bt)
(s − a)(s − b) s 2 + a2 (s − a)2 + b2

s 2as a
cos(at) t sin(at) sinh(at)
s2 + a2 (s2 + a2 )2 s 2 − a2

s
cosh(at) e−as δ(t − a)
s2 − a2

Table 2: Laplace Inverse Transforms of Selected Functions


Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 8/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Remark 2 (Linearity of inverse Laplace transform)


The inverse Laplace transform is linear, i. e.,

L −1 {aF (s) + bG(s)} = aL −1 {F (s)} + bL −1 {G(s)},

for any a and b in R.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 9/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Remark 2 (Linearity of inverse Laplace transform)


The inverse Laplace transform is linear, i. e.,

L −1 {aF (s) + bG(s)} = aL −1 {F (s)} + bL −1 {G(s)},

for any a and b in R.

Example 6
Use Table 2 to find inverse Laplace transform for the following functions:
7
1 s2 −9
,
s
2 s2 +64
,
5 4s
3 s2 +12
− s2 +8
,
1
4 s+42
,
−5s
5 (s2 +1)2
.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 9/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Solution
7 7 3
1 Since s2 −9
= 3 s2 −32
, so

L −1 { s27−9 } = L −1 { 73 3
s2 −32
}

= 7
3
L −1 { s2 −3
3
2}

7
= 3
sinh(3t).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 10/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Solution
7 7 3
1 Since s2 −9
= 3 s2 −32
, so

L −1 { s27−9 } = L −1 { 73 3
s2 −32
}

= 7
3
L −1 { s2 −3
3
2}

7
= 3
sinh(3t).

2 L −1 { s2 +64
s
} = L −1 { s2 +8
s
2 } = cos(8t).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 10/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Solution
7 7 3
1 Since s2 −9
= 3 s2 −32
, so

L −1 { s27−9 } = L −1 { 73 3
s2 −32
}

= 7
3
L −1 { s2 −3
3
2}

7
= 3
sinh(3t).

2 L −1 { s2 +64
s
} = L −1 { s2 +8
s
2 } = cos(8t).

5 4s √5 12 s
3 Since s2 +12
− s2 +8
= √ −4 √ 2, so
12 s2 + 122 s2 + 8


L −1 { s2 +12
5
− 4s
s2 +8
} = L −1 { √5 √
12
−4 s
√ 2}
12 s2 + 122 s2 + 8

= √5 L −1 { 12
√ 2} − 4L −1 { s
√ 2}
12 s2 + 12 s2 + 8
√ √
= √5 sin( 12t) − 4 cos( 8t).
12

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 10/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Solution ( cont.)
4 L −1 { s+42
1 } = L −1 { 1
s−(−42)
} = e−42t .

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 11/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Solution ( cont.)
4 L −1 { s+42
1 } = L −1 { 1
s−(−42)
} = e−42t .
−5s
5 Since = −5 2s , so
(s2 +1)2 2 (s2 +12 )2

−5s
L −1 { } = L −1 {− 5 2s }
(s2 +1)2 2 (s2 +12 )2

= 5 L −1 {
−2 2s }
(s2 +12 )2

= 5 t sin(t).
−2

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 11/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Solution ( cont.)
4 L −1 { s+42
1 } = L −1 { 1
s−(−42)
} = e−42t .
−5s
5 Since = −5 2s , so
(s2 +1)2 2 (s2 +12 )2

−5s
L −1 { } = L −1 {− 5 2s }
(s2 +1)2 2 (s2 +12 )2

= 5 L −1 {
−2 2s }
(s2 +12 )2

= 5 t sin(t).
−2

Theorem 1.1 (Transform of a Higher Derivative)


Let f, f 0 , f (n−1) be continuous for t > 0, and suppose f (n) is piece-wise continuous on [0, k] for every k > 0.
Suppose also that
−sk (j)
lim e f (k) = 0
k=⇒∞

for s > 0 and j = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1. Then

(n) n n−1 n−2 0 (n−2) (n−1)


L {f (t)} = s L {f (t)} − s f (0) − s f (0) − · · · − sf (0) − f (0). (2)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 11/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Remark 3 (Transform of a Higher Derivative for n = 1 and n = 2)


Theorem 1.1, briefly state that

L {y 0 } = sL {y} − y(0) (3)


00 0
L {y } = s L {y} − sy(0) − y (0)
2
(4)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 12/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Remark 3 (Transform of a Higher Derivative for n = 1 and n = 2)


Theorem 1.1, briefly state that

L {y 0 } = sL {y} − y(0) (3)


00 0
L {y } = s L {y} − sy(0) − y (0)
2
(4)

Example 7
Solve the following IVP using Laplace transform

y 0 − 4y = 1 with y(0) = 1.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 12/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Remark 3 (Transform of a Higher Derivative for n = 1 and n = 2)


Theorem 1.1, briefly state that

L {y 0 } = sL {y} − y(0) (3)


00 0
L {y } = s L {y} − sy(0) − y (0)
2
(4)

Example 7
Solve the following IVP using Laplace transform

y 0 − 4y = 1 with y(0) = 1.

Solution
Applying Laplace transform for the both sides of differential equa-
tions gives:
Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 12/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Solution ( cont.)
L {y 0 − 4y} = L {1} =⇒

L {y 0 } − 4L {y} = 1
s
=⇒
1
sL {y} − y(0) − 4L {y} = s
=⇒
1
sL {y} − 1 − 4L {y} = s
=⇒

L {y} (s − 4) = 1
s
+1 =⇒

L {y} (s − 4) = s+1
s
=⇒

L {y} = s+1
s(s−4)

Now taking inverse Laplace transform of the last equation, i. e., L {y} = s+1
s(s−4)
, gives

L −1 {L {y}} = L −1 { s(s−4)
s+1
} =⇒

y = L −1 { s(s−4)
s+1
}.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 13/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Solution ( cont.)
Using partial fraction decomposition,

s+1 A B A(s−4)+Bs
s(s−4)
= s
+ s−4
= s(s−4)

(A+B)s−4A
= s(s−4)

So s + 1 = (A + B)s − 4A that yields A = − 14 and B = 5


4
. Hence

s+1 11 5 1
=− + ,
s(s − 4) 4s 4s−4

then
y(t) = L −1 { s(s−4)
s+1
} = L −1 {− 14 1
s
+ 5 1
4 s−4
}

= − 41 L −1 { 1s } + 54 L −1 { s−4
1
} = − 41 + 54 e4t

So the final answer is y(t) = − 41 + 54 e4t .

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 14/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Example 8
Find the solution of y 00 + 4y 0 + 3y = et with y(0) = 0 and y 0 (0) = 2.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 15/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Example 8
Find the solution of y 00 + 4y 0 + 3y = et with y(0) = 0 and y 0 (0) = 2.

Solution
Applying Laplace transform for the both sides of differential equations gives:

L {y 00 + 4y 0 + 3y} = L {et } =⇒

L {y 00 } + 4L {y 0 } + 3L {y} = 1
s−1
=⇒

s2 L {y} − sy(0) − y 0 (0) + 4sL {y} − 4y(0) + 3L {y} = 1


s−1
=⇒

s2 L {y} − 2 + 4sL {y} + 3L {y} = 1


s−1
=⇒

1
(s2 + 4s + 3)L {y} = s−1
+2 =⇒

2s−1
(s + 1)(s + 3)L {y} = s−1
=⇒

L {y} = 2s−1
(s−1)(s+1)(s+3)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 15/67
Laplace transform Definition and Notation

Solution ( cont.)
Now taking inverse Laplace transform of the last equation, i. e., L {y} =
2s−1
(s−1)(s+1)(s+3)
, gives

L −1 {L {y}} = L −1 { (s−1)(s+1)(s+3)
2s−1
} =⇒

y = L −1 { (s−1)(s+1)(s+3)
2s−1
}.

Using partial fraction decomposition,

2s−1 A B C
(s−1)(s+1)(s+3)
= s−1
+ s+1
+ s+3

A(s+1)(s+3)+B(s−1)(s+3)+C(s−1)(s+1)
= (s−1)(s+1)(s+3)

(A+B+C)s2 +(4A+2B)s+3A−3B−C
= (s−1)(s+1)(s+3)

1 3
So 2s − 1 = (A + B + C)s2 + (4A + 2B)s + 3A − 3B − C that yields A = 8
,B = 4
and C = − 87 . Hence

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 16/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Solution ( cont.)
2s − 1 1 1 3 1 7 1
= + −
(s − 1)(s + 1)(s + 3) 8s−1 4s+1 8s+3
then

y(t) = L −1 { (s−1)(s+1)(s+3)
2s−1
} = L −1 { 18 1
s−1
+ 3 1
4 s+1
− 7 1
8 s+3
}

= 1
8
L −1 { s−1
1
} + 34 L −1 { s+1
1
} − 78 L −1 { s+3
1
}

1 t
= 8
e + 43 e−t − 78 e−3t

1 t
So the final answer is y(t) = 8
e + 34 e−t − 78 e−3t .

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 17/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Solution ( cont.)
2s − 1 1 1 3 1 7 1
= + −
(s − 1)(s + 1)(s + 3) 8s−1 4s+1 8s+3
then

y(t) = L −1 { (s−1)(s+1)(s+3)
2s−1
} = L −1 { 18 1
s−1
+ 3 1
4 s+1
− 7 1
8 s+3
}

= 1
8
L −1 { s−1
1
} + 34 L −1 { s+1
1
} − 78 L −1 { s+3
1
}

1 t
= 8
e + 43 e−t − 78 e−3t

1 t
So the final answer is y(t) = 8
e + 34 e−t − 78 e−3t .

Theorem 1.2 (The First Shifting Theorem)


Suppose that L {f (t)} = F (s) then for any number like a,

L {eat f (t)} = F (s − a).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 17/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Example 9
Find the Laplace transform of eat cos(bt).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 18/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Example 9
Find the Laplace transform of eat cos(bt).

Solution
Since L {cos(bt)} = s
s2 +b2
= F (s) then

s−a
L {eat cos(bt)} = F (s − a) = .
(s − a)2 + b2

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 18/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Example 9
Find the Laplace transform of eat cos(bt).

Solution
Since L {cos(bt)} = s
s2 +b2
= F (s) then

s−a
L {eat cos(bt)} = F (s − a) = .
(s − a)2 + b2

Example 10
Find the Laplace transform of t3 e7t .

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 18/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Example 9
Find the Laplace transform of eat cos(bt).

Solution
Since L {cos(bt)} = s
s2 +b2
= F (s) then

s−a
L {eat cos(bt)} = F (s − a) = .
(s − a)2 + b2

Example 10
Find the Laplace transform of t3 e7t .

Solution
Since L {t3 } = 6
s4
= F (s) then

6
L {e7t t3 } = F (s − 7) = .
(s − 7)4

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 18/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Theorem 1.3 (The First Shifting Theorem For Inverse Laplace Transform)
For any number like a, L −1 {F (s − a)} = eat L −1 {F (s)} or

−1 at −1
L {F (s)} = e L {F (s + a)}.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 19/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Theorem 1.3 (The First Shifting Theorem For Inverse Laplace Transform)
For any number like a, L −1 {F (s − a)} = eat L −1 {F (s)} or

−1 at −1
L {F (s)} = e L {F (s + a)}.

Example 11
Find the Laplace inverse transform for 4 .
s2 +4s+20

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 19/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Theorem 1.3 (The First Shifting Theorem For Inverse Laplace Transform)
For any number like a, L −1 {F (s − a)} = eat L −1 {F (s)} or

−1 at −1
L {F (s)} = e L {F (s + a)}.

Example 11
Find the Laplace inverse transform for 4 .
s2 +4s+20

Solution
Since
4 4
= = F (s + 2)
s2 + 4s + 20 (s + 2)2 + 16

then F (s) = 4 . So
s2 +16

L −1 {F (s + 2)} = L −1 { 4 } = e−2t L −1 {F (s)}


(s+2)2 +16

= e−2t L −1 { 2 4 }
s +16

= e−2t sin(4t).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 19/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Example 12
3s−1
Find the inverse Laplace transform for s2 −6s+2 .

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 20/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Example 12
3s−1
Find the inverse Laplace transform for s2 −6s+2 .

Solution
3s−1 3(s−3)+8
s2 −6s+2 = (s−3)2 −7

3(s−3) 8
= (s−3)2 −7 + (s−3)2 −7 .

So
3(s−3)
L −1 { s23s−1
−6s+2 } = L −1 { (s−3) 2 −7 } + L −1 { (s−3)
8
2 −7 }


(s−3)
= 3L −1 { √ 2} + √8 L −1 { 7√
2}
(s−3)2 − 7 7 (s−3)2 − 7

= 3L −1 {F (s − 3)} + √8 L −1 {G(s − 3)}


7

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 20/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside

Solution ( cont.)
But we know that
L −1 {F (s − 3)} = e3t L −1 {F (s)}

L −1 {G(s − 3)} = e3t L −1 {G(s)}


where
s
F (s) = √ 2
s2 − 7

7
G(s) = √ 2
s2 − 7

So

L −1 {F (s − 3)} = e3t L −1 {F (s)} = e3t L −1 { s
√ 2} = e3t cosh( 7t)
s2 − 7
√ √
L −1 {G(s − 3)} = e3t L −1 {G(s)} = e3t L −1 { 7
√ 2} = e3t sinh( 7t)
s2 − 7

L −1 { s23s−1
−6s+2
} = 3L −1 {F (s − 3)} + √8 L −1 {G(s − 3)}
7
√ √
= 3e3t cosh( 7t) + √8 e3t sinh( 7t).
7

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 21/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Definition 3 (The Heaviside Function)


The following function 
0 for t<0
H(t) =
1 for t≥0

is called Heaviside function H or sometimes unit step function.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 22/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Definition 3 (The Heaviside Function)


The following function 
0 for t<0
H(t) =
1 for t≥0

is called Heaviside function H or sometimes unit step function.

Remark 4 (Some properties of Heaviside function H)



0 for t<a
1 H(t − a) =
1 t≥a
for

 0 for t<a



2 H(t − a) − H(t − b) = 1 for a≤t<b (Pulse for a < b)



t≥b

0 for

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 22/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Remark 5
Generally for 0 < a1 < a2 < · · · < an , every function in the form of

f (t)
0 for 0 ≤ t < a1
a1 ≤ t < a2

f (t)

 1 for
a2 ≤ t < a3

f2 (t)

 for

. . .

f (t) = . . .


 . . .
fn−2 (t)

 for an−2 ≤ t < an−1
an−1 ≤ t < an

fn−1 (t)

 for
fn (t) for an ≤t

can be represented by

   
f (t) = f0 (t) H(t − 0) − H(t − a1 ) + f1 (t) H(t − a1 ) − H(t − a2 )

   
+ f2 (t) H(t − a2 ) − H(t − a3 ) + · · · + fn−2 (t) H(t − an−2 ) − H(t − an−1 )

 
+ fn−1 (t) H(t − an−1 ) − H(t − an ) + fn (t)H(t − an ).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 23/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Theorem 1.4 (Second Shifting Theorem)

L {H(t − a)f (t − a)} = e−as L {f (t)}

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 24/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Theorem 1.4 (Second Shifting Theorem)

L {H(t − a)f (t − a)} = e−as L {f (t)}

Example 13
Use Theorem 1.4 to find Laplace transform for H(t − a).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 24/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Theorem 1.4 (Second Shifting Theorem)

L {H(t − a)f (t − a)} = e−as L {f (t)}

Example 13
Use Theorem 1.4 to find Laplace transform for H(t − a).

Solution
Consider the function f (t) = 1, then obviously f (t − a) = 1. Plug in these into
Theorem 1.4 gives:
e−as
L {H(t − a)} = e−as L {1} = .
s

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 24/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Example 14
Compute L {g(t)} where

0 for t<2
g(t) = .
t2 + 1 for t≥2

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 25/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Example 14
Compute L {g(t)} where

0 for t<2
g(t) = .
t2 + 1 for t≥2

Solution
Using Remark 4, part 1 ,

0 for t<2
H(t − 2) =
1 for t≥2

if we multiply this by t2 + 1 then we will find exactly g(t), i. e., g(t) = (t2 + 1)H(t − 2)
or
g(t) = H(t − 2)(t2 + 1). (5)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 25/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Solution ( cont.)
So now we have
g(t) = H(t − 2)f (t − 2)
then using Theorem 1.4,

L {g(t)} = e−2s L {f (t)} (6)

If we compare Equation (5) with Theorem 1.4 then f (t − 2) = t2 + 1. To


find f (t) just change t with t + 2 means

f (t) = f (t + 2 − 2)

= (t + 2)2 + 1

= t2 + 4t + 5

or briefly f (t) = t2 + 4t + 5.
Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 26/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Solution ( cont.)
We just need to find L {f (t)} and then plug into Equation (6) to get L {g(t)}.

L {f (t)} = L {t2 + 4t + 5}

= L {t2 } + 4L {t} + 5L {1}

2 4 5
= + 2 +
s3 s s

Now putting back L {f (t)} into the Equation (6) gives


 
2 4 5
L {g(t)} = e−2s + 2 +
s3 s s

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 27/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Theorem 1.5 (Second Shifting Theorem For Inverse Laplace Transform)


Suppose that L −1 {F (s)} = f (t), then

L −1 {e−as F (s)} = H(t − a)f (t − a)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 28/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Theorem 1.5 (Second Shifting Theorem For Inverse Laplace Transform)


Suppose that L −1 {F (s)} = f (t), then

L −1 {e−as F (s)} = H(t − a)f (t − a)

Example 15
−3s
Compute L −1 { se
s2 +4
}.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 28/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Theorem 1.5 (Second Shifting Theorem For Inverse Laplace Transform)


Suppose that L −1 {F (s)} = f (t), then

L −1 {e−as F (s)} = H(t − a)f (t − a)

Example 15
−3s
Compute L −1 { se
s2 +4
}.

Solution
−3s
L −1 { se
s2 +4
} = L −1 {e−3s s2s+4 }

= H(t − 3)f (t − 3)

where f (t) = L −1 { s
s2 +4
} = cos(2t) so

se−3s
L −1 { } = H(t − 3) cos(2(t − 3)).
s2 + 4

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 28/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Example 16
Solve the IVP y 00 + 4y = g(t) such that y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0 and

0 for t<3
g(t) =
t for t≥3

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 29/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Example 16
Solve the IVP y 00 + 4y = g(t) such that y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0 and

0 for t<3
g(t) =
t for t≥3

Solution
Applying Laplace transform for the both sides of differential equations gives:

L {y 00 + 4y} = L {g(t)} =⇒

L {y 00 } + 4L {y} = L {g(t)} =⇒

s2 L {y} − sy(0) − y 0 (0) + 4L {y} = L {g(t)} =⇒

s2 L {y} + 4L {y} = L {g(t)} =⇒

(s2 + 4)L {y} = L {g(t)} =⇒

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 29/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Solution ( cont.)
L {g(t)}
L {y} = (7)
s2 + 4
Now let to find L {g(t)} and then plug it into the Equation (??). Using Remark 4, part
1 ,

0 for t<3
H(t − 3) =
1 for t≥3

if we multiply this by t then we will find exactly g(t), i. e., g(t) = tH(t − 3) or

g(t) = H(t − 3)t. (8)

Since g(t) should be in the form of H(t−3)f (t−3) to apply Theorem 1.4 so f (t−3) = t.
Changing t with t + 3 will gives f (t) = t + 3. Hence

L {g(t)} = L {H(t − 3)f (t − 3)} = e−3s L {f (t)}

= e−3s L {t + 3} = e−3s (L {t} + 3L {1})

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 30/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Solution ( cont.)
 
1 3
So L {g(t)} = e−3s + , then plug this into the Equation (7) gives
s2 s

1 3
!
e−3s +
L {g(t)} s2 s
L {y} = s(s+4)
= s2 +4

1 + 3s
= e−3s .
s2 (s2 + 4)

Taking inverse Laplace transform of the above equation leads to

1 + 3s
y(t) = L −1 {e−3s } (9)
s2 (s2 + 4)

Now applying Theorem 1.5 for the Equation (8) gives

y(t) = H(t − 3)h(t − 3) (10)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 31/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Solution ( cont.)
1 + 3s
where h(t) = L −1 { }, so let find h(t) and put it into the Equation (10) to
s2 (s2 + 4)
compute y(t). Using fraction decomposition for s21+3s
(s2 +4)
gives

1+3s A B Cs+D (A+C)s3 +(B+D)s2 +4As+4B


s2 (s2 +4)
= s
+ s2
+ s2 +4
= s2 (s2 +4)

3 1
that gives A = 4
,B = 4
,C = − 34 and D = − 14 . Hence

3 1 −3 s− 1
h(t) = L −1 { s21+3s
(s2 +4)
} = L −1 { s4 + 4
s2
+ 4
s2 +4
4
}

= 3
4
L −1 { 1s } + 41 L −1 { s12 } − 34 L −1 { s2s+4 } − 14 L −1 { s21+4 }

= 3
4
L −1 { 1s } + 41 L −1 { s12 } − 34 L −1 { s2 +2
s
2 } − 8L
1 −1 { 2
s2 +22
}

3
= 4
+ 41 t − 3
4
cos(2t) − 1
8
sin(2t)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 32/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Solution ( cont.)
3
Since h(t) = 4
+ 14 t − 3
4
cos(2t) − 1
8
sin(2t), then

3 t−3 3 1
h(t − 3) = 4
+ 4
− 4
cos(2(t − 3)) − 8
sin(2(t − 3))
t 3 1
= 4
− 4
cos(2(t − 3)) − 8
sin(2(t − 3))

put this into the Equation (10) gives


 
t 3 1
y(t) = H(t − 3) − cos(2(t − 3)) − sin(2(t − 3))
4 4 8

or finally

0 for t<3
y(t) = .
t − 3
cos(2(t − 3)) − 1
sin(2(t − 3)) for t≥3
4 4 8

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 33/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Example 17
Find the Laplace transform for the following function

 0 for t<2



g(t) = t − 1 for 2≤t<3.



−4 t≥3

for

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 34/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Example 17
Find the Laplace transform for the following function

 0 for t<2



g(t) = t − 1 for 2≤t<3.



−4 t≥3

for

Solution
Obviously we can re-arrange the function f (t) in the following form
  
0 for t<2 0 for t<2  0 for t<2

 
 

  
g(t) = t − 1 for 2≤t<3 = t−1 for 2 ≤ t < 3+ 0 for 2≤t<3

 
 

  
−4 t≥3 t≥3 −4 t≥3
  
for 0 for for

or f (t) = g1 (t) + g2 (t) where

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 34/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Solution ( cont.)
 
0 for t<2 0 for t<2

 

 
g1 (t) = t − 1 for 2≤t<3 and g2 (t) = 0 for 2≤t<3.

 

 
t≥3 −4 t≥3
 
0 for for

but using Remark 4(part 2 ), the function f1 (t) can be represented as


 0 for t<2



g1 (t) = (t − 1) 1 for 2 ≤ t < 3 = (t − 1) [H(t − 2) − H(t − 3)] . (11)



t≥3

0 for

Moreover, the function g2 (t) can be represented as

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 35/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Solution ( cont.)

0 for t<2  
0 for t<3 0 for t<3



g2 (t) = 0 for 2≤t<3 = = −4

 −4 for t≥3 1 for t≥3

−4 t≥3

for

but using Remark 4(part 1 ), the function g2 (t) can be represented as

g2 (t) = −4H(t − 3). (12)

So we have
f (t) = g1 (t) + g2 (t)

= (t − 1) [H(t − 2) − H(t − 3)] − 4H(t − 3)


   
or f (t) = H(t − 2) t − 1 + H(t − 3) − t − 3 .

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 36/67
Laplace transform Shifting and Heaviside Heaviside and Pulses

Solution ( cont.)
     
L {f (t)} = L H(t − 2) t − 1 + L H(t − 3) − t − 3

   
= L H(t − 2)f1 (t − 2) + L H(t − 3)f2 (t − 3)

= e−2s L {f1 (t)} + e−3s L {f2 (t)}

where f1 (t − 2) = t − 1 and f2 (t − 3) = −t − 3. Changing t with t + 2 in


f1 (t − 2) = t − 1 gives f1 (t) = t + 1 and

1 1
L {f1 (t)} = + , (13)
s2 s

similarly, Changing t with t + 3 in f2 (t − 3) = −t − 3 gives f2 (t) = −t − 6 and

1 6
L {f2 (t)} = − − . (14)
s2 s

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 37/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Solution ( cont.)
Then    
1 1 1 6
L {g(t)} = e−2s + − e−3s + .
s2 s s2 s

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 38/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Definition 4 (Convolution)
If f (t) and g(t) are defined for t ≥ 0, then the convolution f ∗ g of f with g is the
function defined by Z t
(f ∗ g)(t) = f (t − x)g(x)dx
0

for t ≥ 0 such that this integral converges.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 39/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Definition 4 (Convolution)
If f (t) and g(t) are defined for t ≥ 0, then the convolution f ∗ g of f with g is the
function defined by Z t
(f ∗ g)(t) = f (t − x)g(x)dx
0

for t ≥ 0 such that this integral converges.

Generally Laplace transform of multiplication of two functions is not equal to multipli-


cation of Laplace transform of two functions, i. e.,

L {f (t)g(t)} 6= L {f (t)}L {g(t)}

but this identity satisfy for convolutions of two functions(see the following theorem).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 39/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Definition 4 (Convolution)
If f (t) and g(t) are defined for t ≥ 0, then the convolution f ∗ g of f with g is the
function defined by Z t
(f ∗ g)(t) = f (t − x)g(x)dx
0

for t ≥ 0 such that this integral converges.

Generally Laplace transform of multiplication of two functions is not equal to multipli-


cation of Laplace transform of two functions, i. e.,

L {f (t)g(t)} 6= L {f (t)}L {g(t)}

but this identity satisfy for convolutions of two functions(see the following theorem).

Theorem 1.6 (The Convolution Theorem)

L {f (t) ∗ g(t)} = L {f (t)}L {g(t)}

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 39/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Similarly for the inverse Laplace transform

     
−1 −1 −1
L L {f (t)L {g(t)} 6= L L {f (t)} L L {g(t)}

or  
−1
L L {f (t)L {g(t)} 6= f (t)g(t)

but this identity satisfy for convolutions of two functions(see the following theorem).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 40/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Similarly for the inverse Laplace transform

     
−1 −1 −1
L L {f (t)L {g(t)} 6= L L {f (t)} L L {g(t)}

or  
−1
L L {f (t)L {g(t)} 6= f (t)g(t)

but this identity satisfy for convolutions of two functions(see the following theorem).

Theorem 1.7 (The inverse transform version of the convolution theorem)


Suppose that L −1 {F (s)} = f (t) and L −1 {G(s)} = g(t) then

−1 −1 −1
L {F (s)G(s)} = L {F (s)} ∗ L {G(s)}

or
−1
L {F G} = f ∗ g.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 40/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Similarly for the inverse Laplace transform

     
−1 −1 −1
L L {f (t)L {g(t)} 6= L L {f (t)} L L {g(t)}

or  
−1
L L {f (t)L {g(t)} 6= f (t)g(t)

but this identity satisfy for convolutions of two functions(see the following theorem).

Theorem 1.7 (The inverse transform version of the convolution theorem)


Suppose that L −1 {F (s)} = f (t) and L −1 {G(s)} = g(t) then

−1 −1 −1
L {F (s)G(s)} = L {F (s)} ∗ L {G(s)}

or
−1
L {F G} = f ∗ g.

Remark 6
Convolution is commutative, i. e., f ∗ g = g ∗ f .

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 40/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Example 18
1
 
Compute L −1 .
s(s − 4)2

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 41/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Example 18
1
 
Compute L −1 .
s(s − 4)2

Solution
Since 1 = 1 1 = F (s)G(s) such that F (s) = 1 and G(s) = 1 , so
s(s−4)2 s (s−4)2 s (s−4)2

1 1 1
     
−1 −1 −1
L =L ∗L .
s(s − 4)2 s (s − 4)2

 
Hence to find L −1 1
we need to do three things:
s(s−4)2
 
1 −1
1 compute f (t) = L s
,
 
−1 1
2 compute g(t) = L 2 , (s−4)
   
3 Find the final answer of the example that is f (t) ∗ g(t) = L −1 1 ∗ L −1 1 .
s (s−4)2
 
1 : Based on the Table 2, f (t) = L −1 1 s
= 1,
 
2 : Based on the Table 2, g(t) = L −1 1
2 = te4t ,
(s−4)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 41/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Solution ( cont.)
3 : Now f (t) = 1 and g(t) = te4t then
Z t
f ∗g = f (t − x)g(x)dx
0
Z t
= xe4x dx Using DI method
0
x=t
1 4x 1 4x
= 4 xe − 16 e
x=0
1 4t 1 4t 1
= 4 te − 16 e + 16

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 42/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Example 19
Solve the IVP y 00 − 2y 0 − 8y = f (t) with y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 43/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Example 19
Solve the IVP y 00 − 2y 0 − 8y = f (t) with y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0.

Solution
Applying Laplace transform for the both sides of differential equations gives:

L {f (t)}=F (s)
L {y 00 − 2y 0 − 8y} = L {f (t)} ==========⇒

L {y 00 } − 2L {y 0 } − 8L {y} = F (s) =⇒

s2 L {y} − sy(0) − y 0 (0) − 2sL {y} + 2y(0) − 8L {y} = F (s) =⇒

s2 L {y} − s − 2sL {y} + 2 − 8L {y} = F (s) =⇒

(s2 − 2s − 8)L {y} = s − 2 + F (s) =⇒

L {y} = s−2
s2 −2s−8
+ 1
s2 −2s−8
F (s)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 43/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Solution ( cont.)
Now partial fraction decomposition gives,
s−2 1 1 2 1
s2 −2s−8 = 3 s−4 + 3 s+2
1 1 1 1 1
s2 −2s−8 = 6 s−4 − 6 s+2

then
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
L {y} = + + F (s) − F (s).
3s−4 3s+2 6s−4 6s+2
Applying inverse Laplace transform for both sides of the above equation
gives

3L + 23 L −1 { s+2 } + 16 L −1 { s−4
1 −1 1 1 1
y(t) = { s−4 } F (s)}
(15)
6L
1 −1 1
− { s+2 F (s)}.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 44/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Solution ( cont.)
Using Table 2, L −1 { s−4
1
} = e4t and L −1 { s+2
1
} = e−2t . Moreover
using Theorem 1.7,

L −1 { s−4
1
F (s)} = L −1 { s−4
1
} ∗ L −1 {F (s)} = e4t ∗ f (t)

L −1 { s+2
1
F (s)} = L −1 { s+2
1
} ∗ L −1 {F (s)} = e−2t ∗ f (t)

Now plug in these information into the Equation (12) gives


1 2 1 1
y(t) = e4t + e−2t + e4t ∗ f (t) − e−2t ∗ f (t).
3 3 6 6

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 45/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Solution ( cont.)
Using Table 2, L −1 { s−4
1
} = e4t and L −1 { s+2
1
} = e−2t . Moreover
using Theorem 1.7,

L −1 { s−4
1
F (s)} = L −1 { s−4
1
} ∗ L −1 {F (s)} = e4t ∗ f (t)

L −1 { s+2
1
F (s)} = L −1 { s+2
1
} ∗ L −1 {F (s)} = e−2t ∗ f (t)

Now plug in these information into the Equation (12) gives


1 2 1 1
y(t) = e4t + e−2t + e4t ∗ f (t) − e−2t ∗ f (t).
3 3 6 6
Convolution also enables us to solve some kinds of integral equations,
which are equations in which the unknown function appears in an
integral.
Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 45/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Example 20
Solve for f (t) in the integral equation
Z t
f (t) = 2t2 + f (t − x)e−x dx.
0

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 46/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Example 20
Solve for f (t) in the integral equation
Z t
f (t) = 2t2 + f (t − x)e−x dx.
0

Solution
Rt
Since 0 f (t − x)e−x dx is exactly in the form of Definition 4 with
g(x) = e−x , so
Z t
f (t − x)e−x dx = f ∗ e−x ,
0
then integral equation will change into the following form

f (t) = 2t2 + f ∗ e−x . (16)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 46/67
Laplace transform Convolution

Solution ( cont.)
Applying Laplace transform for the both side of the Equation (15)
gives
L {f (t)} = 2L {t2 } + L {f (t) ∗ e−t } =⇒

F (s) = 4
s3
+ L {f (t)}L {e−t } =⇒
4 1
F (s) = s3
+ F (s) s+1 =⇒
4 4
F (s) = s3
+ s4
Taking inverse Laplace transform of the last equation yields

L −1 {F (s)} = L −1 { s43 } + L −1 { s44 } =⇒

f (t) = 2t2 + 23 t3 .

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 47/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Definition 5
For any positive number  consider the pulse δ defined by
 
1
δ (t) = H(t) − H(t − )


Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 48/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Definition 5
For any positive number  consider the pulse δ defined by
 
1
δ (t) = H(t) − H(t − )


Definition 6 (The Dirac delta function)


The Dirac delta function is thought of as a pulse of infinite magni-
tude over an infinitely short duration and is defined to be

δ(t) = lim δ (t).


→0

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 48/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Theorem 1.8 (Filtering Property of the Delta Function)


R∞
Let a > 0 and let 0 f (t)dt converges. Suppose also that f is continuous at a. Then
Z ∞
f (t)δ(t − a)dt = f (a).
0

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 49/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Theorem 1.8 (Filtering Property of the Delta Function)


R∞
Let a > 0 and let 0 f (t)dt converges. Suppose also that f is continuous at a. Then
Z ∞
f (t)δ(t − a)dt = f (a).
0

Remark 7 (Some Properties of Dirac Function)


1 L {δ(t − a)} = e−as ,

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 49/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Theorem 1.8 (Filtering Property of the Delta Function)


R∞
Let a > 0 and let 0 f (t)dt converges. Suppose also that f is continuous at a. Then
Z ∞
f (t)δ(t − a)dt = f (a).
0

Remark 7 (Some Properties of Dirac Function)


1 L {δ(t − a)} = e−as ,

2 L −1 {e−as } = δ(t − a),

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 49/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Theorem 1.8 (Filtering Property of the Delta Function)


R∞
Let a > 0 and let 0 f (t)dt converges. Suppose also that f is continuous at a. Then
Z ∞
f (t)δ(t − a)dt = f (a).
0

Remark 7 (Some Properties of Dirac Function)


1 L {δ(t − a)} = e−as ,

2 L −1 {e−as } = δ(t − a),

3 L {δ(t)} = 1,

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 49/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Theorem 1.8 (Filtering Property of the Delta Function)


R∞
Let a > 0 and let 0 f (t)dt converges. Suppose also that f is continuous at a. Then
Z ∞
f (t)δ(t − a)dt = f (a).
0

Remark 7 (Some Properties of Dirac Function)


1 L {δ(t − a)} = e−as ,

2 L −1 {e−as } = δ(t − a),

3 L {δ(t)} = 1,

4 L −1 {1} = δ(t),

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 49/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Theorem 1.8 (Filtering Property of the Delta Function)


R∞
Let a > 0 and let 0 f (t)dt converges. Suppose also that f is continuous at a. Then
Z ∞
f (t)δ(t − a)dt = f (a).
0

Remark 7 (Some Properties of Dirac Function)


1 L {δ(t − a)} = e−as ,

2 L −1 {e−as } = δ(t − a),

3 L {δ(t)} = 1,

4 L −1 {1} = δ(t),

5 f (t) ∗ δ(t − a) = H(t − a)f (t − a),

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 49/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Theorem 1.8 (Filtering Property of the Delta Function)


R∞
Let a > 0 and let 0 f (t)dt converges. Suppose also that f is continuous at a. Then
Z ∞
f (t)δ(t − a)dt = f (a).
0

Remark 7 (Some Properties of Dirac Function)


1 L {δ(t − a)} = e−as ,

2 L −1 {e−as } = δ(t − a),

3 L {δ(t)} = 1,

4 L −1 {1} = δ(t),

5 f (t) ∗ δ(t − a) = H(t − a)f (t − a),

6 δ(t − a) ∗ f (t) = H(t − a)f (t − a),

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 49/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Theorem 1.8 (Filtering Property of the Delta Function)


R∞
Let a > 0 and let 0 f (t)dt converges. Suppose also that f is continuous at a. Then
Z ∞
f (t)δ(t − a)dt = f (a).
0

Remark 7 (Some Properties of Dirac Function)


1 L {δ(t − a)} = e−as ,

2 L −1 {e−as } = δ(t − a),

3 L {δ(t)} = 1,

4 L −1 {1} = δ(t),

5 f (t) ∗ δ(t − a) = H(t − a)f (t − a),

6 δ(t − a) ∗ f (t) = H(t − a)f (t − a),

7 f ∗ δ = f.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 49/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Example 21
Solve the IVPs y 00 + 2y 0 + 2y = δ(t − 3) with y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 50/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Example 21
Solve the IVPs y 00 + 2y 0 + 2y = δ(t − 3) with y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0.

Solution
Applying Laplace transform for the both sides of differential equations gives:

L {y 00 + 2y 0 + 2y} = L {δ(t − 3)} =⇒

L {y 00 } + 2L {y 0 } + 2L {y} = e−3s =⇒

s2 L {y} − sy(0) − y 0 (0) + 2sL {y} − 2y(0) + 2L {y} = e−3s =⇒

(s2 + 2s + 2)L {y} = e−3s =⇒

L {y} = 1
s2 +2s+2
e−3s

Now applying inverse Laplace transform for the both sides of the last equation gives:

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 50/67
Laplace transform Dirac delta function

Solution ( cont.)
1
y(t) = L −1 {e−3s }.
s2 + 2s + 2
Using Theorem 1.5
y(t) = L −1 {e−3s s2 +2s+2
1
}
(17)
= H(t − 3)f (t − 3)

where f (t) = L −1 { s2 +2s+2


1
}. So let to find L −1 { s2 +2s+2
1
} and plug it into the
Equation (17).
1 1
L −1 { 2 } = L −1 { }
s + 2s + 2 (s + 1)2 + 1

But since L −1 { s21+1 } = sin(t) so using Theorem 1.3,

1 1
L −1 { } = L −1 { } = e−t sin(t)
s2 + 2s + 2 (s + 1)2 + 1

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 51/67
Laplace transform Systems of linear DEs

Solution ( cont.)
or f (t) = e−t sin(t). Hence f (t − 3) = e−(t−3) sin(t − 3). Now put
this into the Equation (17) gives
(
0 for t < 3
−(t−3)
y(t) = H(t−3)e sin(t−3) =
e−(t−3) sin(t − 3) for t ≥ 3

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 52/67
Laplace transform Systems of linear DEs

Solution ( cont.)
or f (t) = e−t sin(t). Hence f (t − 3) = e−(t−3) sin(t − 3). Now put
this into the Equation (17) gives
(
0 for t < 3
−(t−3)
y(t) = H(t−3)e sin(t−3) =
e−(t−3) sin(t − 3) for t ≥ 3

In the system of differential equations, there will be two functions


like x(t) and y(t). It means x and y are two functions in term of
variable t. The system of differential equations will be included of
two differential equations consisting of x00 , x0 , x, y 00 , y 0 , y and also
two functions like f (t) and g(t). So the purpose is to find the
functions x and y in term of t i. e., x(t) and y(t).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 52/67
Laplace transform Systems of linear DEs

Example 22
Solve the following system of differential equations:

00 0 3y 0 +
x − 2x


+ 2y = 4

− x0 + 2y 0 + 3y = 0


= x0 (0) = y(0) = 0

 x(0)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 53/67
Laplace transform Systems of linear DEs

Example 22
Solve the following system of differential equations:

00 0 3y 0 +
x − 2x


+ 2y = 4

− x0 + 2y 0 + 3y = 0


= x0 (0) = y(0) = 0

 x(0)

Solution
Applying Laplace transform for both sides of the above DEs gives:

L {x00 } − 2L {x0 } + 3L {y 0 } + 2L {y} = L {4}


(

− L {x0 } + 2L {y 0 } + 3L {y} = L {0}

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 53/67
Laplace transform Systems of linear DEs

Solution ( cont.)
Using Remark 3,

 2 0
s L {x} − sx(0) − x (0) − 2sL {x} + 2x(0) + 3sL {y} − 3y(0) + 2L {y} = L {4}

−sL {x} + x(0) + 2sL {y} − 2y(0) + 3L {y} L {0}



=

or  2 4
s L {x} − 2sL {x} + 3sL {y} + 2L {y} = s

−sL {x} + 2sL {y} + 3L {y} = 0

that means  2 4
(s − 2s)L {x} + (3s + 2)L {y} = s

−sL {x} + (2s + 3)L {y} = 0

Solving the above system of equations for L {x} and L {y} will gives,

4s + 6
L {x} = (18)
s2 (s − 1)(s + 2)
2
L {y} = (19)
s(s − 1)(s + 2)

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 54/67
Laplace transform Systems of linear DEs

Solution ( cont.)
Using fraction decomposition
4s+6 A B C D
s2 (s−1)(s+2)
= s + s2
+ s−1 + s+2

2 E F G
s(s−1)(s+2) = s + s−1 + s+2

that gives A = − 72 , B = −3, C = 10


3 ,D = 1
6 and E = −1, F =
2 1
3 , G = 3 . So

4s+6
s2 (s−1)(s+2)
= − 72 1s − 3 s12 + 10 1
3 s−1 + 1 1
6 s+2

2
s(s−1)(s+2) = − 1s + 2 1
3 s−1 + 1 1
3 s+2

Now put these into the Equations (18) and (19) yields:

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 55/67
Laplace transform Systems of linear DEs

Solution ( cont.)

71 1 10 1 1 1
L {x} = − −3 2 + + (20)
2s s 3 s−1 6s+2
1 2 1 1 1
L {y} = − + + (21)
s 3s−1 3s+2

Now applying inverse Laplace transform for both sides of the Equations (20) and (21)
gives

x = − 27 L −1 { 1s } − 3L −1 { s12 } + 10
3
L −1 { s−1
1
} + 16 L −1 { s+2
1
}

y = −L −1 { 1s } + 23 L −1 { s−1
1
} + 13 L −1 { s+2
1
}

Using Table 2 finally gives

x(t) = − 27 − 3t + 10 t
3
e + 16 e−2t

y(t) = −1 + 23 et + 13 e−2t

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 56/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Please pay attention that L {tf (t)} 6= tL {f (t)}. But there is the following Theorem
that tell you how to deal with L {tf (t)}.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 57/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Please pay attention that L {tf (t)} 6= tL {f (t)}. But there is the following Theorem
that tell you how to deal with L {tf (t)}.

Theorem 1.9 (Laplace Transform of Differential Equations with Polynomial Coefficients)


Let f (t) have Laplace transform F (s) for s > 0, and assume that F (s) is differentiable.
Then (n)
dn

L {tn f (t)} = (−1)n L {f (t)} = (−1)n n F (s).
ds

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 57/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Please pay attention that L {tf (t)} 6= tL {f (t)}. But there is the following Theorem
that tell you how to deal with L {tf (t)}.

Theorem 1.9 (Laplace Transform of Differential Equations with Polynomial Coefficients)


Let f (t) have Laplace transform F (s) for s > 0, and assume that F (s) is differentiable.
Then (n)
dn

L {tn f (t)} = (−1)n L {f (t)} = (−1)n n F (s).
ds

Remark 8 (Special Cases of Theorem 1.9 for y(t))


The Theorem 1.9, briefly state that if L {y(t)} = Y (s) then
 0
1 L {ty(t)} = (−1)1 L {y(t)} = −Y 0 (s),
 00
2 L {t2 y(t)} = (−1)2 L {y(t)} = +Y 00 (s),
 000
3 L {t3 y(t)} = (−1)3 L {y(t)} = −Y (3) (s).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 57/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Remark 9 (Special Cases of Theorem 1.9 for y 0 (t))


The Theorem 1.9, briefly state that if L {y(t)} = Y (s) then
 0
1 L {ty 0 (t)} = (−1)1 L {y 0 (t)} = −Y (s) − sY 0 (s),
 00
2 L {t2 y 0 (t)} = (−1)2 L {y 0 (t)} = sY 00 (s) + 2Y 0 (s),
 000
3 L {t3 y 0 (t)} = (−1)3 L {y 0 (t)} = −sY 000 (s) − 3Y 00 (s).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 58/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Remark 9 (Special Cases of Theorem 1.9 for y 0 (t))


The Theorem 1.9, briefly state that if L {y(t)} = Y (s) then
 0
1 L {ty 0 (t)} = (−1)1 L {y 0 (t)} = −Y (s) − sY 0 (s),
 00
2 L {t2 y 0 (t)} = (−1)2 L {y 0 (t)} = sY 00 (s) + 2Y 0 (s),
 000
3 L {t3 y 0 (t)} = (−1)3 L {y 0 (t)} = −sY 000 (s) − 3Y 00 (s).

Remark 10 (Special Cases of Theorem 1.9 for y 00 (t))


The Theorem 1.9, briefly state that if L {y(t)} = Y (s) then
 0
1 L {ty 00 (t)} = (−1)1 L {y 00 (t)} = −s2 Y 0 (s) − 2sY (s),
 00
2 L {t2 y 00 (t)} = (−1)2 L {y 00 (t)} = s2 Y 00 (s) + 4sY 0 (s) + 2Y (s),
 000
3 L {t3 y 00 (t)} = (−1)3 L {y 00 (t)} = −s2 Y 000 (s) − 6sY 00 (s) − 6Y 0 (s).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 58/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Theorem 1.10
Let y be piece wise continuous on [0, k] for every positive number k. Suppose there are numbers M and b such
that |y(t)| ≤ M ebt for t ≥ 0. Then
lim Y (s) = 0.
s→∞

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 59/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Theorem 1.10
Let y be piece wise continuous on [0, k] for every positive number k. Suppose there are numbers M and b such
that |y(t)| ≤ M ebt for t ≥ 0. Then
lim Y (s) = 0.
s→∞

Example 23
Solve y 00 + 2ty 0 − 4y = 1 with y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 59/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Theorem 1.10
Let y be piece wise continuous on [0, k] for every positive number k. Suppose there are numbers M and b such
that |y(t)| ≤ M ebt for t ≥ 0. Then
lim Y (s) = 0.
s→∞

Example 23
Solve y 00 + 2ty 0 − 4y = 1 with y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0.

Solution
Applying Laplace transform for the both sides of the DE gives

L {y 00 } + 2L {ty 0 } − 4L {y} = L {1} ⇒

2 0 0 1
s Y (s) − sy(0) − y (0) − 2Y (s) − 2sY (s) − 4Y (s) = s

0 2 1
−2sY + (s − 6)Y = s

2
Y 0 + 6−s
2s
Y = − 12
2s

2
But Y 0 + 6−s
2s
Y = − 12 is a linear first order differential equation for Y in the form of Y 0 + p(s)Y = q(s).
2s
Then

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 59/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Solution ( cont.)
R 6−s2 2
( 6 − s )ds
R R
ds
g(s) = e p(s)ds = e 2s =e 2s 2s

R 6 ds−R s2 ds R 3
ds− s ds
R
= e 2s 2s =e s 2

2 2 2
ln(s3 )− s 3 −s −s
= e 4 = eln(s ) e 4 = s3 e 4

so
c
  Z 
Y (s) = 1 q(s)g(s)ds +
g(s) g(s)

2
s Z s 2
2
e 4 1 −s
2 e 4 u=− s

4
= − se 4 ds + c = ⇒
========
s3 2 s3 1
du=− sds
2

2
s Z s 2 s  2 s 2
e 4 e 4 e 4 e 4
 
u u
= e du + c = e +c
s3 s3 s3 s3

2
s  s 2 s2
e 4 2  e 4 e 4
−s
= e 4 +c = 13 + c
s3 s3 s s3

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 60/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Solution ( cont.)
So
s2
1 e4
Y (s) = 3 + c 3
s s
also based on Theorem 1.10, we should have lim Y (s) = 0 but this
s→∞
happens if and only if c = 0 that yields
1 1
Y (s) = or L {y(t)} = (22)
s3 s3
Now applying inverse Laplace transform for both sides of the Equa-
tion (22) gives
1
y(t) = t2 .
2

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 61/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Theorem 1.9 can be stated for inverse Laplace transform also in the following form.

Theorem 1.11 ( Inverse Laplace Transform of Differential Equations)

Let f (t) have Laplace transform F (s) for s > 0, and assume that F (s) is differentiable. Then

−1 (n) n n −1
L {F (s)} = (−1) t L {F (s)}

or
−1 −n −n −1 (n)
L {F (s)} = (−1) t L {F (s)}.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 62/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Theorem 1.9 can be stated for inverse Laplace transform also in the following form.

Theorem 1.11 ( Inverse Laplace Transform of Differential Equations)

Let f (t) have Laplace transform F (s) for s > 0, and assume that F (s) is differentiable. Then

−1 (n) n n −1
L {F (s)} = (−1) t L {F (s)}

or
−1 −n −n −1 (n)
L {F (s)} = (−1) t L {F (s)}.

Remark 11 (Special Cases of Theorem 1.11)


The Theorem 1.11, briefly state that if L {y(t)} = Y (s) then
1
1 L −1 {F (s)} = − L −1 {F 0 (s)},
t
1
2 L −1 {F (s)} = + L −1 {F 00 (s)},
t2
1
3 L −1 {F (s)} = − L −1 {F 000 (s)}.
t3

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 62/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Example 24
Find L −1 {arctan(s)}.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 63/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Example 24
Find L −1 {arctan(s)}.

Solution
Let to use Remark 11, Case 1.

1
L −1 {arctan(s)} = − L −1 {(arctan(s))0 }
t

1 1
 
= − L −1
t 1+ s2

1
= − sin(t).
t

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 63/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Example 24
Find L −1 {arctan(s)}.

Solution
Let to use Remark 11, Case 1.

1
L −1 {arctan(s)} = − L −1 {(arctan(s))0 }
t

1 1
 
= − L −1
t 1+ s2

1
= − sin(t).
t

Example 25
Find L −1 {ln(s2 + 1)}.

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 63/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Solution
Let to use Remark 11, Case 1.

1
L −1 {ln(s2 + 1)} = − L −1 {(ln(s2 + 1))0 }
t

1 2s
 
= − L −1
t 1 + s2

2 s
 
= − L −1
t 1 + s2

2
= − cos(t).
t

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 64/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Solution
Let to use Remark 11, Case 1.

1
L −1 {ln(s2 + 1)} = − L −1 {(ln(s2 + 1))0 }
t

1 2s
 
= − L −1
t 1 + s2

2 s
 
= − L −1
t 1 + s2

2
= − cos(t).
t

f (t)
Theorem 1.12 (Laplace Transform of t
)
Let f (t) have Laplace transform F (s) for s > 0, i.e, F (s) = L {f (t)} . Then

Z ∞
f (t)
 
L = F (x) dx.
t s

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 64/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Example 26
Z ∞
1 − cos(t)
Use Theorem 1.12 to evaluate dt.
0 tet

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 65/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Example 26
Z ∞
1 − cos(t)
Use Theorem 1.12 to evaluate dt.
0 tet

Solution
Z ∞
1 − cos(t)
Let I = dt and
0 tet

Z ∞
−st 1 − cos(t)
G(s) = e dt.
0 t

It is obvious that I = G(1) so if we find G(s) then by plugging s = 1 into G(s) we can find I.

Z ∞
−st 1 − cos(t)
G(s) = e dt
0 t

1 − cos(t)
 
= L
t
Z ∞
= F (x) dx
s

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 65/67
Laplace transform DEs polynomial coefficients

Solution ( cont.)
such that F (s) = L {1 − cos(t)} = 1 − s = 1 = 1 = s−3 . then
s 1+s2 s3 +s s3 (1+s−2 ) 1+s−2

Z ∞
G(s) = F (x) dx
s

x−3
Z ∞
−2
= dx u=1+x
s 1 + x−2
Z 1
= −1
2
u du
1+s−2

= 1
2
ln(1 + s−2 )

Then I = G(1) = 1
2
ln(2).

Mohsen Aghaei PNG Unitech ENG. MATHEMATICS II September 02, 2024 66/67
Thanks for your attention...

You might also like