Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005

Subject Name : BASIC OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Subject Code : 3110005
Branch : CSE
Semester : 1
Subject Teacher : Prof. Ashish A. Patel & Prof. Dilip K. Patel

Assignment 1 (CO-1)
1. Compare the resistive series and parallel circuit.
ANS:
In electrical circuits, resistors can be connected in series or in parallel, and the
way they are connected affects the overall resistance of the circuit. Here’s a
comparison between resistive series and parallel circuits:

Series Circuit

1. Configuration:
o Resistors are connected end-to-end in a single path.
o The current flows through each resistor sequentially.
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Total Resistance:

Current:

Voltage:

Impact of Resistor Failure:

Failure
If one resistor fails (opens), the entire circuit is interrupted, and no current
flows.

Parallel Circuit:

Configuration:

• Resistors are connected across the same two points, providing multiple paths for
the current.
• Each resistor is connected directly across the power source.
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Total Resistance:

Current:
• The total current flowing through the circuit is the sum of the currents through
each resistor.
• The current through each resistor can be different, depending on its resistance
value.

Voltage:

• The voltage across each resistor is the same and equal to the total voltage
applied to the parallel network.

Impact of Resistor Failure:

Failure

• If one resistor fails (opens), the current will continue to flow through the
remaining resistors. The overall resistance of the circuit increases, but it remains
functional.

Summary

• Series Circuit:: Resistors add up to increase total resistance; the same current
flows through all resistors, but voltage divides among them.
• Parallel Circuit:: Resistors decrease total resistance; the same voltage is across
each resistor, but the current divides among them.

COMPARISION:
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
2. Derive an expression for equivalent resistances of a Delta connected network to
transform into a Star connected network & star connected network to transform
into a Delta connected network.
ANS:
Delta To Star Conversion:
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005

Star To Delta Conversion:

Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005

3. State and explain Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s Laws in context with DC circuits.
ANS:

1. Ohm’s Law

Statement: Ohm’s Law states that the current (I) flowing through a conductor
between two points is directly proportional to the voltage (V) across the two
points and inversely proportional to the resistance (R) of the conductor.
Mathematically, it is expressed as:

V = I*R

Explanation:

• Voltage (V): The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit.
• Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge through the circuit.
• Resistance (R): The opposition to the flow of electric current.

Ohm’s Law is used to calculate one of these quantities if the other two are
known. For example, if you know the voltage across a resistor and its
resistance, you can use Ohm's Law to find the current flowing through it.
Conversely, if you know the current and resistance, you can find the voltage.
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
In the context of DC circuits, Ohm’s Law helps in designing and analyzing
circuits by allowing you to determine the correct values of resistors and
understand how changes in resistance or voltage affect the current.

2. Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Laws consist of two separate rules that are essential for analyzing
complex electrical circuits.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Statement: Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that the total current entering a junction
(or node) in an electrical circuit is equal to the total current leaving the junction.
Mathematically, this can be expressed as:

Explanation:

• Node: A point where three or more circuit

cir elements meet.
• Current: The flow of electric charge through the circuit.

KCL is based on the principle of conservation of electric charge. It implies that

charge cannot accumulate at a node; thus, the sum of currents flowing into a node
must be equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Statement: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that the sum of all electrical potential
differences (voltages) around any closed loop or mesh in a circuit is equal to zero.
Mathematically,
cally, this is expressed as:
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Explanation:

• Loop/Mesh: A closed path in a circuit.

• Voltage: The potential difference between two points.

KVL is based on the principle of conservation of energy. It implies that the total
amount of energy gained per unit charge (from sources such as batteries) is equal to
the total amount of energy lost per unit charge (in components such as resistors)
within a closed loop.

Application in DC Circuits:

1. Ohm’s Law is used to determine the values of currents, voltages, and resistances
in simple or complex circuits.
2. Kirchhoff’s Current Law helps in finding unknown currents in various branches
of a circuit by setting up and solving equations based on the node analysis.
3. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is used to find unknown voltages in different parts of a
circuit by applying loop analysis and creating equations that account for the
voltage drops and rises around closed loops.

In summary, Ohm’s Law deals with the relationship between voltage, current,
and resistance, while Kirchhoff’s Laws are used to analyze complex circuits by
examining the conservation of current and energy in different parts of the circuit.
Together, these principles provide a comprehensive framework for solving electrical
circuit problems.

4. State and explain of Superposition, Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems.

ANS:

1. Superposition Theorem

Statement: The Superposition Theorem states that in a linear circuit with

multiple independent sources (voltage or current sources), the response
(current or voltage) at any component in the circuit is equal to the sum of the
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
responses caused by each independent source acting alone, while all other
independent sources are turned off (replaced by their internal resistances).

Explanation:

• Linear Circuit: A circuit where the principle of superposition applies. This

means the circuit’s response is linear with respect to its sources.
• Independent Sources: Sources of voltage or current that are not dependent on
other sources in the circuit.

Steps to Apply Superposition:

1. Turn off all but one independent source: For voltage sources, replace
other voltage sources with short circuits. For current sources, replace other
current sources with open circuits.
2. Analyze the circuit: Calculate the response (current or voltage) due to the
active source.
3. Repeat: Perform steps 1 and 2 for each independent source in the circuit.
4. Sum the Responses: Add up all the individual responses to get the total
response for each component in the circuit.

The Superposition Theorem simplifies the analysis of circuits by breaking down

a complex problem into simpler, more manageable problems.

2. Thevenin’s Theorem

Statement: Thevenin’s Theorem states that any linear electrical network with
multiple sources and resistors can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a single voltage source (Thevenin voltage, Vth) in series with a single resistor
(Thevenin resistance, Rth).
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005

Explanation:

• Thevenin Voltage (Vth): The open-circuit voltage across the terminals of the
network.
• Thevenin Resistance (Rth): The equivalent resistance of the network seen
from the terminals when all independent sources are turned off (voltage
sources replaced with short circuits and current sources replaced with open
circuits).

Steps to Apply Thevenin’s Theorem:

1. Find Vth: Determine the voltage across the terminals when the output
terminals are open.
2. Find Rth: Calculate the resistance looking back into the circuit from the
terminals with all sources turned off.
3. Replace the network: Substitute the original network with a voltage source
Vthin series with Rth.

Thevenin’s Theorem is particularly useful for simplifying the analysis of complex

circuits by reducing them to simpler equivalent circuits.

3. Norton’s Theorem

Statement: Norton’s Theorem states that any linear electrical network with multiple
sources and resistors can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
current source (Norton current, IN) in parallel with a single resistor (Norton resistance,
RN).

Explanation:

• Norton Current (IN): The current flowing through a short circuit placed across
the terminals of the network.
• Norton Resistance (RN): The equivalent resistance of the network seen from the
terminals when all independent sources are turned off (the same as Rth in
Thevenin’s Theorem).

Steps to Apply Norton’s Theorem:

1. Find IN: Determine the current through a short circuit placed across the
terminals.
2. Find RN: Calculate the resistance looking back into the circuit from the terminals
with all sources turned off (same as Rth).
3. Replace the network: Substitute the original network with a current source IN
in parallel with RN.
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005

Summary

• Superposition Theorem helps in analyzing circuits with multiple sources by

considering each source independently and then summing the results.
• Thevenin’s Theorem simplifies a complex circuit into a simple series circuit
with a single voltage source and a series
s resistor.
• Norton’s Theorem simplifies a complex circuit into a simple parallel circuit with
a single current source and a parallel resistor.

These theorems are invaluable for analyzing and solving electrical circuits,
particularly when dealing with complex networks or multiple sources.

5. Derive an expression for the voltage across the capacitor during charging
V(1 -t/RC). Assume that RC series circuit
through the resistor at any instant Vc = V(1-e
is connected across a DC supply of voltage V.
ANS:
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005

6. Explain Classification of sources.

ANS:

1. Based on Type

1.1. Independent Sources

• Voltage Source:
o Definition: Provides a constant voltage regardless of the current flowing
through it.
o Examples: Batteries, power supplies.
o Characteristics: The voltage across an independent voltage source is
fixed and does not change with the current.
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
o Ideal Voltage Source: An ideal voltage source maintains a constant
voltage no matter the current drawn from it, represented as a voltage
source with zero internal resistance.
• Current Source:
o Definition: Provides a constant current regardless of the voltage across
it.
o Examples: Current-regulated power supplies, current mirrors.
o Characteristics: The current through an independent current source is
fixed and does not change with the voltage.
o Ideal Current Source: An ideal current source maintains a constant
current regardless of the voltage across it, represented as a current
source with infinite internal resistance.

1.2. Dependent Sources

• Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS):

o Definition: The output voltage is dependent on the voltage of another
part of the circuit.
o Example: A voltage amplifier where the output voltage is a multiple of the
input voltage.
• Current-Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS):
o Definition: The output voltage is dependent on the current flowing
through another part of the circuit.
o Example: A transimpedance amplifier where the output voltage is
proportional to the input current.
• Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS):
o Definition: The output current is dependent on the voltage of another
part of the circuit.
o Example: A voltage-controlled current source used in certain types of
electronic circuits.
• Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS):
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
o Definition: The output current is dependent on the current flowing
through another part of the circuit.
o Example: A current amplifier where the output current is a multiple of
the input current.

2. Based on Behavior

2.1. Active Sources

• Definition: Sources that provide energy to the circuit. They actively contribute
power to the circuit.
• Examples: Batteries, power supplies, generators.
• Characteristics: They have the ability to supply power and maintain a constant
voltage or current.

2.2. Passive Sources

• Definition: Sources that do not supply power but rather store or dissipate
energy. They can only store energy or convert it from one form to another.
• Examples: Capacitors, inductors (when used to store energy).
• Characteristics: They do not provide power; instead, they can release or absorb
energy.

3. Based on Nature of Source

3.1. Ideal Sources

• Ideal Voltage Source:

o Characteristics: Provides a constant voltage regardless of the current
and has zero internal resistance.
o Representation: Often represented as a circle with a plus and minus sign
inside it.
• Ideal Current Source:
o Characteristics: Provides a constant current regardless of the voltage
and has infinite internal resistance.
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005
o Representation: Often represented as a circle with an arrow indicating
the direction of current.

3.2. Real Sources

• Real Voltage Source:

o Characteristics: Provides a voltage that is approximately constant but
has some internal resistance, which causes the voltage to drop with
increased current.
o Representation: Represented as a voltage source with a series
resistance.
• Real Current Source:
o Characteristics: Provides a current that is approximately constant but
has some internal resistance, which affects the current with changes in
voltage.
o Representation: Represented as a current source with a parallel
resistance.

Summary

• Sources can be classified as independent (providing a constant voltage or

current) or dependent (their output depends on another part of the circuit).
• Active Sources supply power to the circuit, while passive sources store or
dissipate energy.
• Ideal Sources have perfect characteristics with no internal resistance, whereas
real sources have practical limitations and internal resistances.

Understanding these classifications helps in analyzing and designing circuits by

choosing the appropriate sources and accounting for their real-world behaviors.
Electrical Engineering Assignments BEE-3110005

Subject Teacher
H. O. D.