Fluid Flow - If the shear stress is directly proportional to

the velocity gradient, and if the value of shear

Fluid stress is greater than the resultant, it is
- a substance with particles that can move referred to as ideal plastic fluid.
easily and change their relative positions - Example: Sewage sludge, drilling muds
without separating the mass
- liquids and gases
Fluid Flow
ClassiFiCation oF Fluid - refers to the movement of these fluid particles
from one point to another.
Based on the study of fluids: - Examples:
• Fluids statics: ✓ Water Flow in a Riverbed
- It is the mechanism of fluids at rest or non- ✓ Hot Water in Central Heating Systems
motion, and the pressure in fluids exerted by ✓ Convection Currents
fluids on anybody.
Viscosity
• Fluids dynamics:
- It involves the study of the flow of fluids in - Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance
motion. Popular branches like aerodynamics to flow. It can be thought of as the internal
and hydrodynamics are part of fluid dynamics. friction within a fluid that opposes its motion.
In simpler terms, viscosity describes how
types oF Fluid: “thick” or “sticky” a fluid is. For instance,
honey has a higher viscosity compared to
water because it flows
- more slowly due to its higher internal friction.

Newton’s Law of Viscosity

- Newton described how 'normal' liquids or
fluids behave, and he observed that they have
a constant viscosity (flow).

Comparing Viscosity:

Water vs. Porridge: Water flows easily because it has

low viscosity, while porridge, being thicker and denser,
Ideal fluid: has high viscosity and flows more slowly.
- It is a fluid that does not have viscosity and
cannot be compressed. This type of fluid Oil vs. Water: Similarly, oil has a higher viscosity
cannot exist practically. compared to water due to its greater internal friction.
Real fluid:
- All types of fluids that possess viscosity are
ClassiFiCation oF Fluid Flow:
classified as real fluids. Examples: Kerosene
and castor oil.
Newtonian fluid: 1.Steady or unsteady
- A real fluid that abides by Newton’s law of 2.Compressible or incompressible
viscosity is known as a Newtonian fluid. 3.Rotational or irrotational
- Example: Hydrogen and water 4.Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
5.Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Non-Newtonian fluid: 6.One, Two and Three -dimensional Flow
- Fluids that do not abide by Newton’s law of
viscosity are known as Non-Newtonian fluid.
- Example: Oobleck and flubber Steady fluid: It is the fluid whose velocity, density,
and pressure remains constant at each and every point
while flowing.

Ideal plastic fluid:

Unsteady fluid: It is the fluid whose velocity, One dimensional fluid flow is a fluid flow in
density, and pressure differs between any two points which, the flow parameter such as velocity is expressed
while flowing. as a function of time and one space coordinates.

Compressible flow: type of flow in which the Two-dimensional flow is that type of flow in
density of the fluid changes from one point to another which the velocity is a function of time and two
point. This means the density is not constant. rectangular space co-ordinates. The velocity of flow
Example: gas, vapor, and steam. along the third direction is considered negligible.

Incompressible flow: type of flow in which the Three-dimensional flow is the type of flow in
density of the fluid is constant from one point to another. which the velocity is a function of time and three
Liquids are generally incompressible and gases are mutually perpendicular rectangular space coordinates
compressible. (x, y, and z).
Example: The stream of water flowing at high speed
from a garden hose pipe. appliCation oF Fluid Flow

Rotational or irrotational Dynamic Lift: Fluid flow around airplane wings creates
If the angle between the two intersecting lines of the lift, essential for flight.
boundary of the fluid element changes while moving in
the flow, the flow is a rotational flow. Depending on the Spray Guns: Ensure even dispersion of liquids or
angular motion of the fluid, it is classified into rotational paints.
fluid or irrotational fluid. If the fluid rotates as a whole
with no change in angles between the boundary lines, Bunsen Burner: Controls flame size and heat using
the flow of the fluid is classified as irrotational flow. fluid flow.

Uniform flow: type of fluid flow in which the properties oF Fluids

velocity of the flow at any given time does not change
with respect to space [Along the length of direction of Density
flow]. - Density is the mass per unit volume of a
substance. It indicates how compact or
Non-Uniform Flow: type of fluid flow in which concentrated a substance is.
the velocity of the flow at any given time changes with
Sample Problem:
respect to space.
A liquid has a mass of 5 grams and a volume of 2 cubic
cm.
Laminar and Turbulent flow in a pipe flow is
characterized based on Reynold number.

Laminar flow: type of flow in which the fluid

particles move along a well-defined streamline or paths,
such that all the streamlines are straight and parallel to
each other. In a laminar flow, fluid particles move in
laminas. The layers in laminar flow glide smoothly over The block has a mass of 288 grams.
the adjacent layer. The flow is laminar when the
Reynolds number up to 2000.

Turbulent flow: type of flow in which the fluid

particles move in a zig-zag manner. The movement in
zig-zag manner results in high turbulence and eddies
are formed. This results in high energy loss. Reynolds
number is greater than 4000.

*A fluid flow in a pipe, that has a Reynolds number

between 2000 and 4000 is said to be in transition state.
Viscosity The block has a mass of 288 grams.
- Viscosity measures a fluids resistance to
shear or flow. It can be thought of as internal
friction within the fluid
- Inviscid fluid- an idealized fluid with no
viscosity, meaning it experiences no
resistance to flow
- Types: dynamic viscosity and kinematic
viscosity

Temperature
- Measures the thermal energy of fluid,
influencing its physical properties
- Scales: kelvin, Celsius and Fahrenheit are
also used
Specific Weight
- Is the weight per unit volume of a fluid
Sample Problem:
Sample Problem:
Moon gravity= 1.62 m/s

A liquid has a mass of 5 grams and a volume of 2 cubic

cm.

The block has a mass of 288 grams.

Pressure
- The force exerted per unit area by the fluid
- Types: hydrostatic pressure ( in a static fluid),
gauge pressure (relative to atmospheric
pressure), and absolute pressure (total
pressure including atmospheric pressure).

Specific Volume
- Is the volume occupied by a unit mass of a
substance

Sample Problem:
A liquid has a mass of 5 grams and a volume of 2 cubic
cm.
Specific Gravity
- The ratio of the specific weight of a fluid to
that of a reference fluid, typically water

Sample Problem:
Moon gravity= 1.62 m/s

A liquid has a mass of 5 grams and a volume of 2 cubic

cm.

The block has a mass of 288 grams.

Surface Tension
- Force per unit length acting along the surface
of a liquid that causes it to behave as if it were
covered with a stretched elastic membrane
- Cause: resulting from cohesive forces
between liquid molecules at the surface
- Effect: responsible for phenomena like water
droplets forming and insects walking on water

Vapor Pressure
- The pressure exerted by a vapor in
equilibrium with its liquid at a given
temperature
- Temperature dependence: increases with
temperature as more molecules have enough
energy to escape the liquid phase

Cavitation
- Cavitation occurs when local pressure in a
fluid drops below its vapo pressure leading to
the formation of vapor bubbles
- Consequences: these bubbles can collapse
and cause damage, particularly in pumps and
propellers
Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s principle states that the pressure applied to an
enclosed fluid is transmitted to every portion of the fluid
and the walls of the containing vessel.

Mathematically,

Sample Problem:
A hydraulic press has pistons of area 0.006 m? and
0.350 m?, respectively. A force of 25 B is applied to the
Sample Problem: smaller piston. (a) What is the lifting force on the bigger
piston? (b) Find the pressure exerted on the smaller
You are passing by a car repair shop; you notice that a piston and on the big piston.
car is being lifted in a hydraulic automobile life as shown
in the figure:

(A) What
must be the ratio of the diameter of the vessel of the car
to the diameter of the vessel where the force (F1) is
applied so that a 1200-kg car can be lifted with a force
F1 of just 120 n?

(B) The piston of the hydraulic automobile lift is 0.500 m

diameter. What gauge pressure, in pascals, is required
to lift a car with a mass of 1200 kg?
Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy

Archimedes’ Principle states that when a body is

completely or partially immersed in a fluid, the fluid
exerts an upward force on the body. Buoyant force is
the upward force exerted by a fluid.

Sample Problem:

Sample Problem:
A plastic spherical balloon is held below the surface of
the swimming pool by a cable tied to the bottom of the
pool. The sphere has a volume of 1.50x10-2 m3 and the
tension on the cable is 90.0 N.

(A) What is the buoyant force exerted by the water on

the sphere?

(B)Calculate the mass of the balloon. (Note this includes

the enclosed air)

(C)A swimmer breaks the cable and the balloon rises to

the surface. What fraction of its volume will be
submerged when the balloon comes to rest?

Sample Problem:
Continuity Equation Sample Problem:

Sample Problem:
In a water treatment facility, water is flowing at a steady
rate in a pipe with a varying circular cross section.

(A)If the radius of the pipe at a certain point is 0.100 m,

what is the speed of the water at this point if water is
flowing through the pipe at the rate of 0.055 m3 /s?
(B)Suppose at a different section of the pipe, the water
speed is 3.00 m/s. What is the radius of the pipe at this
point?
Bernoulli’s Equation and Torricelli’s Sample Problem:
A large tank open to the atmosphere is filled with water
Theorem to a height of 5m from the outlet tap. A tap near the
The relationship between fluid speed, pressure, and bottom of the tank is now opened, and water flows out
elevation was first derived in 1738 by the Swiss from the smooth and rounded outlet. Determine the
physicist Daniel Bernoulli. Bernoulli’s equation relates maximum water velocity at the outlet
pressure, flow of velocity and height for flow of an ideal
fluid.

Torricelli’s Theorem is a special case of Bernoulli’s

Equation. Torricelli’s Theorem states that the speed of
efflux of a liquid from an opening in a reservoir equals
the speed that the liquid would acquire if allowed to fall
from rest from the surface of the reservoir to the
opening. For small openings, the flow of the liquid is
given by

Sample Problem:
A small circular hole 5.00 mm in diameter is cut in the
side of a large water tank,
11.0 m below the water level in the tank. The water tank
is sealed and contains air above the water at a gauge
pressure of 2.00 atm.
A. What is the speed of efflux of the water coming out of
the hole?
B. What is the volume discharged per second?