Electric Power Protection

Lecture-1
Dr. Ravi Saxena
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
College of Technology Pantnagar
Over View of Indian Power System
• Power Zones
• Voltage Levels
Primary objective of all power system
➢ A very high level of continuity of service and
when intolerable condition occur to minimize
the outage times .
➢ A relay don’t anticipate or prevent the
occurrence of fault rather it takes action only
after a fault has occurred
➢ one exception : Buchholz relay
 Nature and causes of faults
➢ Breakdown at normal voltage

1. Deterioration of insulation-pollution , dust

2. Physical accidents
3. Equipment failure

➢ Breakdown at abnormal voltage

1. Switching surges
2. lightning
Electrical quantities affected by fault
➢ Voltage

➢ Current

➢ Frequency (48.8-First,48.6 –Second, 48.2

Third)

➢ Power loss
 Power System Elements

• Generators
• Transformers
• Power Lines
• Buses
• Capacitor Banks
 Types of faults
➢ Symmetrical faults
1. 3 phase fault

➢ Unsymmetrical faults
1. L-G fault
2. L-L-G fault
3. L-L fault
4. Single phase open circuit
5. Double phase open circuit
 Fault statistics
➢ Overhead line – 50%
➢ Under ground cables-9%
➢ Transformer-10%
➢ Generator-7%
➢ Switchgear-12%
➢ CT’s , PT’s , Relays-12%
Fault occurrence of different types of
fault on overhead lines
➢ L-G - 70-80 %

➢ L-L - 10-8 %

➢ L-L-G - 17-10 %

➢ 3 phase - 3-2 %
 Consequences of faults
➢ Reduction of line voltage.

➢ Damage to system.

➢ Damage to apparatus due to overheat.

➢ Instability.
 What is a Relay ?

➢IEEE defines relay as an electrical device

that is designed to interrupt I/P
conditions in a prescribed manner &
after the specified manner & after the
specified conditions are met to respond
to cause contact operation or similar
abrupt change in associated electric
control circuit .
Protective Relaying System
 Protection System Elements

• Protective Relays
• Circuit Breakers
• Current and Voltage Transformers
• Communication Channels
• DC Supply System
• Control Cables
 Instrument Transformers

• CT – Current Transformer
• Current scaling
• Isolation from primary voltage
• VT – Voltage Transformer
• Voltage scaling
• Isolation from primary voltage
Power System Elements
 Protective Relay Functions

• Detect Faults
• Short circuits
• Detect abnormal operating conditions
• Overloads, unbalances, low voltage or
frequency
• Control and supervision
• Automatic reclosing, bus transfer, synch-check
 Zones of Protection

➢ Separate protective scheme for each piece of

equipment or element of the power system, such
as generator, transformer, transmission line, bus
bar protection etc.
➢ Power system is divided into no. of zones for
protection. The protective zones are planned
such a way that entire power system collectively
covered by them and thus not part of the power
system remain unprotect.
 Generator protection

C.B
H.V switchgear protection

Transformer protection

E.H.V switchgear protection

Transmission line protection

E.H.V switchgear protection

Fig. zone of protection

 GENERATOR ZONE

BUS ZONE

TRANSFORMER ZONE

BUS ZONE

TRANSMISSION LINE ZONE

OVERLAP

TRANSFORMER ZONE

BUS ZONE

GENERATOR ZONE

FIG. ZONE OF PROTECTION

Zones of Protection
Overlapping of Zone on one side of C.B
 Primary and Backup protection

➢ If fault occurs in a particular zone than it is

the duty of the primary relays of that zone to
isolate the faulty element. The primary relay is
the first line of defense.
➢ If due to any reason, the primary relay fails to
operate, there is a back-up protective scheme
to clear the fault as a second line of defense.
 Reasons of failure of Primary Relay

➢ Current or voltage supply to relay 7% & 3%.

➢ Tripping voltage supply D.C. – 1%.
➢ Protective relays – 44%.
➢ Tripping circuit or circuit breaker mechanism
– 8%.
➢ Circuit Breaker – 14%.
➢ Back up relay are made independent of these
factors which might cause primary relays to fail. A
back relay operates after a certain time delay.

➢ Large part of the system is disconnected from

the power source.
➢ Back up relay should be placed at different
station. Sometimes a local backup is used. It
should be located in such a way that it does not
employ components (P.T. & C.T.) common with
the primary relays which are to be backed up.
 Types of Back up relays

(a) Remote back- up

(b) Relay back- up

(c) Breaker back- up

(a) Remote Back up – Relays are located at a
neighbouring station. They back up the entire
primary protective scheme. Cheapest and the
simplest form of backup protection and is
widely used back-up protection of
transmission lines.

(b) Relay Back up – Local back up in which an

additional relay is provided for back up
protection. Trips the same circuit breaker
without any delay.
 Principles of operation that are different from
them of primary protection are desirable. They
should be supplied from different CT & PT.

(C) Breaker back up- Bus bar system when a no of

Circuit breaker are connected to it.
When protective relay operates in response to a
fault but the C.B. fails to trip. The fault is treated
as bus bar fault and all other C.B. on that bus bar
should trip. After a time delay the main relay
close the contact of a back up relay which trips
all other C.B. on the bus. If the proper breather
does not trip within specified time.
 Essential qualities of protection
➢ Every protective system is required to satisfy four
basic requirements.

(1) Reliability
(2) Selectivity
(3) Fast operation
(4) Sensitivity

(1)Reliability–Reliability is a qualitative term.

Quantitatively it can be expressed at a probability of
failure .Failures can be reduced by .

(a). Reliable design bought by regular and through

maintenance
(b). Quality of personnel.
(c). High contact pressure.
(d). Dust free encloser.
(e). Well braced joints and impregnated coil.
(f). precaution in manufacture and assembly .
(g). component should be treated for
contamination.
(2) Selectivity – This is the property by which
only the faulty discrimination element of the
system is isolated and the remaining healthy
section are left intact. Selectivity is absolute if
the protection only to faults within its own
zone and relative if it is obtain by grading the
settings of the protection of several zone all of
which may respond to a given fault.
➢ Reliability – has two aspects.
1.Dependibility
2.Security
➢ Dependibility – The degree of certainity that a
relay or relay system will operate correctly(IEEE
37.2) or ability of protection system to perform
correctly when required .
➢ Protection must be secure (not operate on
tolerable transients) yet dependability (operate
on intolerable transients and faults)
➢ Dependability is easy to as certain by testing the
protection system that it will operate as intended.
➢ Security :- The degree of certainity that a relay or
relay system not operate incorrectly or ability to
avoid unnecessary operation during normal day
after day operation and faults and problems
outside the designated zone of operation.

➢ When the operating thresholds are exceeded

security is more difficult to ascertain. Therefore
be infinite variety of transients that might upset
the protective system and predetermination of
there possibilities is difficult or impossible.
➢ The type of electrical failure that cause greatest
concern is the short circuit or fault as it is usually called
but there are other abnormal operating conditions
peculiar to certain demerits of the system that also
remain attention.

➢ Protective relaying is one of several features of system

designed concerned with minimizing damage to
equipment and interruption to service when electrical
failure occur when we say relays protect means that
together with other equipment the relays help to
minimize damage and improve service.

➢ Fuse – an over current protective device with a circuit

opening fusible part that is heated and severed by the
passes of the over current through it .
 The Philosophy of protective relaying
➢ Three aspects of power system .
1 - Normal operation.
2 - Prevention of electrical failure .
3 - Mitigation of the effect of electrical failure.

➢ Major expenses for equipment and operation but

present day requirement could not be meet by designing
the system according to this aspect only.

➢ Electrical equipment failure would cause intolerable

outages. These must be additional provision to minimize
damage to equipment and interruptions to the service
when the failure occurs.
➢ Now two recoveries are open

1. To incorporate features of design aimed at

preventing failures.

2. To include provision for mitigating the effects of

failure when it occurs.

➢ Protective relaying, commonly called relaying is a

non profit , non reverse producing items that is not
necessary in the normal operation of an electrical
power system until a fault- an abnormal , intolerable
situation occurs.
 Intolerable condition can cause

1 – Loss of power.

2 - Voltage dips

3 – Over voltages
 Impractical and impossible to avoid
the consequence of

1 – Natural events – Lightning, wind, ice, earthquake,

fire , explosions, falling trees, flying objects, physical
contact by animals and contamination.

2 – Physical accidents – Vehicle hitting pole or

contacting line equipment.

3 – Equipment Failure
4-- Misoperation owing to human error
System faults usually provide significant
change in system quantities

1 – over current
2 – over-under voltage power
3 – power angle or phase angle
4 – power or current direction
5 – impedance
6 – frequency
7 – temperature
8 – physical moment
 Evolution of Protective relay
➢Attracted armature type- Fast, simple &
accurate.
➢Induction disc type inverse time current relay
–Were developed in the early 1920.
➢Polarized DC relay – greater selectivity &
accuracy(1939).
➢1947-Rectifier bridge type comparator were
developed in Norway & Germany.
➢Electronic relay vacuum tube:- 1928-1956.
➢Transistorized was developed in – 1949.
 Electromagnetic Relay

• Electromagnetic relays are those relay

which operates on the principle of
electromagnetic attraction.
• It is a type of a magnetic switch which
uses the magnet for creating a magnetic
field.
• The magnetic field then uses for opening
and closing the switch and for performing
the mechanical operation.
 Types of an Electromagnetic
Relay
• By their working principle, the
electromagnetic relay is mainly classified
into two types. These are
• Electromagnetic Attraction Relay
• Electromagnetic Induction Relay
• In this relay, the armature is attracted to
the pole of a magnet. The electromagnetic
force exerted on the moving element is
proportional to the square of the current
flow through the coil. This relay responds
to both the alternating and direct current.

• For AC quantity the electromagnetic force

developed is given as
 For AC quantity the electromagnetic force developed is given as

equation-1
 Balanced Beam Relay
Balanced-beam-type
 Hinged armature relay
hinged-armature-type-relay
 Shaded pole structure

shaded-pole-construction-of-induction-disc-relay
 Contd..
• The disc is made up of aluminium. The inertia of
the aluminium disc is very less.. Hence they need
less deflecting torque for its movement.
• The two rings have the current induced in them
by the alternating flux of the electromagnetic.
• The magnetic field develops from the current
produces the flux in the portion of the iron ring
surrounded by the ring to lag in phase by 40° to
50° behind the flux in the unshaded portion of
the pole.
 Contd..
• This coil is usually energised by current
flowing in the single coil wound on a magnetic
structure containing an air gap. The air-gap
fluxes produce by the initializing current is
split into two flux displace in time-space and
by a shaded ring. The shaded ring is made up
of the copper ring that encircles the part of
the pole face of each pole.
Watt-hour Meter Structure
watt-hour-meter-type-induction-motor
 Contd..
• This structure consists E shape electromagnet
and a U shape electromagnet with a disc-free
to rotate in between them. The phase
displacement between the fluxes produced by
the electromagnet is obtained by the flux
generated by the two magnets having
different resistance and inductance for the
two circuits.
 Contd..
• The E-shaped electromagnet carries the two
windings the primary and the secondary. The
primary current was carrying the relay current
I1 while the secondary winding is connected to
the windings of the U-shaped electromagnet.
 Contd..
• The primary winding carries relay current
I1 while the secondary current induces the
emf in the secondary and so circulate the
current I2 in it. The flux φ1 induces in the E
shed magnet, and the flux φ induces in the U-
shaped magnet. These fluxes induced in the
upper and lower magnetic differs in phase by
angle θ which will develop a driving torque on
the disc proportional to φ1φ sinθ.
• The most important feature of the relay is that
opening can control their operation or close
the secondary winding circuit. If the
secondary winding is opened, then no torque
will be developed, and thus relay can be made
inoperative.
 Induction Cup Relay
induction-cup-relay
• The relay which works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction is known as the
induction cup relay.
• The relay has two or more electromagnet
which is energized by the relay coil. The static
iron core is placed between the electromagnet
as shown in the figure below.
 Contd..
• The coil which is wound on the electromagnet
generates the rotating magnetic field. Because of the
rotating magnetic field, the current induces inside
the cup. Thus, the cup starts rotating. The direction
of rotation of the cup is same as that of the current.
• The more torque is produced in the induction cup
relay as compared to the shaded and watt meter
type relay. The relay is fast in operation and their
operating time is very less approximately 0.01 sec.