Volume 9, Issue 9, September – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP960

Mobile Forensics: Extracting Geo-Location Data from

Photos on Android Smartphones
Eman Daraghmi Ahmed Hamoudi
Palestine Technical University - Kadoorie Palestine Technical University - Kadoorie
Tulakrem, Palestine Tulkarem, Palestine

Abstract:- With the rapid advancement of technology and Other mobile operating systems make up only a fraction
communication, smartphones have become ubiquitous, of the total market share, standing at 0.2%. This dominance
offering functionalities such as geo-location-based photo makes Android smartphones a critical platform for studying
capturing through GPS and navigation applications. and implementing geolocation technologies, especially
Digital forensic examiners can retrieve location data from within the field of mobile forensics.
Exchangeable Image File Format (EXIF) metadata
embedded in photos, commonly referred to as Modern Android smartphones and digital cameras (see
“geolocation,” which is crucial in criminal investigations. Fig 1) have the capability to save GPS coordinates within the
Modern Android smartphones and digital cameras store metadata of every photo taken. This metadata, embedded
GPS coordinates in every captured photo, allowing within the Exchangeable Image File Format (EXIF), includes
forensic analysts to leverage this information to solve critical information such as the device's location, date, and
cases. This paper demonstrates the process of manually time when the photo was captured. Forensic investigators can
extracting geographical identification data (latitude, analyze this data to trace the physical movements of
longitude, altitude) from raw image files using Hex editor individuals or objects, making it invaluable in criminal
tools and validating the results with Google Maps. These investigations. The process of identifying the geographical
methods aid forensic investigators and law enforcement origin of an item through its properties is referred to as
agencies by providing evidence that can be presented in forensic geolocation [3], [4], [5].
court.
EXIF, which was developed by the Japan Electronic
Keywords:- Geo-Location, GPS, Android, EXIF Meta- Data, Industries Development Association (JEIDA), is now an
Mobile Forensics, Longitude-Latitude – Height international standard supported by both the Tagged Image
File Format (TIFF) and JPEG formats [6], [7], [8]. The EXIF
I. INTRODUCTION metadata contains not only geotagging information but also
various other technical details such as camera settings (ISO
The ability to determine our precise location on Earth speed, focal length, shutter speed), date and time, image
has fascinated humankind for centuries. Ancient Greeks were orientation, and copyright information. The inclusion of
among the first to triangulate their geographical position geographic information (Geo-Tags) such as latitude,
using the stars over 2,000 years ago [1]. This early curiosity longitude, and altitude within an image is what transforms a
has evolved into modern geolocation technologies that now regular photo into a geotagged image.
allow us to pinpoint locations with extraordinary accuracy.
Geolocation, in its current form, refers to the process of A geotagged image is a powerful resource in digital
determining the physical geographic location (latitude, forensics, as it contains geographical identification data that
longitude, and altitude) of a device, such as a computer or can be used to track the location of where the image was
smartphone, using various technological systems. In this taken. While numerous mobile forensic tools are available to
digital age, where mobile devices play a central role in extract geotag data from photos, understanding the
communication, navigation, and information sharing, underlying mechanisms of these tools is essential for forensic
geolocation has become an integral part of daily life. analysts. The ability to manually extract geolocation data
from images provides a deeper understanding of how these
With the widespread use of smartphones, particularly tools function, and in some cases, can prove crucial when
Android devices, the implementation of geolocation automated tools fail to perform. This paper explores the
technology has grown exponentially. Android, being the manual extraction of geotag data from images on Android
market leader with a global market share of 87.7%, is the smartphones by examining the byte-level information stored
operating system of choice for millions of users, followed by in the EXIF metadata using Hex editor tools.
iOS, which holds 12.1% of the market [2].

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP960

stages of development and operation. These systems provide

precise position coordinates, including longitude, latitude,
and altitude, which are used in numerous applications,
including mobile forensics (see Fig 2).

The history of positioning systems can be traced back

over millennia, with early civilizations using celestial
navigation techniques. The development of modern satellite-
based navigation began in the mid-20th century. Key
milestones include :
 2,000+ years ago: Ancient Greeks triangulated their
geographical location using stars [1[14], [15], [16], [17],
[18], [19], [20].
 1933: Radar was first used to detect aircraft and ships by
Fig. 1. Market Share of Mobile Operating Systems Globally the U.S. Navy [10].
 1957: The Soviet Union launched the first artificial
Android, being an open-source, Linux-based operating satellite, Sputnik I, into space [12].
system, was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by  1973: The GPS Navstar system was proposed by the
Google. The first version of the Android code was released Pentagon [13].
by Google in 2007, with the commercial version (Android  1978: The first Navstar GPS satellites were launched into
1.0) being launched in September 2008 [8], [9], [10], [11], space by the U.S. [13].
[12], [13]. Since then, Android has rapidly evolved, with  1983: President Ronald Reagan offered GPS technology
each version incorporating more advanced features, including to civilian aircraft for improved air navigation safety,
those related to geolocation services. Its widespread adoption though it was initially restricted [14].
and versatility make it the ideal platform for implementing  1989: Magellan introduced the first handheld navigation
geolocation tracking systems. device, the NAV 1000 [15].
 1995: The GPS system achieved full operational status
Mobile forensics is the science of recovering digital [16].
evidence from mobile devices such as smartphones and
 1999: The Benefon Esc! became the first mobile phone to
tablets. This field has grown in significance due to the
integrate GPS, primarily marketed in Europe [14].
extensive use of mobile devices in communication and daily
 2000: President Bill Clinton authorized the removal of
activities. Mobile forensics focuses on the extraction,
GPS restrictions for civilian use, vastly improving
preservation, and analysis of digital evidence from these
accuracy [17].
devices, making it a crucial tool in criminal investigations.
 2005: The first European experimental GPS satellite,
In this paper, we focus on the manual parsing of image GIOVE-A, was launched, marking the beginning of the
files to recover geolocation data when automated recovery Galileo system [18].
methods fail or are unavailable. By using an Android  2005: Google Maps made its debut, revolutionizing
smartphone, we demonstrate how to manually analyze raw access to digital maps [19].
image data to extract latitude, longitude, and altitude  2015: Facebook began integrating location-based data
information. This manual approach highlights the importance from geodata platforms, enhancing its location services
of understanding the underlying structure of image files and [20].
provides a valuable skill set for forensic investigators when
dealing with incomplete or corrupted data. These advancements have set the foundation for modern
geolocation services, which are now commonplace in
II. BACKGROUND smartphones and digital cameras, allowing the seamless
capture of GPS data along with photographs.
A. History of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) refer to B. Mobile Forensics
satellite constellations that transmit signals, allowing Mobile forensics is a critical field within digital
receivers virtually anywhere on Earth to determine their forensics that focuses on recovering digital evidence from
location. These systems have become integral to many mobile devices. As smartphones have become central to
aspects of modern life, including mobile device navigation, personal and professional life, their increasing storage and
transportation, and even agriculture. GNSS has evolved over computational capabilities present both opportunities and
the decades, with the most notable systems being the Global challenges for forensic investigators. The wealth of data
Positioning System (GPS), developed by the United States stored on mobile devices—such as call logs, SMS messages,
Department of Defense, and the Global Orbiting Navigation application data, GPS data, and locally stored files—can be
System (GLONASS), operated by the Russian Federation. instrumental in criminal investigations [21], [22], [23].
Both systems were fully operational by the mid-1990s. Other
GNSS systems, such as Galileo (developed by the European
Union) and BeiDou (developed by China), are in various

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP960

Forensic investigators use specialized mobile forensic

tools to extract and analyze data from smartphones. These
tools can uncover various types of digital evidence, including
metadata from photos that contain geolocation information,
which is crucial for tracking the physical movements of
suspects or victims. Table I lists some of the most commonly
used mobile forensic tools in investigations.

The combination of mobile forensics and GNSS data

allows forensic experts to map the locations of mobile device
users over time, providing invaluable insights in legal cases,
from locating missing persons to unraveling the movements
of criminal suspects.

C. Related Work
Several research efforts have focused on the extraction
and analysis of geolocation data for forensic purposes [24],
[25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33]. In 2013,
Stefan Sack, Knut Kröger, and Reiner Creutzburg conducted
research on location tracking forensics using mobile devices. Fig. 2. Android System Architecture System [6]
They explored three different procedures for extracting
positional data from various devices and analyzed how these Table 1: List of Mobile Forensic Tools
methods could be applied to different classes of devices.
Another significant study, conducted in 2008 by Hsiang-
Cheh, Yueh-Hong, and Shin-Chang, examined how EXIF
data can be used as a binary watermark in images, further
contributing to the understanding of geotagging in digital
forensics [22].

A more recent study by Dr. Hamdi in 2016 focused on

the forensic analysis of multimedia file signatures in
smartphones. His research aimed to determine whether
multimedia files, such as images and videos, were created
locally on the smartphone or modified externally. The study
also explored the detection of alterations made to these files,
further enhancing forensic investigation techniques [23].

This growing body of work demonstrates the critical

role of geolocation data and mobile forensics in
contemporary digital investigations. By understanding the III. METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDY SETUP
tools and techniques available, forensic analysts can more
effectively recover and analyze evidence from mobile This section outlines the methodology used to manually
devices, supporting their investigative efforts. extract geographical identification data (latitude, longitude,
and altitude) from an image using the HxD Hex Editor tool.
The process involves capturing a geotagged image with an
Android smartphone, transferring it to a workstation, and
then manually parsing the image’s EXIF metadata for
location data.

A. Research Tools
The following tools were used in this experiment:
 Mi 9T Pro Smartphone
 Model: M1903F11G
 Android version: 10 (QKQ1.190825.002)
 MIUI version: Global 12.0.3 Stable
 Kernel version: 4.14.117-perf-g7428a5b

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP960

 Original Type-C Cable for Xiaomi Mi 9T Pro IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
 Used for fast charging and data transfer between the
mobile device and the investigation workstation. To verify the geolocation data embedded in an image on
a Windows operating system, a simple method is to right-
 Workstation click on the image, choose “Properties,” and navigate to the
 Asus Computer (i7, 6th generation) “Details” tab, where the EXIF metadata, including
 Operating System: Windows 10 Pro geotagging information, can be viewed (as shown in Fig 3).

 HxD Hex Editor

 Version: 2.4.0.0 (Mh-nexus, 2020)

 The Hex Editor was used to manually analyze the image’s

hexadecimal content for geotagging information
embedded within the EXIF metadata.

B. Research Data Setup

 Enabling Geolocation Services

For the purpose of this experiment, the geolocation
(GPS) service on the Mi 9T Pro smartphone was enabled.
This ensures that any image captured using the camera app
would be tagged with geolocation metadata, including
latitude, longitude, and altitude.

 Image Capture
After enabling the geolocation service, an image was
captured using the Mi 9T Pro’s native camera application.
This image was automatically tagged with geolocation data
as part of the EXIF metadata embedded in the file.

 Data Transfer
The captured image was transferred from the Mi 9T Pro
smartphone to the workstation via th …….e original Type-C
cable. The cable ensured fast and secure data transfer,
necessary for preserving the integrity of the image file and its
metadata. Fig. 3. Image Properties in Windows OS

 Hexadecimal Analysis Alternatively, several tools can extract geotag and other
Once the image was successfully transferred to the relevant information from images, such as ExifTool GUI,
workstation, the HxD Hex Editor tool was used to open the Metadata++, or various free online services [24]. For this
image file. By examining the hexadecimal representation of study, we opted to manually extract the geolocation data
the image, we manually extracted the geotagging embedded in an image using the HxD Hex Editor tool. The
information. This involves identifying specific patterns manual extraction process ensures a deeper understanding of
within the EXIF metadata that correspond to geographical the underlying structure of EXIF metadata and helps in cases
data such as latitude, longitude, and altitude, as outlined in where automated tools might fail.
the Data Analysis and Findings section.
To achieve this, the following steps were followed:
Fig 4 illustrates a hexadecimal view of the image file as  Capture a geo-tagged image using a Mi 9T smartphone.
displayed by the HxD Hex Editor.  Use the HxD Hex Editor tool to examine the image and
locate direction letters (N, S, E, W).
 Identify the patterns in the hexadecimal values, such as
"0x00 00 00 01" and "0x00 00 27 10."
 Perform calculations on the extracted values to convert
them into meaningful geographic coordinates.

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP960

 Minutes: The next four bytes are "00 00 00 12" (offset:

3074–3077), which equals 18 in decimal, followed by "00
00 00 01." Thus, the value of minutes is:
Value of minutes: 18 / 1 = 18

 Seconds: The subsequent four bytes are "00 06 48 BF"

(offset: 3082–3085), which equals 411,839 in decimal,
followed by "00 00 27 10" (offset: 3086–3089), which
equals 10,000 in decimal. Therefore, the value of seconds
is:
Value of seconds: 411,839 / 10,000 = 41.1839
The latitude is then calculated as:
Latitude = 32° 18' 41.1839" N

 Longitude Calculation:

Fig. 4. Hexadecimal View of an Image from Mi 9T  Degrees: The four bytes following "00 00 27 10" are "00
Smartphone using the HxD Hex Editor Tool 00 00 23" (offset: 3090–3093), which equals 35 in
decimal. Therefore:

Value of degrees: 35 / 1 = 35

 Minutes: The next four bytes are "00 00 00 01" (offset:

3098–3101), followed by a divisor of "00 00 00 01,"
Fig. 5. Hexadecimal View Showing Specific Patterns in the giving:
EXIF Data
Value of minutes: 1 / 1 = 1
A. Finding Direction Letters (N, S, E, W)
The first step in manually extracting geolocation data  Seconds: The following four bytes are "00 04 49 58"
involves opening the image file in the HxD Hex Editor. After (offset: 3106–3109), which equals 280,920 in decimal,
the image is loaded, search for direction letters such as "N" followed by "00 00 27 10" (offset: 3110–3113), which
(North), "S" (South), "E" (East), or "W" (West) within the equals 10,000 in decimal. Therefore:
hex code (as shown in Fig 4). These letters indicate the Value of seconds: 280,920 / 10,000 = 28.092
latitude and longitude orientation and will help guide further
calculations. The longitude is then calculated as:

B. Locating the Hexadecimal Pattern Longitude = 35° 1' 28.092" E

The next step is to identify the specific hex pattern
associated with the geotagged information. Search for the  Altitude Calculation:
pattern "00 00 00 01 ... 00 00 00 27" and locate the values The four bytes after "00 00 00 27" are "00 01 B6 0C"
four bytes before the first occurrence of "00 00 00 01." In this (offset: 3114–3117), which equals 112,140 in decimal. The
case, the value is "00 00 00 20," and its corresponding offset next four bytes are "00 00 03 E8" (offset: 3118–3121), which
is 3066–3069. equals 1,000 in decimal. Therefore:

C. Identification and Calculations Altitude = 112,140 / 1,000 = 112.14 meters above sea level

 Latitude Calculation: Based on the extracted and calculated coordinates

 Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal: The value "00 00 (Table II), the precise geographic location can be determined.
00 20" is converted from hexadecimal (base 16) to These coordinates can then be entered into Google Maps for
decimal (base 10). This gives: verification (as shown in Fig 6 and Fig 7).
(00 00 00 20)₁₆ = (32)₁₀
Table 2. Coordinates Calculated in the Case Study
 Next Bytes for Division: The next four bytes are "00 00 Latitude Longitude Altitude
00 01," which equals 1. The division is then performed 32°18'41.1839" N 35°1'28.092" E 112.14 m
as:
Value of degrees: 32 / 1 = 32

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Volume 9, Issue 9, September – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP960

offering more flexibility and precision in scenarios where

automated tools might fail or be unavailable.

Future research is needed to explore whether modern

mobile forensic tools can extend their capabilities to handle
partially recovered image files more effectively. Investigating
how these tools can improve the automated extraction of
geolocation data from fragmented or incomplete images
would be an invaluable addition to the field. Moreover,
research into optimizing manual methods for quicker analysis
and more complex cases involving image modification would
further enhance forensic practices.

Fig. 6. Coordinates Entered into Google Maps ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank Palestine Technical

University – Kadoorie for their support.

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