BIOLOGY

FORM II

END OF THE TERM 3 2023

MARKING SCHEME
1. i) Pitfall trap √ (1)
ii) Sweep net √ (1)
2. a) Cytology √ (1)
b) Taxonomy √ (1)
3. a) Species is the smallest unit of classification, whose members can naturally/freely
interbreed to give rise to viable/fertile offspring’s. √ (1)
b) The second name which represents species should start with a small letter. √ (1)
The two names should be underlined separately √ (1)
c) Because they do not belong to the same species. Only members of the same species can
breed to give rise to offsprings.
4. Total magnification = eye piece lens magnification X objective lens magnifications
Therefore
Total magnification √ (1)
Magnification of objective lens=
Magnificationof eye piece lens
√ (1)
X 20 0
=X 20 √ (1)
X 10
5. a) Cell membrane/plasma membrane √ (1)
b) A – Phospholipid layer √ (1)
B – Protein layer √ (1)
c) It encloses the contents of the cell √ (1) either
It allows selective movement of particles in and out of the cell √ (1)
6. a) Osmosis √ (1)
b) The solution in tubing X was more dilute that that in the beaker/solution in tubing X is
hypotonic to be solution in to beaker √ (2). Water moved from the tubing into the beaker
 by osmosis/. Water molecules moved from the beaker where they are highly concentrated
to where they are lowly concentrated. √ ( ½)
The solution in tubing Y had the same concentration as that in the beaker. The solution is
isotonic. There is no movement of water in either direction.

Z
The solution in tubing Z was more concentrated that in the beaker or Z is hypertonic √
(½) to the solution in the beaker √ . Water molecules moved from the beaker where take
√ are more conc into the tubing by osmosis. Or in the beaker there are more free water
molecules than in the tubing Z. free water molecules more from the beaker to the risking
tubing through osmosis.
c) Uptake of water from the soil into the root hairs of plant roots √ (2).
 Uptake of water from the surrounding medium into the cells of microorganisms.
 Transport of water from the epidermal cells of the root to the cells at the center of the
root (support).
 Reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules (osmoregulation)
 Reabsorption of tissue fluid into the bloodstream at the venous of the capillaries.
 Movement of H2O from the veins of leaves through the leaf cells to the atmosphere
during transpiration.
 Opening and closing of stomata.
 Feeding insectivorous plants.
7. a) Glucose
b) Glycogen
c) Starch
Act as a solvent in which all biology reactions take place
 It is a reactant in many biological reactions e.g. photosynthesis, hydrolysis of food
molecules such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
 It is a solvent in which transport of nutrients, gases and waste products takes place.
 It is the solvent in which raw materials like minerals salts and finished products like
sucrose are transported in plants.
  Helps in maintenance of constant body temperature in warm blooded animals because of
its high specific heat capacity.
 It is responsible for turgidity of plant cells and hence the maintenance of an erect posture
of plant.
 It is a habitat for many plants and animals.
8. a) Pepsinogen and trypsinogen
b) If secreted in active form, they would digest the cells which they are formed and also the
lining of the glands that secret.
9. Structural factors
 Thickness of cuticle (rej. Cuticle alone)
 Leaf size and shape
 Location of the stomata/position
Rej. Stomata alone Any
 Number of stomata & size
 Leaf fall
 Hairy leaves

Environmental
- Temperature - Light intensity
- Wind - Atmospheric pressure
- Humidity - availability of water
10. a) Young root √ (1)
b) Reason
 Presence of star shaped xylem with phloem strands lying between the arms of the star
√.
 Presence of root hairs √
c) A – function
 Increases the surface areas for absorption of water, mineral salts √.
B
 Transport of water and dissolved minerals to the stem and the leaves √ (1).

11. Open circulatory system. Arthropods e.g insects any correct

 Closed circulatory system. (Any correct) √ (1) (mammals)
12. On the diagram (put) if correct) (in – half a mark, out – half a mark)
b) A – Aorta √ (1)
C – Semilunar valves √ (1) (at the base of the aorta)
c) Because D (left ventricle) has to pump blood all over the body whereas E (right ventricle)
only pumps blood to the lungs. (Thicker walls helps D to exert pressure to force blood all
over the body) √ (1)
d) They have inherent contractility i.e they contract on their own without stimulation of
nerve or hormones (myogenic) √ (1)
They can contract rhythmically throughout without fatigue
e) G. (pulmonary artery) carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs √
(1).
13. a) To estimate the rate of transpiration by measuring the rate of water uptake by a plant
shoot.
b) Stem of the shoot should be cut and fixed into to potomoter under water to prevent air
entering
into the xylem vessels. Either
All joints should be water tight √ (1)
c) The rate of transpiration would increase √ (1). Because heat causes temperature to increase
henceincreasing the rate of evaporation √ (1) of water from mesophyll cells of the leaf and
reduces relative humidity of the air outside the leaf √ (1).
ii) Rate would decrease √ (1). Because removal of the leaves reduces the surface
available for transpiration √ (1).
iii) Rate would increase √ (1). Because moving air washes away layers of water
vapour √ (1) immediately outside the leaf. This lowers humidity of air outside the
leaf thus increasing the relative humidity difference (saturation deficit) between the
inside and outside of the leaf.
14. A – Enamel √ (1/2) C – Dentine √ (1/2)
B – Gum √ (1/2) D – Pulp cavity √ (1/2)
 b) A – it is made up of hard organic substance consisting of mineral salt crystals (calcium
sulphate) and carbonate) board together by keratin √ (1). It forms an efficient, hard biting
surface.
D – Contains blood vessels provide nourishment for the dentine √ (1).
Nerve endings for sensibility of the tooth √ (1)
15. A – Microvilli C – Venule
B – Lacteal D – Arteriole
b) To provide a large surface area for the digestion and absorption of food
c) F – is network of capillaries where soluble end products of digestion diffuse into the
blood stream
d) It is very long and the inner lining is highly folded offering a large surface area for
absorption.
- Its surface area is increased further by villi and microvilli.
- Its epithelium is very thin allowing soluble food materials to pass through faster.
- It is richly supplied with blood capillaries and lacteals for transport of absorbed food
materials.
e) Vitamins (any)
Inorganic ions
16. Explanation √ (1)
1) Basal metabolism √ (1). This is the energy required to maintain life it includes the
energy used to drive vital processes as blood circulation, breathing maintenance of body
temp etc. or basal metabolic rate (BMR). This is the lowest level of energy production √
(1).
2) Sex √ (1) explanation √ (1)
Males require more energy than females because males are more masculine than
female. Females have more fats males use more energy compared to females.
3) Body size √ (1) explanation √ (1)
Small bodies people have a small volume which leads to a large surface area to volume
ratio. Their bodies lose a lot of heat to the surrounding. They therefore require more
energy than big bodied people who have small surface area to volume ratio.
4) Occupation/activity √ (1) – manual workers require more energy than for example an
office worker (any correct explanation by use of an example)
5) Age √ (1) explanation √ (1)
Young children have many actively dividing cells and they are physically active.
Therefore their Basal metabolic rate is higher than that of adults.