Subphylum: Chelicerata

● Chelicerates and tracheates are not closely related at all

● Crustacea is much closer to tracheata than either is to chelicerata

● Marine Horseshoe crab = prototype

Class: Xiphosura (4 living spp.) ● Sister taxa with arachnida
● Within the monophyletic clade of
euchelicaerata
● First pair of appendages modified into
claw like structure called chelicerae
○ Not homologous with
chelipeds or claws on
crustaceans at all
● Chelicerae used to grab food
● Pedipalps = walking legs
● Lack antennae
● 2 tagma
○ Cephalothorax= prosoma
○ abdomen= opisthosoma
● Only prosoma have appendages
○ Exception: horseshoe crab
 opisthosoma has appendage
○ But it is genital and gill flaps,
not designed for walking

● Relatively common in east coast of

Limulus, horseshoe crab – EXTERNAL U.S and Mexico
EXAM 1 ● Lives in shallow water
● Migrate onto the shore during
An extract derived from Limulus blood is used breeding
to ensure drug products and instruments are ● Spawning site must be porous, sandy
not contaminated by bacteria and bacterial and well-oxygenated
products such as endotoxins from Gram ○ Protected from wave action
negative bacteria ● Eggs are laid in nests in sand
● Male will patrol he surf line and
attracted to the female by
pheromones
● Male is smaller than female
● Male grab on back of female using
They lack antibody producing cells, blood first pair of modified pedipalp
have amoebocytes, clotting in reposnse to ● Female excavates nest, deposits egg
bacteria ● Male release sperm, fertilize eggs
Peaks time of reproduction = may/ June
● Juveniles spend years along the
intertidal sand flats
● Grow = moving into deeper water
● Omnivorous, love
○ Molluscs
○ Annelids
○ Algae and other animals
● Food is captured using chelae on
walking legs and pedipalps
● Maneuver the food into food groove
○ @ the base of legs.
● At base of legs:
○ Gnathobases = tooth structure
○ Gnathobases grind food
○ Then push food forward to
mouth behind food groove
● J shaped digestive tract
● Posteriorly pointing mouth
● Chelicerae is not a digestive organ, it
just guide food into the mouth
Respiration:
● There is a space between the 2 tagma
on lateral margins
● This is where water flows inward for
respiration
Sensory structure
● Dorsal surface have small ocelli on
 midline and pair of large compound
eyes
● Photoreceptors on telson

● Seven pairs of appendages

Limulus, small specimens, preserved – associated with prosoma
DEMO 2 ● First pair is chelicerae
● 4 next pairs = walking legs
● Each leg has 6 parts
○ Coax
○ Trochanter
○ Femur
○ Patella
○ Tibia
○ Tarsus
● Tarsus forming claw like pincer called
chela
So! Chelicera and 4 first pair of appendages
have claw like structure called chela
● In male, first pair of walking leg
lack chela, they have a large hook
like claw
○ To hold onto female while
mating
● Last pair of walking legs
 ○ not have chelae
○ Four spatula balde instead
○ To push against sand for
locomotion
○ Flabellum = base of last pair of
walking legs = gills cleaner
○ The only biramous appendage
● Chilaria: posterior to last walking leg,
is very short and unsegmented
● Coxa form gnathobases
Opisthosoma appendages
● 6 total
● tough , leathery
● Overlap and joined in the middle
● First pair = genital opercula
● Next 5 = gill opercula
○ Each has book gills on top
● Branchial chamber = space between
abdomen nd book gills
○ Water flow in from dorsal side
○ Through gills in posterior and
ventral direction
○ Exists adjacent to telson

●
Limulus, book gill slide – DEMO 3

● earliest members undoubtedly

Class: Arachnida marine, those today are primarily
terrestrial
● extant aquatic are species secondarily
derived from terrestrial ancestors
● very successful terrestrial arthropod,
beside tracheata .
● The cuticle became waxy to prevent
water loss,
● book gills were modified for use in air
● Malpighian tubules developed to deal
with nitrogenous waste,
● There also are unique innovations
such as silk, silk glands and venom
● terrestrial air breathing chelicerates
● carnivorous with a liquid diet.
● the pharynx be a sucking pump
● digestion is extraintestinal, in the pre–
oral cavity
● book lungs, 2 pairs of saccate
nephridia and have indirect sperm
 transfer using spermatophores
● First pair of appendaggges is the
celicerae
○ Feeding and defnese
○ Pedipalps for locomotion,
feeding, reproduction, sensory

● Pedipalps are claw like and chelicerae

Order: Scorpiones used to seize and tear prey
● Short cephalothorax
● Abdomen = 7 segment
● Post abdomen - 5 narrower segment
+ stinger
● Spiracles on pre-abodmen
○ Open book lungs
● Nocturnal and burrower
● Predators
○ Insects
○ Spider
○ Small arthropods
● One of the lowest metabolic rates
○ A year without a meal
● Efficientt converter
○ 30% of weight increase after
one meal
○ Usually plants and animals
only retain 1% of the nutrients
/energy of their meal.
● Pectines = synapomorphy
○ Mechanoreceptor
○ Chemopreceptor
○ Help in detect best ground to
deposit spermatophores
○ Pectines amputation leads to
ZERO spermatophore
deposition

● Same with spider/ chelicerae

Centruroides – EXTERNAL EXAM 2 ○ Prosoma = cephalo
○ Opisthosoma = abdomen
○ Opisthosoma then divide into
mesosoma and metasoma
● Has telson but
○ Have basal bulb and stinger
combined
● Carapace has eyes on top
● chelicera= tearing and chewing food
● Walking legs are on ventral side of
prosoma
○ Opisthosoma has no
 appendage
● Pectine on 9th segment
○ Comb like

● Spiracles are on mesosomal

segments

Centruroides, large specimens – DEMO 4

● Have pedicle = short narrow

Order: Araneae – true spiders connection between prosoma and
opisthosoma
● No apparent segment
● Most organs are in abdomen
● Kill using pedipalps and chelicerae
● Silk web
● spinnerets= 4 pairs of small
abdominal appendages
● Spinnerets connect gland that secrete
silk protein
● Courtship ritual required because all
most all are carnivorous
● Male has large pedipalp to transfer
sperm
● Female can store sperm indefinitely in
seminal receptacle

● Weave web
Argiope – EXTERNAL EXAM 3 ● Obvious 4 pairs of eyes
● Do not confuse the pedipalps with the
walking legs.
● The pedicel is actually the first
abdominal segment
● second abdominal segment
contains the reproductive organs
and opening to the book lungs
● Transverse line = epigastric furrow

● Male spider have small plate covering

the genital pore
● Female genital pore is the epigynum
● Derived species have a single spiracle
open to trachea
 ● Ticks and mites being prototype
Order: Acari ● Cephalothorax and abdomen fused
with no evidence of external
segmentation
● The ticks are parasitic, mites can be
parasites or free living

● Ticks are larger than mites and can be

responsible for the transmission of
serious disease such as Lyme
disease or Rocky Mountain Spotted
Fever

● Hard tick
Dermacentor, ticks, w.m. slide – DEMO 7 ○ Wood tick or dog tick
● Idiosoma = body
○ Has all appendages
● Opisthosoma has no legs
● hypostome will be the toothed
structure that looks like a rasp or file
● chelicerae and pedipalps will both be
paired and located on either side of
the hypostome
● ventral side identify the genital pore,
genital groove, stigmal plates and
spiracle, anus and post anal groove.
● Festoon is the segmented rim around
the abdomen. Should be sectioned
Demo 7 by Kin into small squares!!

Subphylum: TRACHEATA (= Uniramia)

● Hexapods, centipedes and millipedes
● is one of the 2 big terrestrial arthropod lineages
● The ancestral tracheate was a terrestrial mandibulate with tracheae, and a body
comprised of a series of similar unspecialized segments.
 ● The basic body plan includes a head with 1 pair antennae on first segment, a vestigial
2nd head segment
● Malpighian tubules and saccate nephridia in head.
● gonochoristic with internal fertilization and indirect sperm transfer with
spermatophores.
● Myriapoda = many legs is another name for both millipedes and centipedes
○ Humid environment
○ Permeable epicuticle is not water proof
○ Epicuticle lack wax and lipid
○ Found beneath stones, wood, in soil
● somewhat dorsoventrally flattened
Class: Chilopoda centipedes ● 2 tagma: the head and the trunk
● Each segment has one pair of
appendages (excluding the head)
● First pair is modified into poison calws
○ These are the maxillipeds or
forcipules
● are active predators
● raptorial feeders hunters
● Very quick
● Prefer moiste terrestrial habitats
● Gonochoristic
● Oviparous (lay eggs outside the
obody)
● Live young are similar to adults so no
metamorphrosis

● a dorsal plate called the tergite and a

Scolopendra, centipedes – EXTERNAL ventral plate called a sternite
EXAM 1 ● Sternite is smaller

● Laterally between two plates, there is

a pleurites
=> Each segment has 4 sclerotized plates
● One tergite, one sternite, 2 pleurites
● Articulation is flexible therefore, better
control/ movement despite having
hard skeleton
 ● Ventral side can see 1st and 2nd
maxilla and poisonous maxillipeds
● maxillipeds are not head appendages
but are in fact modified locomotory
appendages
● very last segment you should be able
to locate the anus and the gonopore
●

centipede, w.m. head end, slide – DEMO 1

By Kin

Lovely picture found online if you don’t

know what you are looking at:

● round body
Class: Diplopoda ● unlike the dorsoventrally flattened
centipedes
● body has 3 regions:
 ○ the head
○ the thorax
○ the trunk = abdomen
● The first thoracic segment is legless
● the next 3 thoracic segments have 1
pair of legs per segment
● Abdominal segments have 2 pairs
of appendages per segment.
○ also 2 spiracles per segment
● doubling up of metameric structures is
a consequence of segments fusing.
● Anterior gonopore
○ While posterior gonopore in
millipedes
● much less active than centipedes
● Herbivorous detritus
● Female lays egg in nest
○ PARENTAL CARE

● Tergite much larger than sternite

Spirobolus, millipedes – EXTERNAL ● Pleurites are indistinguishable
EXAM 2

● base of the second pair of legs

○ Gonopore
● collum= dorsal shield for head
● The mandibles have teeth
○ broad ventral plate called the
gnathochilarium
○ grind up plant material
● anus between the 2 paraproct plates
● hypoproct is the plate ventral to the
paraprocts.
 ● body divided into 3 readily identifiable
Class: Hexapoda tagma:
○ the head
Four types of development: ○ Thorax: 3 pairs legs
○ Abdomen
Ametabolous ● Primary functions of the head are
○ sensory perception
● Wingless insects: silverfish, ○ neural integration
○ food gathering
springtails ● Function of thorax
● Live miniature young
○ Locomotion
● None of stages have wings (except for
○ Bear legs and wings
sexual stage)
● Abdomen
● Successive molting and increase in
○ Contain visceral organs
size
○ Digestion
● 50 instars (substage)
○ Excretory
● Adults and juvenile competes for
○ Reproductive
resources because they eat the same
● Body form: elongate, cylindrical
food and live in the same niche
● Diversity from abundance of legs
● Which leads to diversity in this group,
Paurometabolous
mostly around the mouthpart.
● Grasshopper, cockroaches ○ Mandibulate
● young = nymph ○ Sucking = haustellate
● Juvenile need 4-5 molts to be adult ● Mandibulate
● External wing pads appear in late ○ Chewing insects
juvenile instars ○ Feed on plant and animal
○ Get bigger with molt ○ Predatory
● Adults and nymphs might compete for ○ Carnivorous/ Herbivorous/
resources detritivorous
○ Scavenger
Hemimetabolous ● Haustellate
○ Plant sap
● Dragonflies, mayflies ○ Nectar or another insect blood
● Juvenile lack wings feed
● Sexually immature ● Large range of motion is possible for
● Nymph do not resemblance adults every leg, they have 6 legs
● Juveniles have swing pads but might ● Wings are always attached to thorax
not be functional ● Steer very well: directional
● Juvenilles are aquatic and adults are ○ Can fly backward
aerial ● Tracheal system: tubes that opens to
○ No competition the outside through spiracles
○ Gas directly to cells
Holometabolous ○ Not having blood carrier
● Wide variety of habitats
● Bees, flies, ants, moths, beetles ● High reproductive rates
● Found in 80% of prescribed species ● Metamorphosis presents in all most
● Complete metamorphosis successful groups
○ Pupa: last juvenile instar and ● Adult specialty
adult ○ Have wings
● Adults have wings, sexually mature, ○ No more molting
 do not molt ○ Brief
● Juveniles = larvae ○ No funcional mouthparts or gut
○ Do not resemble adults ○ They are not responsible for
○ Do not have wing pads feeding/ growth, only
○ Typically go through 4 molts reproduction and dispersal
● No competition
○ Different food
○ Different mouth
● End of larval sequence, larva stops
feeding and become pupa
○ Have a ‘home’
○ To go through complete
metamorphosis
● THEY HAVE A COMPLETE
DESTRUCTION AND
RECONSTRUCTION OF INTERNAL
ORGANS
● NEW REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
● COMPLETE BODY ARCHITECTURE
● DEVELOP WINGS

Order: Thysanura, silverfish – ● Wingless insects

EXTERNAL EXAM 3 ● Ametabolous
● Juveniles look like adults
● Found in dark damp habitats
● Mandibulates
● Seen in hallways late at night

Order: Collembola, springtails – SLIDE 1 ● Wingless insects

By Kin ● Ametabolous
● Tolerate dry conditions
○ But found in moist habitats
● Detritivorous
● Collophore for water uptake
springtails, preserved – EXTERNAL
EXAM 4

“Pterygota” – winged insects

“Main” Orders of Insects – DEMO 3

● Grasshoppers, crickets, locusts

Order: Orthoptera ● Paurometabolous development
● Juvenilles is miniature life young
● Smaller wing
● Large insect, well developed hind
femora
○ For jumping
● Female have large ovipositors
○ Drill the ground to lay eggs
● Males have internal and unclear
genitalia
● Make sound to attract mate
● Rasping parts of the body
● Rate of reprod depend on temp
● Mandibulate
● Herbivorous
● Causing great crop damage
 ● Females will have a prominent
Romalea, grasshoppers – DISSECTION 1 ovipositor extending from the posterior
of the abdomen
● Legs and wings are attached to the
thorax
● Legs and wings are attached to the
thorax
● The tarsus will be made of multiple
segments and will be tipped with
claws
● tympanum dorsal to where the hind
legs join the body = ear
● abdomen and note the dorsal tergites
and ventral sternites
● sclerites and are joined by
membranous sutures.
● spiracles located just dorsal to the
suture between the terga and sterna
● head has the compound eyes, ocelli
and the paired antennae.
● mouthparts are directed ventrally, a
position termed hypognathus
● ocellus between the antennae and a
pair above the antennae.
● below the frons is the clypeus which
has the shape of a liplike sclerite
● clypeus is the labrum which forms the
upper “lip” of the mouth
● Immediately posterior to the labrum
are the paired mandibles.
● sclerotized and have teeth for the
tearing and grinding of food
● paired maxillae heind mandible
○ Short segmented palps -
sensory structure
● Labium = 2nd maxilla fused
● Hypopharynx protruding
● Tongue like structure close to base of
labium
● organs are contained in the
haemocoel which normally would be
filled with blood or haemolymph
● the head will be the thin walled crop
which is immediately followed by the
gizzard
● gizzard will be solid and hard whereas
the crop is delicate
○ Gizzard has internal slerotized
teeth
● gastric cecae = finger– like projections
 ○ involved in the absorption of
nutrients
● mass of thread– like material. These
structures are the Malpighian tubules
○ excretory organs
○ conservation of water

Melanoplus, grasshoppers life history

sequence – DEMO 4

Order: Hymenoptera
Apis, honey bee life history sequence –
DEMO 5

Order: Odonata

Dragonfly adults and nymphs – DEMO 6

Nymph
adult