CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Class - 10
Subject - Science
Module 1/3
Prepared by - V.L. Sylvia, TGT(SS), AECS-1, Kalpakkam
OCCURRENCE OF CARBON
Carbon is found in two different forms:-
Combined form
Elemental form
OCCURRENCE OF CARBON
Carbon is found in the atmosphere, inside the earth’s
crust and in the living organisms.
Carbon is present in fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, coke,
petroleum, natural gas, biogas, marsh gas etc.
Carbon is present in compounds like carbonates, hydrogen
carbonates etc.
Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite,
fullerenes etc.
COMBINED FORM
All living creatures
COMBINED FORM
Earth’s crust contains carbonates, coal and petroleum
COAL
PETROLEUM
OCCURRENCE OF CARBON
Atmosphere has 0.03% of CO2
ELEMENTAL FORM -ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
Structure of Graphite
ELEMENTAL FORM -ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
Structure of Diamond
ELEMENTAL FORM -ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
Structure of Buckminster Fullerene
BONDING IN CARBON
BONDING IN CARBON
From the above data in the table we find that these
compounds have low melting and boiling points as
compared to ionic compounds. We can conclude that the
forces of attraction between the molecules are not very
strong.
These compounds are largely non-conductors of
electricity, we can conclude that the bonding in these
compounds does not give rise to any ions.
ATTAINING STABILITY
The atomic number of carbon is 6.
It’s electronic configuration is 2,4.
Valence electrons is 4. So to attain stability :-
1) It could gain four electrons forming C4- anion. But it would
be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold on to ten
electrons, that is, four extra electrons.
2) It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cation. But it would
require a large amount of energy to remove four electrons
leaving behind a carbon cation with six protons in its nucleus
holding on to just two electrons.
COVALENT BOND
So carbon shares 4 electrons with other atoms to attain
stability resulting in the formation of covalent bonds.
Since carbon atom needs 4 electrons to attain stability, its
valency is 4 and it is tetravalent.
COVALENT BOND
FORMATION OF COVALENT BOND
Covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons
between atoms.
Types of Covalent Bonds :-
i) Single covalent bond
ii) Double covalent bond
iii) Triple covalent bond
FORMATION OF SINGLE COVALENT BOND-
HYDROGEN MOLECULE H2
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1, its electronic
configuration is 1, it has 1 valence electron. It needs 1
electron more to attain stability. So two hydrogen atoms
share 1 pair of electrons resulting in the formation of a
single covalent bond in hydrogen molecule H2
FORMATION OF DOUBLE COVALENT BOND-
OXYGEN MOLECULE O2
The atomic number of oxygen is 8, its electronic
configuration is 2,6; it has 6 valence electrons, it needs 2
electrons more to attain stability. So two oxygen atoms
share two pairs of electrons resulting in the formation of
a double covalent bond in oxygen molecule O2
FORMATION OF TRIPLE COVALENT BOND-
NITROGEN MOLECULE N2
The atomic number of nitrogen is 7, its electronic
configuration is 2,5; it has 5 valence electrons, it needs 3
electrons more to attain stability. So two nitrogen atoms
share three pairs of electrons resulting in the formation
of a triple covalent bond in nitrogen molecule N2
