MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Chapter 2: Speaking Mathematically

Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Rewrite a Universal Conditional Statement, a Universal Existential
Statement, and an Existential Universal Statement
2. Solve for the Cartesian Product of a given sets.
3. Identify the relation of the elements in a given set.
4. Determine if a given relation is a function.

Note: In this chapter, it is advised that you will do some readings and review on the
basic concept of SETS.

Some Important Kinds of Mathematical Statements

1. Universal Statement
A universal statement says that a certain property is true for all elements in a
set.
Example: All positive numbers are greater than zero.
2. Conditional Statement
A conditional statement says that if one thing is true then some other thing
also has to be true.
Example: If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by 6.
3. Existential Statement
Given a property that may or may not be true, an existential statement says
that there is at least one thing for which the property is true.
Example: There is a prime number that is even.

Rewriting a Universal Conditional Statements

A universal conditional statement is a statement that is both universal and
conditional.
Example 1: For all animals x, if x is a dog, then x is a mammal.
If x is a dog, then x is a mammal.
For all dog x, x is a mammal.

Example 2: Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:

For all real number x, if x is a nonzero then �� is positive.
A. If a real number is nonzero, then its square ______.
B. For all nonzero real numbers x, ________.
C. If x______, then _______.
D. The square of any nonzero real number is _______.
E. All nonzero real numbers have ________.

Answer for Example 2:

A. is positive
B. �2 is positive
C. is a nonzero real number, �2 is positive
D. positive
E. positive squares or squares that are positive
Rewriting a Universal Existential Statement
A universal existential statement is a statement that is universal because its first part
says that a certain property is true for all objects of a given type, and it is existential
because its second part asserts the existence of something.
Example 1: Every real number has an additive inverse
For all real numbers r, there is an additive inverse for r
For all real numbers r, there is a real number s such that s is an
additive inverse for r.
Example 2: Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:
Every pot has a lid.
A. All pots ____.
B. For all pots P, there is ____.
C. For all pots P, there is a lid L such that _____.

Answer for Example 2:

A. have lids
B. a lid for P
C. L is a lid for P

Rewriting an Existential Universal Statements

An existential universal statement is a statement that is existential because its first
part asserts that a certain object exists and is universal because its second part says
that the object satisfies a certain property for all things of a certain kind.
Example 1: There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every
positive integer.
There is a positive integer m that is less than or equal to every
positive integer.
There is positive integer m such that every positive integer is
greater than or equal to m.
Example 2: Fill in the blanks to rewrite in the following statement in three
different ways.
There is a person in my class who is at least as old as every person in
my class.
A. Some ______ is at least as old as _____.
B. There is a person p in my class such that p is _____.
C. There is a person p in my class with the property that for every
person q in my class, p is ____.

Answer for Example 2:

A. person in my class; every person in my class
B. at least as old as every person in my class
C. at least as old as q
 Activity 2.1 Rewriting Statements

Fill in the blanks to rewrite the given statement.

1. For all objects J, if J is a square then J has four sides.
A. All squares ____.
B. Every square______.
C. If J______, then J ______.
2. Every nonzero real number has a reciprocal.
A. All nonzero real numbers ____.
B. For all nonzero real numbers r, there is ____ for r.
C. For all nonzero real numbers r, there is a real number s such that ______.
3. For all equations E, if E is quadratic the E has at most two real solutions.
A. All quadratic equations ______.
B. If an equation is quadratic, then it ____.
C. If E _____, then E _____.
D. For all quadratic equations E, _____.

Cartesian Product
Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B, denoted A × B and
read “A cross B”, is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b), where a is in A and b is in B.
Symbolically:
A × B = {(a, b)|a ∈ A and b ∈ B}.
To find the numbers of element of A × B, just multiply the number of elements in A
by the number of elements in B.

Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {u, v}.

A. Find A × B
Solution: Pair every element in A to every element in B.
A × B = {(1, u), (1, v), (2, u), (2, v), (3, u), (3, v)}
B. Find B ×A
Solution: Pair every element in B to every element in A.
A × B = {(u, 1), (u, 2), (u, 3), (v, 1), (v, 2), (v, 3)}
C. Find B × B
Solution: Pair every element in B to every element in B.
B × B = {(u, u), (u, v), (v, u), (v, v)}

Activity 2.2 Cartesian Product

Let Y = {a, b, c} and Z = {1, 2, 3}.
A. Find Y × Z
B. Find Z × Y
C. Find Y × Y
The Language of Relations and Functions
Relation
Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a subset of A × B. Given an
ordered pair (x, y) in A × B, x is related to y by R, written xRy, if, and only if, (x, y) is
in R. The set A is called the domain of R and the set B is called the co-domain.

Example: Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R from A to B

as follows:
Given any (x, y) ∈ A × B,
�−�
(x, y) ∈ R means that 2 is an integer.
A. State explicitly which ordered pairs in A × B are in R.
Solution: A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)} . Examine each
ordered pair in A × B to see whether its elements satisfy the defining condition
in R.
1−1 0
(1, 1) ∈ R because 2 = 2 = 0, 0 is an integer.
1−2 −1 −1
(1, 2) ∉ R because 2
= 2
, 2
is not an integer.
1−3 −2
(1, 3) ∈ R because 2
= 2
=− 1, -1 is an integer.
2−1 1 1
(2, 1) ∉ R because 2
= 2, 2 is not an integer.
2−2 0
(2, 2) ∈ R because = = 0, 0 is an integer.
2 2
2−3 −1 −1
(2, 3) ∉ R because 2 = 2
, 2
is not an integer.
Thus R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2)}

B. Is 1R3? Is 2R3?
Solution: Yes, 1R3 because (1, 3) ∈ R.
No, 2 is not related to 3 because (2, 3) ∉ R.
C. What are the domain and co-domain of R?
Solution: The domain of R is {1, 2}, and the co-domain is {1, 2, 3}.

Functions
A function F from a set A to a set B is a relation with domain A and a co-
domain B that satisfies the following properties:
1. For every element x in A, there is an element y in B such that (x, y) ∈ F.
2. For all elements x in A and y and z in B,
if (x, y) ∈ F and (x, z) ∈ F, then y = z.
Or in other words,
1. Every element of A is the first element of an ordered pair of F.
2. No two distinct ordered pairs in F have the same first element.

Example: Let A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 3, 5}. Which of the relations R, S, and
T defined below are functions from A to B?
A. R = {(2, 5), (4, 1), (4, 3), (6,5)
Solution: R is not a function because it does not satisfy property (2). The
ordered pair (4, 1) and (4, 3) have the same first element.
B. For all (x, y) ∈ A × B, (x, y) ∈ S means that y = x + 1.
 Solution: S is not a function because it does not satisfy property (1). For
example, 6 ∈ A but there is no element in B such that y = 6 + 1 = 7.
C. T = {(2, 5), (4, 1), (6, 1)}
Solution: T is a function because it satisfies both property (1) and property (2).

Activity 2.3 Relation and Function

1. Let A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {6, 8, 10} and define relation R from A to B as follows:
For all (x, y) ∈ A × B,
�
(x, y) ∈ R means that is an integer.
�
A. Is 4R6? Justify your answer.
B. Is (3, 8) ∈ R? Justify your answer.
C. Write R as a set of ordered pairs.
D. Write the domain and co-domain of R.
2. Let A = {2, 4} and B = {1, 3, 5} and define relations U, V, and W from A to B as
follows: For all (x, y) ∈ A × B,
(x, y) ∈ U means that y − x > 2.
x
(x, y) ∈ V means that y − 1 = 2.
W = {(2, 5), (4, 1), (2, 3)}.
A. Is U a function? Justify your answer.
B. Is V a function? Justify your answer.
C. Is W a function? Justify your answer.

ASSESSMENT 2

Let C = {0, 1, 2} andD = {2, 4, 6, 8} and define a relation R from A to B as follows:

For all (x, y) ∈ C × D,
�+2
(x, y) ∈ R means that � is an integer.
A. List all the elements of C × D.
B. Write R as set of ordered pairs.
C. Is R a function or not? Justify your answer.