Chapter : Introduction To AI

Note : Artificial Intelligence is made up of two words ‘Artificial’ which means

something which is man made and ‘Intelligence’ which means ability to perceive or
infer information and to retain is as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive
behavior within an environment .

TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE

(Note : whatever be the type of intelligence we will discuss we all have these
traits/intelligence but the percentage may vary from one person to another.)

1) Mathematical Logical Intelligence

It is the ability of a person to quantify things, analyzing problems logically,
making hypotheses and solving them. They think in terms of cause and effect.

2) Linguistic Intelligence :
Language processing skills both in terms of understanding or implementation
in writing or verbally. For example William Shakespeare, Agatha Christie are
famous people who have high linguistic intelligence.

3) Spatial Intelligence
It is the ability to create, visualize, retain and retrieve well constructed images.
This ability is posed by Engineer or Architect. For example Leonardo Da Vinci
a famous person with Spatial Intelligence.

4) Kinesthetic Intelligence
It is the ability of a person to coordinate his mind with the body in order to
solve problems or create something.

5) Musical Intelligence
A persons ability to recognize and create sounds, rhythms and sound pattern.
Example are singers, music composer, instrument player.

6) Intrapersonal Intelligence
It is describing of How high the level of self-awareness someone has, starting
from realizing weakness, strength to his own feeling. For example Mahatma
Gandhi, Mother Teresa has the capacity to know themselves.

7) Existential Intelligence
An additional category of Intelligence relating to religious and spiritual
awareness. They are the philosophers, yoga or meditation instructor of the
 society. For example Gautam Buddha has the ability to understand life and
death.

8) Naturalist Intelligence
It involves how sensitive an individual is towards nature. It is the ability of
understanding living things and care for nature. For example Charles Darwin,
Steve Erwin etc are some naturalist intelligence personality.

9) Interpersonal Intelligence
Interpersonal Intelligence is the ability to communicate with others by
understanding others people feeling and influence of the person. For example
Ronald Regan a famous politician, Oprah Winfrey a famous American talk
show use their skills to interact effectively with the people.

FEATURES OF INTELLIGENCE

1) Ability to interact with the real world (people and surrounding)

The ability to interact with real world so that we can recognize, understand and
then respond in terms of our action.
For example
1) If we meet a person our intelligence will tell us to greet the person
warmly
2) If we see a snake our intelligence will tell us to run away to a safer
place.
3) Speech recognition => understanding and synthesis (eg : Siri, Alexa)
4) Image recognition => for example face lock/unlock

2) Reasoning and Planning

Ability to reason, solve problems and comprehend ideas to deal with
unexpected problems, uncertainties.

3) Learning and Adapting

Ability to learn and adapt up by upgrading our internal system so that we
would be able to respond queries based on experience and knowledge.

DECISION MAKING

 Decision making is the process of comparing our different alternatives and

coming to a conclusion on what exactly we want to do.
 It is the process of which is more satisfactory.
HOW DO ME MAKE DECISION ?

 The basis of Decision making depends upon the availability of information

(information includes our past-experience, intuition, knowledge and self-
awareness) and how we experience and understand it.
 Thus in order to make decision we need to have information which in turn help
us to visualize what the outcome cloud be and how we can achieve/avoid
those outcomes.

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ?

 When a machine possesses the ability to mimic Human traits i.e to make
decision, predict the future, learn and improve on its own, it is said to have
artificial intelligence.
 In other words, we can say that machine is artificial intelligent when it
accomplish task by itself –to collect data, understand it, analyze it, learn from it
and improve it.
 Artificial Intelligence covers a broad range of domains and applications and is
expected to impact every field in the future.
 Overall, its core idea is building machines and algorithms which are capable of
performing computational task that would otherwise require human like brain
functions.

HOW DO MACHINE BECOMES INTELLIGENT ?

Machines become intelligent with the algorithms that are fed into them by
developers. They are trained with the information that makes them intelligent to
achieve the desired output. An intelligent machine has the ability to monitor its
environment and then adjust its actions based on what it senses.

Data + Algorithm = AI Machines

Where Data is the information needed for training artificial intelligence systems and
algorithms are needed to analyze data which will help in decision making.

APPLICATIONS OF AI AROUND US

1) Google Search
Google search is powered by AI. It respond to our search in a more accurate
way. It also suggests and autocorrects typed sentences.

2) Text Editors on autocorrect and autocomplete

This type of features we basically use to see in Gmail, Grammarly.
3) Digital Assistants
Alexa, Google Assistant, Cortana, Siri are some very common examples of
voice assistants which are a major part of our digital devices. They use Natural
language processing in AI to interact with Human.

4) Google Maps
Google maps use AI to predict traffic along your route whether heavy or light,
an estimate travel time and an estimate time of arrival. It also assists us by
providing alternative light traffic routes with all possible calculations of
estimated arrival time.

5) AI Enhanced Game
AI has completely enhanced the gaming experience for its users. A lot of
games now a days are backed up with AI which helps in enhancing the
graphics, come up with new difficulty levels, encourage gamers etc.

6) Recommendation Systems
Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, Youtube etc show us recommendations on the basis
of what we like. It helps us to connect with people of our preference on social
media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. They also sends us
customized notifications based on our preferences on our online shopping
platforms.

7) Healthcare
AI is used in Healthcare to monitor the physical and mental health of its users.
It has helped in reducing the task of constant monitoring required by doctors
and nurses in critical care units. It has also helped the doctor in performing
many lifesaving operations.

8) Chatbots
Interacting with customers can be time-consuming and stressful. Chatbots are
taught to communicate with the customers using NLP ensuring maximum
customer satisfactions.
WHAT IS NOT AI ?

1) Full Automatic Washing Machine

A Fully automatic washing machines can work on it’s own, but it requires
Human intervention to select the parameters of washing and to do the
necessary preparations for it to function correctly before each wash, which
makes it an example of automation, not AI.

2) Air conditioners or remote control Fans

These are the example of IoT, where we have to instruct the ‘ON’ and
‘OFF’ switches. It is dependent on Human for instructions and has no
processing capacity of it’s own.

3) Remote Control Toys- cars

They are remote driven cars and do not have processing its own
processing. The performance of the toy is controlled to the person with the
remote control.

4) Smart TV
It is a TV with Internet Connection that allows browsing and using OTT
platforms. It is not using AI to process any data. It display the information
based on the data provided

AI AND RELATED TERMINOLOGIES

1) Machine Learning
Machine Learning is a subset of AI which uses statistical methods to
enable machines to improve with experience(data). The intensions of
Machine Learning is to enable machines to learn by themselves using
the provided data and make accurate predictions/decisions.

2) Deep Learning
Deep Learning is a subset of Machine Learning that is inspired by the
functionality of our brain cells called Neurons which led to the concepts
of Artificial Neural Network. It is process of implementing Neural
networks on High Dimensional Data to gain insight and form solution.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEEP LEARNING AND MACHINE
LEARNING

Parameters Deep Learning Machine Learning

Data When the size of the data is Machine Learning algorithms
Dependency small, a deep learning can easily work with smaller
algorithm does not perform data set.
well as a deep learning
algorithm needs large amount
of data to understand
perfectly.
Hardware Deep Learning algorithms are Machine Learning algorithms
Dependency heavily dependent on high- can work on low end
end machines. machines as well.
Problem Solving Deep Learning solves the When we are solving a
Approach problem end to end. problem using a traditional
machine learning algorithm it
is generally recommended
that we first break down the
problem into different sub
parts and solve them
individually and then finally
combine them to get the
desired result.

Execution Time Usually, Deep Learning Machine Learning algorithms

algorithms take long time to take much time to train.
train because there are many
parameters making the
training time longer than
usual.
Domains of AI
Based on the data given to AI system, it can be classified into 3 domains

1) Data Science
2) Natural Language Processing (NLP)
3) Computer Vision (CV)

Data Science
1) Data Science is the domain of AI that processes the given data to find solutions or predict the
outcomes for problem statements.

2) The type of Data that can be used in Numeric and Alphanumeric

3) It deals with Data Systems, and processes, in which the system collects numerous data, maintains
data set and derive meaning/ sense out of them.

4) The information extracted through data can be used to make decision about it.

5) Applications of data science that we see around us :

1) Recommendation: Data science is implemented in e-commerce websites like Amazon and

Flipkart. It is the logic behind Netflix and Spotify recommendations.

2) Price Predicting Websites: Data science is used in predicting the price of products or services
based on customer’s demand, seasonal trends, prices of competitive market and many other
factors in almost everywhere like automobiles, durables, hospitality etc. Junglee, Shopville are
some example of price comparison websites.

3) Weather Forecasting: AI uses data science to predict the weather monitoring the hail,
tornadoes or tsunami with greater precision.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

1) NLP is the domain of AI where a machine uses algorithms to understand, analyze and interact with
Humans using natural language.

2) The type of data that can be used by NLP are Text and Speech.

3) It combines the fields of Linguistic and computer science to decipher language structure and
provide guidelines to make models which can comprehend, break down and separate significant
details from text and speech.

4) Example :
1) Twitter uses NLP to identify and filter out terrorist’s language in their tweets.
2) Amazon uses NLP to understand customers review and improve user experience.

5) Real – time applications of NLP are :

1) Autocorrect & Autosuggestion Feature : NLP gives suggestions and correct spelling in a
document. For example Gmail and Google uses these features.
 2) Plagiarism Checker : It uses NLP to search through web and find any cases of published
documents that may match the work done by us line by line and warn for the same.

3) Chatbot : They are the software that uses NLP to communicate with humans using text to
speech. Smart assistants like Alexa and Siri understand the speech pattern of the instructions
and execute them.

Computer Vision (CV)

1) Computer Vision is the domain of Artificial Intelligence that makes a computer analyze and
understand an image and video by collecting information from pixels.

2) It focuses on developing techniques that do millions of calculations in order to recognize patterns

and to have the same accuracy as the Human eye and understand the content of digital images
such as photographs and video to give the desired output.

3) Application of CV around us :

1) Object Classification : Google Lens is an application with Google that can be used to identify
any image by clicking a picture from the real world. It uses the concept of Object detection.

2) Categorization of Photos in your Phone : Smartphones uses CV to categorize the photos on

your phone under different category.

3) Face Lock in Smartphone : Nowadays smartphones come with a new security system of
using face recognition to lock and unlock phones. Its uses the front camera to detect the
features of the face and save it. Once it is stored, every time to unlock it matches the input face
with the features already stored in it.

4) Self-Driving Cars : CV is used in self-driving cars to recognize lamp posts and to tell the
difference between pedestrians and stop signs. Companies like Tesla and Google are building
self-driving cars.

5) Unusual behavior Detection : CV is used to identify faces in CCTV footage and also in real
time at airports to help identify and track unusual activities or behavior.
 Chapter : Introduction to AI
AI ETHICS

1) AI Ethics is a system of moral principles and techniques intended to inform the development and responsible use of
Artificial Intelligence technology.
2) As AI has become integral part to products and services, organizations are starting to develop AI codes of ethics.

MORAL ISSUES: SELF DRIVING CARS

Self-Driving car are just a concept in today‟s time. Self-Driving Cars are cars which drive by itself without
any human intervention. So let‟s assume a situation where the owner of the car is sitting at the back seat
and is going to his office in his self-driving car. Then suddenly a small boy comes in front of the car. The
incident was so that are car is only to make either of the two choices.

1) Go straight and hit the boy who has come in front of the car and injure him severely.
2) Take a sharp turn to save the boy and smash the car into a metal pole thus damaging the car as well
as injuring the person sitting in it.

Conclusion :

From the above scenario we get the following observations

1) The developer of the car goes through all such dilemmas while developing the car‟s algorithm.
2) The moral decision taken by developer will be the moral taken by machine.
3) Here the choice might differ from person to person and one must understand that nobody is wrong in
this case.
4) Every person has a different perspective and hence he/she takes decision according to their
moralities.

DATA PRIVACY

1) It describes the practices which ensure that the data shared by the customers is only used for its
intended purpose.
2) Data Privacy is also known as Information Privacy.
3) Data plays a very important role in almost every domain of AI.
4) The world of Artificial Intelligence revolves around data.
5) Every company whether small or big is mining data from as many sources as possible.
6) One of the major sources of data for many major companies is the device which all of us have in our
hands all the times i.e Smartphone.
7) Applications need a lot of data which is collected from the user thus helping the application to giving
customized recommendation and notifications according to user choices.
8) We need to understand that the data which is collected by various application is ethical only if the app
or a website user agrees to it.
9) Whenever we download an application in smartphone or computer it asks for several permissions to
access our system‟s data in different ways. Most of the time the data collected by various applications
is ethical in nature as the user agree to it by clicking on “ALLOW” when the application asks for
various permission.
10) Smartphone is box full of sensors which are powered on all the time while the phone is switched on.
Hence whenever the user agrees to conditions of the application by clicking on allow button then the
 application has the permission to access various sensors which are there in our smartphone and thus
able to gather data about the user and it‟s surrounding.
11) For example, an alternative to WhatsApp is the Telegram app which does not collect any data from
us. But since WhatsApp is more popular and used by the crowd, people go for it without thinking
twice.In a similar fashion TrueCaller works ending up by collecting our data.

AI BIASED

1) Another aspect of AI Ethics is Bias.

2) When we talk about a machine, we know that it is artificial and cannot think on its own. It can have
intelligence, but we cannot expect a machine to have any biases of its own.
3) Any bias can transfer from the developer to the machine while the algorithm is being developed.
4) Examples :
1) Majorly, all the virtual assistants have a female voice .
2) If we search on Google for salons, the first few searches are mostly for female salons. This is
based on the assumption that if a person is searching for a salon, in all probability it would be a
female.
3) If we search for „Formal shirts‟ it gives brands of men‟s shirt collection.

AI ACCESS

1) Since Artificial Intelligence is still a budding technology, not everyone has the opportunity to access
it.
2) The people who can afford AI enabled devices make most of the use of it while others who cannot
are left behind.
3) Because of this, a gap has emerged between these two classes of people and it gets widened with
the rapid advancement of technology.

AI FOR KIDS
1) As we all can see, kids nowadays are smart enough to understand technology from a very early age.
As their thinking capabilities increase, they start becoming techno-savvy and eventually they learn
everything more easily than an adult.
2) When the school has shifted to Online Mode due to COVID pandemic, child may take the help of
Alexa or Siri or Cortona to get answers of the questions for his assignment.
3) From the above scenario we can say that the kid is smart enough in using the technology but he is losing out
the main objective of education at the school level which will not be in his favour in log-term basis.

AI CREATES UNEMPLOYMENT

1) AI, despites making our lives easier and helping us in doing our task has led to the increase in the number of
unemployment all across the world.
2) Some possible areas where the use of AI has led to unemployment
1) Self-Driven vehicles will replace all the human driver in future.
2) In hospitals the robots can be used for vaccinating the patients.
3) AI-enabled devices attached to patients bodies can be easily monitored with a small number of nurses.
4) Chatbots are replacing the humans at customer care services.
5) In some countries courier and delivery people are already being replaced by drones and robots.
6) In factories and industries, the tasks done by labourers are replaced by AI robots.