CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing a new term used to describe network based computing

that takes over on internet. Hide complexity of underlying infrastructure and
provide simple API to users.

- Provide on demand services that are always on anytime, anywhere and

anyplace
- Pay for use as needed, scale up or down functionalities and capacity
- Services available for general public, enterprise and business markets.

 Characteristics
- Remotely hosted: services hosted on remote infrastructure
- Ubiquitous: Service or data are available from anywhere
- Commodified: Pay for what you want.

Working models for cloud computing:

 Deployment Models
 Services models

- Deployment models: Define type of access to the cloud

 Public
 Private
 Hybrid
 Community

- Public cloud: Public cloud allows systems and services to be easily

accessible to the general public. Cloud maybe less secure because of it
openness e.g mail

- Private Cloud: Private cloud allows system and services to be

accessible within an organization. Offers increased security because of
it private nature

- Community: services and system to be accessible by group of

organization.
 - Hybrid cloud: Its mixture of public and private cloud. The critical
activities performed using private cloud while non-critical performed
using public cloud.
SERVICE MODELS: Service Models are the reference models on which the
Cloud Computing is based.
 Infrastructure as a service(IaaS)
 Platform as a service(PaaS)
 Software as a service(SaaS)

- Infrastructure as a service: Delivery of technology infrastructure as an

on demand scalable service. Provide access to fundamental resources
such as physical machine, virtual machines and virtual storage.

o Usually billed on usage

o Usually multi tenant virtual environments.
o E.g, Amazon web services, google cloud, ibm cloud, azure

- Platform as a service; provide runtime environment for applications,

PaaS provide development and deployment tools, etc. Facilities
required to support the complete the life cycle of building and
delivering web applications and services entirely on internet.
o Multi tenant environments.
o Highly scalable multi-tier architecture.
o E.g, elastic beanstalk, red hat OpenShift, google cloud

- Software as a service: Allows user to use software as a service to end

user. A software delivery methodology that provide licensed muti-
tenant access to software and its functions remotely as a web based
services
o Usually billed based on usage
o Highly scalable architecture
o Usually muti tenant environment
o E.g, Salesforce, shopify, google, adobe

ADVANTAGES:
- Cost saving: Companies can reduce their capital expenditures and use
operational Cost Savings expenditures for increasing their computing
capabilities.
 - Scalability/Flexibility: Companies can start with a small deployment
and grow to a large deployment fairly rapidly
- Reliability: Services using multiple redundant sites can support
business continuity and disaster recovery.
- Maintenance: Cloud service providers do the system maintenance, and
access is through Maintenance APIs that do not require application
installations onto PCs, thus further reducing maintenance
requirements.
- Mobile accessibility : Mobile workers have increased productivity due
to systems accessible in n-infrastructure-available-from-anywhere.

DISADVANTAGES:
- Requires constant stable Internet connection
o Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the
Internet.
o A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas where
Internet connections are few or inherently unreliable, this could
be a deal-breaker.
- Stored data might not be secure:
o With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
 The questions is How secure is the cloud?
o Can unauthorized users gain access to your confidential data?
- Stored data can be lost:
o Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated across
multiple machines.
o But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have no
physical or local backup.
 Put simply, relying on the cloud puts you at risk if the
cloud lets you down.

ARCHITECURE OF CLOUD COMPUTUNG

Cloud high level architecture
Five major actor in responsibilities, activities and functions in cloud
computing:
 Cloud consumer: Person/Organization that maintains relationships
with and uses services of cloud provider
 Cloud provider: Person/Organization responsible for providing cloud
services
 Cloud broker: Entity manages the use, performance and delivery of
cloud services and negotiates relationships between cloud providers
and cloud consumer.
 Cloud auditor: party that can conduct independent assessment of
cloud services, information system operations, performance and
security of cloud implementation.
 Cloud carrier: Intermediary provides connectivity and transport of
cloud services from cloud providers to cloud consumers.
Cloud consumer:
- Browses and uses services
- Sets contract with cloud providers
- Need SLA(service level agreements) to specify technical performance
requirements
- SLA cover quality of service, security, remedies for performance failure
- Pricing and policies are non negotiable
- Saas consumer:
o Can be organization that provide their member with access to
software applications. Can be billed based on number of users,
the network bandwidth consumed, the time of use
- Paas consumer:
 o Can be application developers and administrators. billed
according to processing, database storage and network
resources
- Iaas consumer:
o Can be system developers, system administrators and IT
managers who are interested in creating, installing, managing
and monitoring services for IT infrastructure operations. billed
based on amount or duration of resource consumed, such as CPU
hours used by virtual computers etc
Cloud provider:
- Cloud Provider acquires and manages the computing infrastructure
required for providing the services, runs the cloud software that
provides the services, and makes arrangements to deliver the services
to the Cloud Consumers through network access.
- SaaS Provider: Deploys, configures, maintains, and updates the
operation of software applications on a cloud infrastructure. SaaS
provider maintains the expected service levels to Cloud Consumers.
The SaaS provider directly manages computing infrastructure for the
platform and application software.
- PaaS Provider: Manages execution stack, databases, and components
runtime software computing infrastructure for the platform
(middleware).
- IaaS Provider: Provides physical hardware, network equipment, storage
devices, host OS, and hypervisors for provisioning of these
infrastructure services, for example, makes the provisioning of
virtualization.
- Cloud providers activities;
o Service deployment
o Service orchestration
o Cloud service management
o Security
o privacy
Cloud Auditor;
- Audits are performed to verify conformance to srandards
- Auditors evaluates the security control, privacy impact, performance
- Important federal agencies

Cloud broker;
- Needed for cloud integration
 - Manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services and
negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud
consumers.
- Three types of integration;
o Service Intermediation: Broker enhances a service by improving
capability and providing value-added services to consumers. The
improvement can be managing access to cloud services, identity
management, performance reporting, enhanced security, etc.
o Service Aggregation: Broker combines and integrates multiple
services into one or more new services. The broker provides data
integration and ensures the secure data movement.
o Service Arbitrage: It is similar to service aggregation with the
flexibility to choose services from multiple agencies. For
example, a broker can select a service with the best response
time.
Cloud carries;
- Provide access to consumers through network, telecommunication and
other access devices.

CLOUD SERVICE LIFECYCLE

1. Service Analysis
2. Service Design
3. Service Implementation
4. Service Publishing
5. Service Operation
6. Service Retirement

HDFS:
Distributed file system that is fault tolerant, scalable and extremely easy to
expand
- Provides interface to applications to move themselves close to data
- Design to “just work” however a working knowledge helps in
diagnostics and improvements
COMPONENTS OF HDFS:
 There are two (and a half) types of machines in a HDFS cluster
• NameNode – is the heart of an HDFS filesystem, it maintains and
manages the file system metadata. E.g; what blocks make up a
file, and on which datanodes those blocks are stored.
• DataNode – where HDFS stores the actual data, there are usually
quite a few of these.
HDFS DATA ORGNAIZATION:
- Each file written into HDFS is split into data blocks
- Each block is stored on one or more nodes
- Each copy of the block is called replica
- Block placement policy
- First replica is placed on the local node
- Second replica is placed in a different rack
- Third replica is placed in the same rack as the second replica