Rd UNIT = Intrducton to Engineering Drawing covenng, Principles of Engineering Graphics ad ther significance, usage of { raving instruments, ltenng, a (03 to 12) ‘Cone sectons including te ReclanguarHypetola (Genera method on svneneed 12 t0 24) Cydoid, Epcyciod, Hypocyelad and inva. sol(24 to 36) ‘Scales - Plan, Diagonal and Vemir Scales, (36 t0 50) UNIT = Il: :Projacons covering, Paincilsof Orthographic Projections ~ Conventions (51 to 58) {59 to 93) (94 to 114) Orthographic Projectons of Pons andinesincined to bath panes, of panes incined Planes, Autiary Planes UNIT Il: Prjectons of Regular Sols coenng, hose inclined io bath the Planes ~ Aura Views (115 to 143) Draw simple amotio, dmensioning and scale (143 to 145) (146 to 150) Floorplans tatice-wadors nents suchas WC bat, st, shoe ‘Sectons and Sectional Views of Right Angular Sols covering Prism, Cyinder, Pyramid, Cone —AuifaryViews...(151 to 173) Development of suaces of Rght Reguar Salis -Prsm, Pyramid, Cyinder and Cone (173 to 197) Draw the sectional othographic views of geometrical sods, objects from industy and dvelngs (oundation to sanen(198 to 208) slab). UNIT - Isometric Projections covering, Principles of isometric projection — Isometric Scale, Isometric Views, Conventions....(209 to 213) (213 to 229) isometric Views lines, Planes, Simple and compound Soh ...m Canes koneh: Veo Orphise, Caves UNIT - VI (vernew of Computer Graphics covering stn the computer technologies tatimpacton graphical communicaton..(235 to 240) Demonstrating hnowedge ofthe theory of CAD sofmarefsuchas~The Menu Syslem, Toolbars (Standard, Object Propertes, Draw, Mody and Dimension. (240 to 253) Drawing Area (Background, Crosshairs, Cootnate System), Oiaiog boxes and windows, Shotcu menus (Button Bars), The Command Line ‘The Stats Ba, Diflerent methods of zon as used in CAD, Select and erase obec Ismet Views of ‘Simple and compound Sots. UNIT - Vil: Customisation & CAD Drawing consisting fst up othe drawing page and he printer, including scale settings, ‘Setting up of unt and drawing limits; ISO and ANSI standards for coordina dimensioning and tolerancing....-(263 to 267) rhage onan, Sala cjec many devel, Pri ceigs by vrs corte input entry methods to draw straight lines, Applying various ways of drawing circles... (267 to 274) UNIT - Vill: Annolatons, layering & other funcions covering applying dimension a objets, applying annotations to drawings; ‘Setting up and use of Layers, layers to create drawings, Create, edit and use customized layers... (275 to 271 ‘Changing lin lengths through modtying eising nes extendlengthen; ining documents fo pape using te print ‘command; orthographic projection techniques; Drawing seconal views of composite right regular geomet solids and project the true shape ofthe sectioned surface; Drawing anotation.. ‘Computer-aided design (CAD) software modeling of parts and assembles. Parametric and non-parametic solid, surface, nd wireéfame mades. Part edting and two-dimensional documentation of models Pranar projection theory, cluding skeching of perspective isometic,mulview, auxiliary, and section views. SSpatal visualization exerises. Dmmensioning guidelines, olerancing techniques; dimensioning and scale mul wens of wel. UNIT = OK ‘Cemonstraton ofa simple team design project thatilustates Geomety and topology of engineered components: reson of engneeting made athe presertaionin slandard 20 bluepinl fom ands 30 wre-Frame and shaded meshed loologs for engineering aly’ nd lot pah generation fr component manufacture; geometnc + and teleranong Use sold-nodsing sofware for creating associate models athe component and ‘cor plans that include: windows coors and futures sucha WC, bath snk, shower, ec. Applying ong la balding drag practice: Drawing sectional elevation showing foundation to ceiling; »nlrmaton Modeling (BIN) (229 to 234) (253 to 287) (257 to 262) (279 to 289) (289 to 299) (299 to 306) (307 to 312)Q.1. What is engineering drawing ? Discuss its importance, in brief. Ans. Engineering drawing is a study that requires special equipments or tools, to fe i form the images. Whether the tools be a simple pencil and sketch @ computer-controlled plotting device. ; Engineering drawing is an universal graphic language of engineers. It is used by them to develop and record their ideas and transmit them to others for execution. It can express the complete information about an object (say a machine part), with exactness and details, as no written language can describe even in many pages. book, or Like the rules of any written language, drawing has its own rules; it has its grammar in the theory of projection, its idioms in conventionalised practice, and its abbreviations in symbols. The engineer, to whatever branch he/she may belong to, must have perfect knowledge and skill in drawing. As the bad language is unpleasant to read and communicate, so also a wrong drawing will worry a trained eye. Even a small error committed by an engineer in his/her drawing may misguide the workman/ operator and the ultimate product/construction will be a flop. Q.2. Prepare a list of drawing instruments and other drawing materials which every engineer must possess. Ans. Below is the list of important drawing instruments and other drawing materials which every engineer/student must possess — (i) Drawing board Gi) T-square or mini-drafter (iii) Instrument box containing — (a) Large-size compass with interchangeable pencil and pen legs (b) Lengthening barNE 4 Engineering Graphics (c) Small bow compass (d) Large-size divider (e) Small bow divider (£) Small bow ink-pen (g) Inking pen (iv) Set-squares ~ 45° and 30°-60° (v) Engineering scale (vi) Protractor (vii) French curves (viii) Sand paper pad (ix) Drawing pencils (x) Pencil eraser (rubber) (xi) Drawing pins, clamps, cello tape or drafting tape (xii) Black drawing ink (water proof) and pen wiper (xiii) Drawing sheet (xiv) Tracing paper/cloth (xv) Duster/dusting cloth (xvi) Clinograph or adjustable set square. Q.3. Whar is mini-drafter ? How is it useful in engineering practice ? ‘Ans. The mini-drafter, shown in fig. 1.1, combines all the functions ofa ‘T-square, set-squares, protractor and a clinograph. When a mini-drafter 1s used the ebony edge of the drawing board has no role to play. ‘A mini-drafter is the most important device for Preparing drawings quickly Hold the Knob Firmly by One Hand and accurately. Now-a- While Line is Drawn by the other days, it is very commonly used in drawing offices of industries and commercial departments where high quality, performance and accuracy is required, It saves time from 25 to 50% than to prepare drawings with drawing instruments, like — T-square, set-squat scales and protractor e Fig. 1.1 Clamping of Mini-drafter on Drawing Board Q.4. Why is the layout of a drawing sheet necessary ? What aspect should be keptin mind, to facilitate the easy reading and correct interpretation of the drawing ? Discuss them in short. Ans, In engineering drawing, the preparation of a successful drawing depends to a large extent upon the layout of drawing sheet. For this an engineeUnit -1 5 must know the standard rules and conventions of drawing. In addition to this, he has to keep in his mind, the other aspects such as margin, title block, part list, revision panel, zone system, folding marks etc., so as to facilitate the easy reading and correct interpretation of the drawing. Fig. 1.2 (a) and (b) illustrates, the typical layouts of drawing sheets. 20. Border Line Title Block Untrimmed. Sheet Mark J Margin Line ‘Trimmed (@) Minimum Width 20. mm for AO and a1 10 mm for A2,A3 and Ad) z a a TS Ts A B Drawing Space 7 Orientation Mark c Frame im Title Block — | p T z it a1 Ls rid Reference Border () Fig. 1.2 Drawing Sheet Layouts Margin — A margin is provided around the sheet by drawing margin lines The provision of margin lines will enable prints to be trimmed along margin lines. After rimming, the prints would be of recommended sizes of trimmed sheets. Border Lines — Clear working space is obtained by drawing border lines. More space is kept in the left-hand side for the purpose of filing or binding,6 Engineenng Graphics Orientation Mark — Four centering marks are drawn as shown in fig 1.2 (b), to facilitate positioning of the drawing for the reproduction purpose. ‘The orientation mark will coincide with one of the centering marks which can be used for the orientation of drawing sheet on the drawing board. Grid Reference System - The grid reference system 1s drawn on the sheet to permit easy location on the drawing such as details, alterations or addiuons. The rectangle of grid along the length should be referred by numerals 3,.. .wete, and along the width by the capital letters A, B, C, Dy.....€t€ as shown in fig. 1.2 (b). Title Block — The title block is an important feature in drawing because it gives all the informations of the prepared drawing. It is provided at the right hand bottom comer of the sheet. The recommended size of title block by IS 1s 185 mm x 65 mm for all designations of the drawing sheets. All title blocks should contain at least the following informations — (i) Name of title of drawing (it) Drawing number (iii) Scale (iv) Name of firm (name of institution in case of student’s sheet) (v) Symbols, denoting the method of projection (vi) Initials with dates, of staff who have designed, drawn, checked, standards and approved the drawing A typical sample of the ttle block is shown in fig. 1.3. Name of the Firm Drawing No. Sheet 3 of 12 Seale! rite Kae as 185 Fig. 1.3 Title Block Folding Marks - Folding marks are made in the drawing sheet as sho» an fig. 1.2 (a). They are helpful in folding of prints in proper and easy manne Q.5. What are the different grades of hardness of drawing pencils’ Also discuss their uses in brief. Ans, Drawing peneil leads are made chiefly of graphite mixed with varysi quantities of clay to produce 18 grades of hardness. From hard to soft teUnit-1 7 are graded as 9H, 8H, 7 ..2H, H, F, HB, B, 2B,......6B, 7B. The choice of grade of pencil depends on the type of work, texture of drawing paper, atmospheric humidity, make of pencil, etc In the beginning HB or H grade may be used for free hand sketching and Jettering and 2H or 3H grade for outlines. After some practice, H grade may be used for free hand sketching and lettenng etc. 3H pencil may be used for light construction, lines in layout work, dimension lines, extension lines and section lunes. The use of 2H pencil is generally preferred for making invisible object lines and centre lines. H pencils are generally used for visible obyect lines and lettering. 0.6. What precautions must be taken while preparing a drawing ? Ans, Following precautions must be taken while preparing a drawing — (@) Clean the drawing board and all the drawing instruments using hand-kerchief/napkin. (i) Fix the drawing sheet over a padding sheet on the drawing board. (in) Always use appropriate drawing pencils. (iv) Always maintain the sharpness of the pencil by periodically sharpening it. (v)_ Always keep a padding sheet under the drawing sheet in use. (vi) Always keep duster/hand-kerchief at hand to clean any dirt on the drawing sheet (vit) Never use the scale as a ruler for drawing lines or taking measurements directly. Always use divider for transferring measurements from the scale to the drawing (viit) Never sharpen the pencil over the drawing board or sheet. (x) Never put either end of the pencil into the mouth. (x) _ The sliding equipment on the drawing sheet, namely-minidrafter, Set-squares and protractor must be cleaned properly every time and sliding should be reduced to a minimum (xi) Never keep the instruments viz., compass, divider etc. outside the instrument box, while not in use. Always keep the instruments in the respective velvet-seats inside the box to maintain their precision Q.7. Discuss properties of various types of lines used in drawing of an object with an appropriate sketch. Ans. Various types of lines as used in drawing of an object are shown in fig. 1.4 and discussed below — () Outlines — Vhese are continuous thick lines. They are drawn to represent visible edges and surface boundaries of objects. (ii) Dimension Liney ~ These are thin continuous lines. They are terminated by arrowheads touching the outlines, extension lines or centre lines.aneen; Sas vous thin lines They are ometncal drawings only. (1) Haschang or Section Lines — These are connnuous thin lines and genenly drawn at an angie of 45° w the mam outline of the sscdon. They are uniformly Spaced soo | mmo 2 mm apart These lines are dniwn to make the secon evident, (vi Leader Lines - 4 leader or a Curnag-planc Lane 2 thn coatayous line connecung ‘STEERS # 20% of a dimensoon figure with the feanure w which 2 apphes One end of the leader lermunaics either m an amowhead of a dot The arrowhesd touches the outhne, while the dot as placed within the outline of the Outlines object The other end of the leader 1s al ain terminated m a honzonta line atthe bottom Dimemuon Line’ E atenuon Line tevel of the first or the last letter of the note The leader 1s never drawn verncal or horizontal or curved It is drawn ata sonvement angle of not less than 30° to the line to which n touches When pointing to a earcle of an arc itis drawn radially. Use of common leaders for more than one feature should never be made (refer fig. 1 4) (oti) Hidden Lines ~ These are medium th dashes of approxumately equal lengths of about? of about | mm. They are also called dashed lines or dotted lines. They are used to represent infenor or hidden edges and surlaces of an object (viii) Centre Lines ~ These are tun. long. chain lin altemately long and short dashes approximately | mm apart Shorter dasties are about 1.5 mm fong and longer dashes are about 9 to 12 mm. Centre lines are drawn to indicate the ayes of cylindrical. comical or spherical objects and also to show the centres of circles and ares. Centre lines should extend for a short distance beyond the outlines to which they refer. pomer Leader Line Fig. 1.4 Important Lines ick lines made up of short Mum spaced at equal distances jes composed of (ix) Cutting-plane Lines ~ These are long, thin, chain lines, thick at ends only. They are used to show the location of a cutting plane Q.8. Draw the following lines used in projection ~ (i) Extension line (ii)Leader line (iii) Construction line (RGR, May 2019, Ans, Refer Q7 — w~Una-1 9 Q.9 What ts dimenuoning ? List the various dimensioning systems, (R.GP4., Dec. 2015) Amy An engincenng draw ing should contain the details regarding the sizes. i ving the shape of an object: The expression of details in terms of lues regarding distances between surfaces ete , of a drawing by the use of Lines. symbols and units 1s known as dimensioning Dimensioning systems used in drawing can be of following two types e (1) Aligned system (11) Unidirectional system, Q.10. List general principles of dimensioning. Ans. The general principles of dimensioning are (2) All dimensioning should be detatled on a drawing (1) No single dimension should be repeated except where unavoidable (um) Mark the dimensions outside the drawing as far as possible (Gy) Avoid dimensioning of hidden lines wherever possible (8) Longer dimensions should be placed outside all intermediate dimensions, so that dimensions lines will not cross extension lines. Q.11. Give some practical hints on dimensioning. Ans, Some practical hints on dimenstoning are as follows (1) Dimension lines should be drawn at least 8 mm away from the outlines and from each other (un) Dimensions are arranged in a straight line (an) All dimensions are shown from a common base line (ay) Smaller dimensions should be placed nearer the view and the larger further away so that extension lines do not cross dimension lines. (¥) When a number of parallel dimension lines are to be shown near each other, the dimensions should be staggered. (41) Dimensions should be shown where the shape 1s easily identutied (vu) Arrowheads should ordinanly be drawn within the limits of the dimensioned feature. But when the space 1s to narrow, they may be placed outside (vm) A dot may also be used to replaced an arrowhead (ix) Dimensions of cylindrical parts should as far as possible be placed in the views in which they are seen as rectangles. Q.12. Discuss various systems of dimensioning used in engineering drawing. Also give terminology of dimensioning. Ans, Dimensioning systems used in engineering drawing can be of following two types - (i) Aligned System — In this system of dimensioning, the dimensions shall be placed parallel to and above the dimension lines, preferably10 Engineenng Graphics in the middle and not by interrupting the dimension lines. In this system, the dimensions can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing. (ii) Unidirectional System — In this system, the dimensions shall be placed horizontally, so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing. Here the dimension lines may be interrupted preferably near the middle for insertion of dimensions. ‘ur | wy | (a) Aligned System (b) Universal System Fig. 1.5 Only one system should be used on any one drawing. Aligned system is preferable. In both the systems, overall dimension should be placed outside the intermediate dimensions. 6 and R are the symbols for diameter and radius respectively. The symbol should precede the dimension e.g., 650, R25. Dimensioning Terms and Notations — Various terms used in dimensioning and their notations are discussed below — (i) Dimension Line — Refer Q.7 (ii). i) Extension Line — Refer Q.7 (iii). (iii) Arrowhead — An arrowhead is placed at each end of a dimension line. Its pointed end touches an outline, an extension line ora centre line. The size of an arrowhead should be Dimension Line proportional to the thickness of the outlines. The length of the Leader arrowhead should be about three times its maximum width. It is drawn freehand with two strokes ~ ~ made in the direction of its pointed end. The space between them 1s - neatly filled up (refer fig. 1.6). Fig. 1.6 (iv) Leader — Refer Q.7 (vi). (%) Note — A note gives information regarding specific operation relating to a feature. It is placed outside the view but adjacent to the feature concerned. It is so written that it may be read when the drawing is viewed from the bottom edge. 1s 2 Holes, 912!Unit -1 14 Q.13. What do you mean by lettering ? Give general rules for lettering. Ans. In engineering drawing, writing of titles, dimensions, notes and other important particulars is referred as lettering. It is an important part ofa drawing. No matter, how accurate and neat a drawing, its appearance can be spoiled and even its usefulness may get impaired, if lettering is not clean. Letters used for this purpose should be legible, uniform, easy and rapid in execution. Lettering should be done in such a manner that it may be read when the drawing 1s viewed from the bottom edge, except the dimensions. Use of drawing instruments for lettering gives good results but it takes considerable tme hence their use should be avoided. While lettering on a drawing following rules should be considered — (i) Alphabets should be written in capitals as far as possible. Lower case alphabets should only be used for internationally accepted abbreviations. (i) Letters should be written in such a way that they can be read from the front, when the drawing is viewed from the bottom edge. (ii) Alphabets and number should neither touch each other nor the lines. (iv) The spacing between the letters should be equal. (v) All letters should be uniform in shape, slope, size and shade. (vi) Words should be spaced one letter apart. Q.14. What are the various types of letters used in engineering drawing ? Ans. Two types of letters can be used in engineering drawing — (i) Single-stroke letters (ii) Gothic letters. (i) Single-stroke Letters — The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) recommends use of single-stroke letters in engineering drawing. These are the simplest form of letters, which are mostly used in engineering drawings. Here single-stroke does not mean the letter should be made in one stroke without lifting the pencil. It actually means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. The horizontal lines for these letters should be drawn from left to right and vertical or inclined lines from top to bottom. Single stroke letters can be of following two types — (a) Vertical (b) Inclined. (a) Vertical Letters —In vertical letters, direction of alphabets/ numerals is kept vertical as shown in fig. 1.7.12 Engineering Graphics (b) Inclined Letters - The direction of inclined or italic letters 1s kept inchned from the horizontal line as shown in fig. 1.8. Inclined letters Jean towards right, at an angle of 75° from the horizontal. E [AIC] aBooeTohiikimnopgosy Fig. 1.8 (ii) Gothic Letters — If stems of the single-stroke letters given more thickness as shown in fig. 1.9, they are known as gothic letters. The thickness of the stem of these letters may vary from 1/5 to 1/10 of the height of the letters The outlines of these letters are drawn with the help of instruments and then filled in with ink. These letters are mainly used for main ttles of ink drawings. Fig. 1.9 CONIC SECTIONS INCLUDING THE RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA (GENERAL METHOD ONLY) Q.15. Define — (i) Cone (ii) Conic sections, —_ Ans. (i) Cone — A cone 1s formed, when a right Generaise angled triangle of apex angle a is rotated about its altitude Axis as the axis. The height and the base radius of the cone _ ase are equal to the altitude and base of the triangle. The apex angle of the cone is equal to 2a. Any imaginary line joining the apex of the cone to the circumference of the base circle 1s called a generator (ii) Conic Sections — When a right circular cone is cut by section planes inclined to its axis at different angles, five types of curves of intersection are obtained. These boundary curves are called the comics or come sections. Fig. 1.10 Q.16. How a cone is cut to get different conical curves ? (R.GP.¥,, Dec. 2014) Ans, Various conical curves or conics which can be obtained by cutting a cone by a section plane are given below - (i) Circle — When the cutting plane 4-4 1s perpendicular to the axis and cuts all the generators, the section obtained is a cirele, as shown in fig. 1.11Unit-1 13 Culting Plane Fig. 111 (ii) Ellipse ~ When the cutting plane B-B 1s inclined to the axis of the cone and cuts all the generators on one side of apex, the section obtained 1s an ellipse, as shown in fig. 1.12. n/N 7 Sia Fig. 1.12 (iii) Parabola — When the cutting plane C-C is inclined to the axis of the cone and parallel to one of the generators, the section obtained is a parabola, as shown in fig, 1.13. Fig. 1.13 (iv) Hyperbola—When the cutung plane D-D makes a smaller angle with the axis than that of the angle made by the generator of the cone, the section obtamed is hyperbola, as shown in fig. 1.14.Aas Fig. 114 ular Hyperbola— When the cutting plane £-E 1s parallel ular or equilateral (yy Rectangs to the axis of the cone, the section obtained 1s a rectangt hyperbola, as shown in fig 1.15. Rectangular Hyperbola ay Cutting: f) Plane i i Z V Fig, 115 0.17. Define following terms ~ (i) Ellipse (ii) Parabola (ili) Hyperbola (v) Directrtx (vi) Eccentricity (vii) Axis Ans. (i) Ellipse Elhpse ® 1s the locus of a poimt moving na plane in such a way that the ratio of ils distance from a fixed point (F) to the fixed & strarght line (DD) 1s a constant and always less than 1. (iv) Focus (viii) Vertex. Parabo Hyperbolu er) Ellipse (e <0) (ii) Parabola Parabola is the locus of a point. * ‘Siena Avis moving ina plane msucha way ¢ V phy = Vertices Fy/Fy™ Focii that the ratte of its distance from a fixed point (F) to the fixed straight line (DD) ts a constant p and 1s always equal to 1. DD = Directrix Di =e = Becentricity Fig. 1.16 ——————unit-1 15 (iii) Hyperbola ~ Hyperbola 1s the locus of a point moving in 3 plane in such a way that the rato of its distance from a fixed point (F) to the fixed straight line (DD) is a constant and 1s greater than 1. (iv) Focus — The fixed points called the focus (F), (vy) Directrix — The fixed lin 1s called the directnx (DD) (vi) Eccentricity - Eccenwicity (e) 1s the ratio _ _ Distance of the moving point from the focus © Distance of the moving point from the direcuix (vii) Axis ~ The line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directx ts called axis (CA) (viii) Vertex — Vertex (V) 1s a point at which the conic cuts tts axis. Q.18. Mark the answer as True/False — Are of circle method is used for drawing parabola. (R.GP.V., May 2018) NUMERICAL PROBLEMS Prob.1. The major axis and minor axis of an ellipse are 110 mm and [R.GP¥., Nov. 2018 (O)] Sol. Draw the mayor axis AB and the minor axis CD, intersecting cach other at mght angles. Using their pomt of intersection as centre, draw circles Ans, False 60 mm. construct the ellipse. having mayor axis 4B and minor axis CD as diameters as shown in fig 1.17 Divide the circles into equal central angles (say 12) and draw diametrical lines such as 11'-55', 22'-66' etc. From point 1° on the circumference of the larger circle, draw a line parallel to CD the minor axis, and from point 1. on the circumference of the minor awuhary circle, draw a line parallel to the mayor axis AB. The point of intersection P, of these lines, locates a point on the required ellipse. 3 2 3 2 110 mm Fig. 1.1716 Engineenng Graphics Repeat the above procedure for all remaining points 2, 3, 4 locate additional points P;, P3, P,,....... et. The ellipse 1s completed by drawing a smooth curve through pomts thus located. Prob.2. The major axis of an ellipse is 150 mm long and the minor axis is 100 mm long. Draw the ellipse and then a tangent to the ellipse at a point on it 25 mm above the major axis. (R.GP.V., March/April 2010) Sol, Draw major axis AB and minor axis CD, bisecting each other at right angles, at point O. Now with centre C and radius equal to half of 4B, i.e. AO, draw arcs cutung AB at F, and F2, the * foci of ellipse (Refer fig. 1.18). Then between F; and O on the major axis, mark at random a number of points (equal to the number of points desired to be plotted in each quadrant of the ellipse for accurate layout). Let us take 3 points 1, 2 and 3. With centres F, and F, and radius equal to Al, draw arcs on both sides of AB. With same centres and radius equal to B1, draw arcs intersecung the previous arcs at four points marked P. Similarly, with radii A2 and B2, and AB and B3, obtain more points, Join all points by a smooth curve, the curve so obtained is the required ellipse. ‘Tangent to the Ellipse - To draw tangent to the ellipse, draw a line parallel to major axis AB and at a distance of 25 mm from it. Let it intersects the ellipse at points X and X". Join X with F, and Fy. Draw NN, angular bisector of ZF XP», this will be the normal to the ellipse. Draw another line 77 perpendicular to NW and passing through X to get the required tangent to the ellipse. Prob.3. Construct an ellipse having a major axis 80 mm and minor axis 60 mm using any of method known to you. — (R.GP.V., June 2020) Sol. The ellipse can be drawn using arc of circle method as discussed in Prob.2. Prob.4. The major axis of an ellipse is 100 mm long and minor axis is 5S mm, Find the foci and construct the ellipse by intersecting arc method. (R.GR¥., June 2013) Sol. This problem can be solved in a similar way as discussed in Prob.2. Prob.5. Construct an ellipse having a major axis 100 mm and minor axis 80 mm, Locate its foci, directrices and find the eccentricity. (R.GPV, Sept. 2009) Sol. Ellipse can be constructed using arc of circle method as discussed in Prob.2 (Refer fig. 1.19). Fig. 1.18 Are of Circle MethodUnit-1 17 Foct of ellipse can also be located. Now centricity of ellipse, Distance between foct Fy 60 _ Major axis AB 100 Eccentricity 1s also given by Distance of a point from the focus Distance of the point from the directrix al 0.6= —— AM AM= 45 20 535 mm 06 06 Extend 4B to MN such that AM = BN = 33.3 mm. From points Mand N, draw directrices DD and D'D’, perpendicular to AB. Prob.6. Construct an ellipse when the distance of its focus from its directrix is equal to 50 mm and eccentricity is 2/3, Also draw a tangent and 4 normal to the ellipse. (R.GRV,, June 2007) Sol. Refer fig. 1.20. (1) Draw a vertical line DD to represent the directrix. At any point C on it draw a line perpendicular to the directrix to represent the axis. (ii) The distance between the focus and the directrix is 50 mm, so mark F), the focus such that CF, = 50 mm. (iii) Eccentricity = 2/3, so construct a right angled triangle CXY XY _2units such that —— = .X is any point on the axis). CX Suns OP18 Engineenng Graphics Fy and F, Foci ¥, and ¥; Vertices DD and DY’ Directrices Fig. 1.20 (iv) From F, draw a 45° line to intersect the line CY at R. From R erect vertical line to intersect CF, at Vj, the vertex. Now RV, = F\V, (v) Triangle CXY is similar to triangle CV,R. RY XY _ Fy _2 cH CX Ch 3 (vi) From F, draw another 45° line to intersect the extension of CY at S. From S erect vertical line to intersect the axis at V2, another vertex. Therefore, VV = major axis, (vii) Along major axis, mark points 1, 2, 3, .....-+.10 at approximately equal intervals. Through these points erect verticals to intersect the line CY (produced, if necessary) at 1', 2', 3° 10. (viii) With 1-1' as radius and F, as centre draw two arcs on both sides of the axis to intersect the vertical line drawn through 1 at P, and Py. (ix) Repeat the above procedure and obtain Pz and Pz, P; and Pig and P\y corresponding to 2, 3, .10 respectively. (x) Draw a smooth curve (ellipse) passing through V,, Py, P2. o Pig, Vay PigvonnnPy Pyy Vy. (xi) Mark another focus F;, on the axis such that V2F> = VF\. (xii) To mark another directrix D'D', mark C along the axis such that CV, = CV. Through C', draw a vertical line D'D’. Py.Unit-1 19 Tangent and Normal at a given point P on the Ellipse — Join P to the focus F and draw a perpendicular to PF; at F,, meeting the directrix DD at T Joint T to P and extend 1. 7-T will be the required tangent. Then, draw N-N perpendicular to 77 at point P, to obtain the required normal to the ellipse. Prob.7. Draw an ellipse when the distance of its focus from directrix is equal to 60 mm and eccentricity is 3/5, (R.GPY,, Dec. 2013) Sol. This problem can be solved in a similar way as discussed in Prob.6 Prob.8. A plot of ground is in the shape of a parallelogram 120 m x 80 m, the angle between the sides is 60°. Inscribe an elliptical flower bed in it. (R.GPY., June 2012) Sol. Draw a parallelogram of sides 120 mm and 80 mm (assuming a scale of Imm = Im), and an included angle of 60°, as shown in fig. 1 21. 120 mm Fig. 1.21 Ellipse by Parallelogram Method Mark mid-points of sides EF FG, GH and HE as A, B, C and D respectively. Join AC and BD, and mark point Q at their intersection. Divide DO and DE into the same number of equal parts (say 4) and number the division points from D towards O and E as 1, 2 and 3. From C, draw a line through point 1 on the line DO and from point A draw a line through point 1 on DE. The point of intersection of these two lines locates a point P, on the required ellipse. Similarly, the intersections of lines drawn from 4 and C through the division Points 2 and 3 in the same quadrant, give points P, and P3 on the required ellipse. Points D, P, Ps, P; and A, when joined by a smooth curve give one fourth of the required ellipse. A similar procedure followed will locate equivalent points in the remaining three quadrants of the ellipse. Join all the points, thus plotted by a smooth curve.20 Engineenng Graphics Prob.9. A plot of ground is in the shape of a rectangle 110 m 50 m. Inscribe an elliptical lawn in it. (R.GPV., May 2018) Sol. Ellipucal lawn inside a rectangular plot, as shown in fig. 1.22 can be drawn ina similar way as in a parallelogram, discussed in Prob.8. Principle of Symmetry can also be Applied p2aiSssa] {RZ KF j SALE Major Axis 10m Fig. 1.22 Prob.10. Draw an ellipse passing through points A, B and C. Points A and B are 100 mm a part, point C is 75 mm from A and 50 mm from B. (R.GRK, June 2014) Sol. Refer fig. 1.23 nas Fig. 1.23 Draw a horizontal line AB, 100 mm long. This will be the mayor axis of the ellipse. With A as centre, draw an are of radius 75 mm, Draw a)Unit-1 21 another are with B as centre and radius 50 mm intersecting first are at C Then C 1s the required point on the ellipse. (ii) Draw perpendicular bisector of AB, intersecting 1t at (iit) With Cas centre and radius ~ half the length of major axis, 1.€. 50 mm, draw an arc cutting the perpendicular bisector of AB at point £. Jom CE. Let CE intersects the AB at point D. Then CD will be the half the length of minor axis. On perpendicular bisector of AB Mark P and Q such that OP = OQ = half of minor axis. (iv) With centre P and radius equal to half of the mayor axis, draw an arc to intersect AB at F, and F}, the foci of ellipse. Now ellipse can be drawn using arc of circle method as discussed in Prob.2. Prob.11. A fixed point is 75 mm from a straight line. Draw the locus of a point P moving such a way that its distance from the fixed straight line is equal to its distance from the fixed point. Name the curve generated. (R.GP.V,, Feb. 2007, June 2011) Sol. The fixed point will be the focus of the curve and straight line will be its directrix. As distance of point P from fixed straight line (directrix) 1s equal to its distance from fixed point (focus), thus the eccentricity of the curve will be 1 and curve so generated will be parabola. The method of construction of a parabola (fig. 1.24) 1s as follows — (i) Draw fixed straight line (directrix) DD. From a point A on it draw the axis AA’ perpendicular to DD. (u) Locate fixed point, 1.¢ focus F at a distance 75 mm from A iii) Since for parabola, eccentricity, e = 1, therefore divide AF in two equal parts AV and VF, so that iz e@=1, The point Vis the vertex of AV the curve. (iv) Take a number of pots 1, 2,3, etc. on axis, towards right of V. (vy) From point 1, draw a line parallel to directrix DD. Then with F as centre and distance A] as radius, strike arcs, intersecting line through | at points P, and P;. These points lie on the required parabola. (vi) Repeat the above procedure for remaining points, 1.c. 2, 3, 4, ete. to locate a sufficient number of points on the parabola. Join these points by a smooth curve. Directrix Fig. 1.2422 Engineenng Graphics Prob.12. A fountain jet discharges water from ground level at an inclination of 50° to the ground. The jet travels a horizontal distance of 9 m from the point of discharge and falls on the ground, Trace the path of the 4 (R.GPM., Dec. 2017) jet. Sol, As jet falls under the gravity, thus path traced by it will be a parabola. Let us take a scale of | 100. Thus, base of the parabola will be 9 cm. Parabola as shown 1n fig. 1.25 can be generated as follows ~ (i) Draw base AB = 9 em. (ii) From points A and B, draw ines inclined at 50° to intersectat C. AABC 1s an isosceles triangle. Gi) Bisect AB at O. At O, erect verucal wo pass through C. Bisect OC at V, vertex. (iw) Divide AC and BC into Parabots by Tangent Method same number of equal parts (say 8). Name ene division points of AC, as 1, 2, 3, etc. starting Fig, 1.25 from C, and that of BC as 1, 2, 3, etc. starting from B as shown in figure. (v) Jom corresponding pomnts 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, ete. These lines will form the envelope of parabola Join 4, Vand 8 by a smooth curve, such that the curve is always tangential to lines 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, ete. This is the required parabola. Prob.t3. Draw a parabola given its base side and axis as 80 mm each. (R.GRV., Nov. 2018) Sol. The parabola as shown in fig. Vertex 1.26 can be drawn by the rectangle method = p_4_ 3 21 Yi (though in this case the enveloping y boundary will be a square). The method of construction 1s as follows — (i) Draw square ABCD of sides 80 mm. - (ii) Draw axis of symmetry OV, which imtersects side CD at F, vertex. (iii) Divide VD and AD into, same number of equal parts (say 5). Name division points on VD from V and on AD from D (iv) Draw light lines from to each of the division points 1, 2,3 and 4 along AD. Then draw lines, parallel to axis, through posts 1, 2, 3 and 4 on VD The intersection of lines from points numbered | is at point P; on the parabola. 7 —Unit-1 23 (vy) Similarly, imersections of lines from points 2, 3 and 4, give points P>, P; and Py. (v1) Jom points P;, P;, P; and P, by a smooth curve, this will give first half of the parabola. (vii) The other half of the parabola can be completed by using the principle of symmetry or by repeating the above procedure. Prob.14. Draw a straight line AB of any length. Mark a point F, 65 mm from AB. Trace the path of a point P moving in such a way that ratio of its distance from point F to its distance from AB is 3:2, Plot 8 points, Name the curve and draw a normal and tangent at a point $0 mm from F. (R.GPM, Dec. 2012) Sol. The locus of a point moving in such a way that the ratio of ats distance from a fixed point to a fixed straight line 1s constant and greater than 11a hyperbolo. The fixed line AB, wall be the directrix and fixed point F will be the focus of the hyperbola. The hyperbola as shown in fig. 1.27 can be drawn in following steps (i) Draw the directx AB and the axis CD, (ii) Mark a point F (focus) on the axis 4 CD ata distance 65 mm from C (or directx). (iit) Mark vertex V on CF, such that E -#.3 ‘ecentricity = 75 => (iv) From V, draw a line VE L CD such that VE = VF Join Ci In tnangle CVE, r (vy) Mark points 1, 2, 3, 4, ete. arbitrarily in between V and F on axis. (vi) From points 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. draw perpendiculars to meet CE produced at I, 2',3', 4, etc, (vii) With centre F and radius 1-1', draw arcs intersecting the perpendicular through | at P, and P}.. Similarly, obtain points P2 and Py, P3 and . Py, Py and Py, etc. ip 027 (viii) Join these 8 points with a smooth curve to obtain the required hyperbola. (ix) Mark a point P on the hyperbola at a distance $0 mm from F. Join PF, and draw FT L PF intersecting directrix AB at 7. Join TP, this is the required tangent on hyperbola. (x) Draw MN L TP to obtain the required normal.24 Engineenng Graphics Prob.15. Trace the locus of a point, such that the difference between the distances of the point from the two fixed points 80 mm apart is constant which is equal to 60 mm, Name the curve. (R.GP.V, Dec. 2001) Sol. The given fixed points (F,, F>) are the foci, and the difference of distances of the given point from these points, i.e. 60 mm is the transverse axis. The curve 1s a hyperbola and can be drawn as discussed below (fig 1.28) — (i) Draw FF, = 80 mm and bisect it at O. (ii) Mark points A and B on F\F2 such that OA = OB= 1/2 (Transverse axis) = 30 mm. (ii) Mark any numbers of points 1, 2, 3,... (say 5) along the extension of AF, towards left as shown in fig. 1.28 (iv) With F, as centre and radii 41, 42, A3 ec. draw arcs on both sides Fig. 1.28 of transverse axis. (v) Now with Fas centre and radii B1, 82, B3 etc. draw arcs to intersect the previous arcs at points P,, P2, P3 etc. (vi) Join these points by a smooth curve. This curve is the required half portion of the hyperbola. (vii) Similarly, draw the other half portion of the hyperbola. "Ps, A Pair of Hyperbolas URINE REE AS ae I CYCLOID, EPICYCLOID, HYPOCYCLOID AND INVOLUTE TE AEE DELTA I Nv 0.19. Differentiate cycloid with epicycloid. (R.GPY., Dec. 2014) Nw Ans, Cycloid - This curve is the locus of a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls, without slipping, along a fixed straight line. N. Epicycloid - When a circle rolls, without slipping around the outside of a fixed circle, the locus of a point on the circumference of the rolling circle is called the epicyclod. The rolling circle is called the generating circle and the fixed circle 1s called the base circle or directing circle. 0.20. Answer in True or False for the statement — The curve traced by a point on a circle which rolls on a straight line is called cycloid. (R.GPY., June 2020) Ans. True.Unit-1 25 Q.21. Write the sentence as True or False — Cyeloid is a type of conical curve. [R.GB¥,, Nov. 2018 (O)] Ans, False. 0.22. Write short notes on (i) Hypocycloid (ii) Involute. (R.GPV., Dec. 2017) Ans. (i) Hypocycloid ~ \t1s the curve generated by a fixed point on the circumference of a rolling or generating circle which rolls without sipping along the inside of a base circle or directing circle Mathematically, hypocycloid 1s represented by, x =a_cos'0; y = a sin'0 where as the radius of rolling circle. (ii) Involute — When a straight ine rolls without slipping on a curve, the locus of any point on the straight line 1s an involute to the curve. The involute to a circle is the locus of the end of a taut string as tis unwound from the surface of a cylinder or base circle Mathematically involute of a circle 1s represented by, x=reos0+rOsinO y=rsin@+r@cos 0 where ris the radius of base circle. Q.23. Write short note on — Hypocycloid. (R.GPY., Nov. 2019) Ans. Refer Q.22 0.24. What is spiral curve ? Define various terms used in connection with spiral curves. Ans. A spiral curve 1s a plain curve. It can be defined as the locus of a point which moves about a fixed point, so as to recede further from it, or alternatively to approach 1, in some regular manner In other words 11s the locus of a point moving along a line continuously in one direction, when the line rotates in a plane about one of its ends, both motions being regular. Following terms are usually used in connection with spiral curves ~ (i) Pole —\vis the fixed point, about which the line rotates. (ii) Radius Vector ~ itis the line jomnmng any point on the curve with the pole. (iii) Vectorial Angle —\ is the angle between the line, at any time, and its initial position. (iv) Convolution ~ The curve traced out by the moving point for one complete revolution of the line is called a ‘convolution’. Fora spiral curve there may be any number of convolutions before the point reaches the final destination.26 Engineenng Grapmics 0.25. Differentiate berween archemedian spiral and logarithmic spiral. Also give their practical applications. ‘Ans, Archemedian Spiral ~ It 1s the locus of a point which moves at a steady rate along a line, while the line rotates at uniform speed about centre such that for each angular displacement of the line, the linear displacement of the point 1s constant Logarithmic Spiral - The locus of a point which moves along a radius Vector by increasing its radius in geometrical progression while the vector uself rotates by increasing ts angle in arithmetic progression, 1s called loganthmuc spiral ‘An archemedian spiral is frequently used in mechanical engineering. The groove cut on the face of the scroll plate of a chuck is an archemedian spiral The curves used for converting a uniform rotary motion into reciprocating motion are shaped to the outline of an archemedian spiral The loganthmuc spiral curve 1s used in the construction of sound amplifiers, MERICAL PROBLEMS Prob.16. A wheel of diameter 60 cm rolls on a straight horizontal road. Draw the locus of a point P on the periphery of the wheel, for one revolution of the wheel, if P is initially on the road. Also draw normal and tangent at any point of the curve. (R.GPV., Dec. 2014) ‘Sol. Since a wheel rolls on a straight horizontal road, therefore the curve generated will be a cycloid. Draw a generating circle of diameter 60 mm, Let P be the pomt on the penphery of the wheel which i inttally m contact with the horizontal road surface. Generating/Rolling Circle (960) 7, N 6 fo 5 5 oh 4 Or" Toqus of Centre € Xe fe 5 Oo Gye 9 08 : ’ er 4 7S? ONT AL: a” AVA * le Wee ye [qe Jere TJ 12 mM Bae Line Fig. 1.29 Draw the base line PQ equal to the circumference of the generating circle at Pas shown in fig. 1.29. Divide the generating circle into 12 equal parts as 1, 2, 3,...0€t€. Draw honontal lines through I, 2, 3,. etc. Divide theUnit-1 27 base line PQ into the same number of equal parts (12 here) as I', 2', 3’,.. _— etc, Draw lines perpendicular to PQ at I’, 2’, 3',........etc. to intersect the horvzontal line drawn through C (called locus of centre) at Cy, Cp, Cyy...€tC With Cy, Cy, Cyyerr-csssscens €tC. as centres and radius equal to radius of generating circle (30 mm), draw arcs to cut the horizontal lines through 1, 2, Brreoes€tC. at Py. Poy Pyy.reeee. te, Draw a smooth curve through P, P), Pay Pyescren8tO. This 1s the required cycloid. Tangent and Normal — Mark any points D on the curve. With D as centre and radius equal to the radius of the generating circle, cut the line of locus of centre at C. From C, draw a line perpendicular to PQ to get the point E on the base line. Connect DE and extend it to the N. This 1s the required normal. At D, draw a line perpendicular to DE to get the required tangent 7T > Prob.17. Draw a cycloid for one complete revolution of a circle having 50 mm diameter. (R.GPY,, Dec. 2013) ‘Sol. This problem can be solved in a similar way as discussed in Prob.16. Prob.18, A coin 35 mm diameter rolls over a Dining table without slipping. A point on the circumference of the coin is in contact with the table surface in the beginning and after one complete revolution. Draw the curve traced by the point. Draw a tangent and a normal at a point 20 mm above the Dining table. [R.GP¥., Nov. 2018 (O)] j Or “SA coin of 40 mm dia. rolls on a horizontal table without slipping. Draw the path travelled by the point on the circumference of the coin in contact with the table when coin completes one complete revolution. (R.GPV., June 2013) Or A circle of 5 cm diameteer is rolling on a straight line without slipping. Draw the locus of a point on the circle and name the curve. (R.GPV., May 2019) Sol. The curve will be a cycloid which can be drawn in a similar way as discussed in Prob.16. Prob.19. A circle of 46 mm diameter rolls on a horizontal line for a half revolution and then on a vertical line downwards for another half revolution. Draw the curve traced out by a point P on the circumference of the circle. Assume that the horizontal and the vertical lines constitute a corner, (R.GPY, June 2004) Sol. As the circle revolves along a line, thus the curve generated will be a cycloid. The cycloid as shown in fig. 1.30 is drawn as discussed below — () Draw rolling circle of diameter 40 mm, Let P be the point on circumference of circle whose locus has to be traced out. Draw base line PQ28 Engineering Graphics ‘equals to half the circum- ference of rolling circle (since it revolves half revolubor along horizontal line). (ii) Divide the rolling circle into 12 equal parts as 1, 2, 3, etc. Draw horizontal lines through 1, 2, 3, .....6 and through the centre C. (iii) Divide line PQ into 6 equal parts at 1', 2', 3', and draw lines through these points perpendicular to PQ to intersect locus of centre at points Cj, Cay CyynnCg respectively. (iv) From Cg draw — te a vertical line CgC,> equal to L SS a half of the circumference of ¥ AS ¥ 16 rolling circle. CgCyz will be y BN Cs Caf CC the locus of centre of circle A] |e F for next half revolution (as '” \/P1 / eA, n circle revolves vertically). ae ae (w) Divide C.C2 "root tase «| fn into 6 equal parts and name C10 them Cy, Cyr--Cio- Vertical Ling : (v) Assuming cul fo circle revolves clockwise, after half revolution the points 1, 2,..12 occupy diagonally opposite position as shown in figure. C1 Pur Pir Fig. 1.30 (vi) Draw vertical lines through 7, 8, ...12 parallel to CgCj2. Also draw vertical base line through point 3. (viii) With C,, Cp, ...Cg as centres and radius equal to r (= 23 mm). draw arcs to cut the horizontal lines through 1, 2, 3, .... 6 at points P; Paygeke (ix) With C>, Cg... Cjz a8 centres and radius equal to 23 mm draw ares to cut the vertical lines through 7, 8, .....12 at points P7, Pg,..-P)2 (x) _Joinall these points bya smooth curve. This is the required cycloid. Prob.20. Draw an epicycloid of rolling circle 40 mm diameter, which rolls outside another circle of 150 mm diameter, for one revolution. (R.GPV., May 2018) Sol With Oas centre and radius = /5° 75mm draw a part of directing circle and take a point P on it (Refer fig. 131). Join OP and produce it andUnit -1 29 mark point C on it such that PC = 49 _ 29mm, radius of generating curcle. With C as centre and CP as radius draw generating/rolling circle o Epicyeloid Fig. 1.31 Epicycloid Let after one complete revolution point P moves to Pi», such that arc PP, = circumference of the generating circle. The position of P,> can be marked by calculating the angle subtended by the arc PP,, at the centre of directing circle O, by the following formula ~ © _ Circumference of generating circle 360° Circumference of directing circle 0 ow ior 360° 2aR OR 0 = 360+ = 360% 22 - 96° R 75 Mark point P 2 by setting out angle POP, = 0. Now divide the generating circle and arc PP, into equal number of parts, say 12. With O as centre and radii O1', O2', ....012' draw ares through I’, 2'....12' parallel to are PP,» Also draw an are with centre O and radius OC, parallel to PP,>, say CC,>, this will be the locus of centre of the generating circle. Join O with points |, 2, 3,....12 on arc PP} and extend these lines to intersect CC at points Cy, Cay C3y....Cj2. Now with Cy, Cp, Cy,C\ as centres and radii equal to r = 25 mm, draw arcs to intersect the arc through |", 2', 3',.....12' at points P;, Pp, P3,...-P12 respectively. Join these points by a smooth curve. This is the required epicycloid Tangent and Normal — Let at point K, tangent and normal have to be drawn. From K, draw an arc of radius 20 mm to cut arc CC), at S. Jon OS,30. Engineenng Graphics thereby cutting the directing circle at M. Then line MK or extended MK, ve. MN js the normal. Draw line 77 perpendicular to MK at Mf, It will be the required tangent. Prok2l. Acvcle wheel of $0.cm diameter rolls over a culvert of 175 cm diameter. Draw the path traced out by a point on the circumference of the cele wheel for one complete revolution. (R-GPV., Dec. 2006, Nov. 2018) ‘Sol. The path traced out by a point on the circumference of the cycle wheel will be an epicycloid as shown in fig. 1.31 ona scale of L = 10. Prok22.Accircle of $0 mm diameter — rolis on the outside of a directing circle . of the same diameter without slipping. > Draw the curve traced by a point on the rolling circle for one revolution of rolling circle. — (RGP3., Sept 2009) Sol. The curve will bean epicye! Its solunon ts shown in fig. 1.32. @ for this problem will be Fig. 1.32 Prok2i. Construct « hypocycloid, rolling circle 50 mm diameter and directing circle 175 mm diameter, (R.GPK, June 2011) Sol Refer fig. 1.33 | Directing Circle30 Engineenng Graphics thereby cutting the directing circle at M. Then line MK or extended MK, i.c., MN is the normal Draw line 77 perpendicular to MK at M. It will be the required tangent. Prob.21. A cycle wheel of 50 cm diameter rolls over a culvert of 175 cm diameter. Draw the path traced out by a point on the circumference of the cycle wheel for one complete revolution. (R.GP.V., Dec. 2006, Nov. 2019) Sol. The path traced out by a point on the circumference of the cycle wheel will be an epicycloid as shown in fig. 1.31 on a scale of 1 : 10. Prob.22.A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls on the outside of a directing circle of the same diameter without slipping. Draw the curve traced by a point on the rolling circle for one revolution of rolling circle. (R.GP.V., Sept. 2009) ash Sol. The curve will bean eprcycloid. Its solution is shown in fig. 1.32. 6 for this problem will be E 25 = 360% = 360° 22 = 360° 300% "25 Fig. 1.32 Prob.23. Construct a hypocycloid, rolling circle 50 mm diameter and directing circle 175 mm diameter. (R.GPY., June 2011) Sol. Refer fig. 1.33. Directing CircteUnit-1 31 17: With O as centre and radius = % = 875 mm draw a part of directing circle and take a point P on it. Jon OP and mark point C on it such that PC = 2. 25mm, radius of generating circle. With C as centre and CP as radius draw generating/rolling circle. Let after one complete revolution point P moves to 3. The angle subtended by the arc PP at the centre of direcung circle O, will be given by the formula, 0 = 360% © = 360° = 102.9" R 875 Mark point P by setung out angle POP,» = 0. Now divide the generating circle and are PP\> into equal number of paris, say 12. With O as centre and radu Ol", 02', ....012' draw ares through 1’, 2'...12' parallel to are PP, Also draw an arc with centre O and radius OC, parallel to PP\>, say CC, >, this will be the locus of centre of the generating circle. Join O with points 1, 2, 3,...12 on arc PP,» so that these lines intersect CCip at points Cy, Coy C3y...C}2. Now with Cy, Cp, Cy.-.Cyp as centres and radii equal to r = 25 mm, draw ares to intersect the arcs through 1", 2", 3',...12' at points P), P>, P3,....P\y respectively Prob.24. Using a scale of 1:20, draw the locus of the end point of a cable unwinding itself from a drum of 800 mm diameter such that the unwound cable is always taut. Also draw a tang. ent and normal at any point on the curve. (R.GPY, Dec. 2011) Sol. The locus of the cable unwounding will be an involute of a circle With a scale of 1: 20, diameter of drum for drawing purpose can be taken as 800 x oe = 40mm. 20 ‘Circumference uf ihe Cirle Fig. 1.3432. Engineenng Graphics The procedure of drawing the involute of a circle as shown in fig. 1.34 1s as follows ~ (i) Draw base circle of diameter 40 mm. (ii) Mark a pomt P on its circumference. From point P draw a line PP,» tangent to the circle and of length equal to the circumference of circle (ii) Divide circle into 12 equal parts and through all division pomts draw equally spaced radii, Also draw tangents to the circle at all division points. (iv) Divide PP,» into 12 equal parts, and name division points as .etc, starting from point P (v) On tangent through I, locate point P,, such that 1P, = Pl’ Similarly, locate additional points P;, P3 etc, (vi) Join these points by a smooth curve. This is the required volute. 14,2) ‘Tangent and Normal - Mark a point on the involute as 7. Join TO and bisect it at C. With C as centre and radius C7, draw a semicircle towards end point of curve to intersect the base circle at A. Join 7A, this is the required normal, Draw 7,7 1 TA at T to obtain the required tangent Prob.25. Trace the paths of the ends of a straight line AP, 100 mm Jong, when it rolls, without slipping, on a semicircle having its diameter AB, 75 mm long. (Assume the line AP to be tangent to the semicircle in the starting position). (R.GP.V., Dec. 2002) Sol. As line rolls along a polygon, the curves traced out by both ends of the line will be involute (Fig. 1.35). Draw the semicircle AB and divide it into 6 equal parts. Name the division points 1", 2',...5'. From A draw line AP = 100 mm perpendicular to AB. On line AP mark points -5, such that A] = are Al’, A2 = are 5 = are AS". The last division 5P will be of shorter length. Now mark a point P* on semicircle such that 5'P* = SP. At points 1', 2\.....5' draw tangents and on them mark points P), P,....P5 such that IP, = LP, 2'Py = 2P,,...5'Ps = 5P. Similarly, mark points 4), Ayy..4s stich that 1'4, = VA, 2'Ap = 2A yee S's = 5A and A'P = AP. Fig. 1.35 Join points P, Pj,....P" and A, Aj,...4" by smooth curves, These are the required curves traced out by ends of line Prob.26. A disc in the form of a square of 35 mm side is surmounted by semicircles on the two opposite sides. Draw the path of the end of the string, unwound from the circumference of the disc. (R.GRV., June 2014)Unit -1 33 Sol A square dise surmounted with semicircles on -R=17.5 two opposite sides 1s shown in fig. 1.36. (tev -)- Total circumference of the combined dise will be NI =35+m%17.5+35+n% 17.5 3 = 180 tim Fig. 1.36 When a string is unwound from the disc, an involute as shown in fig. 1.37. will be formed, which can be drawn in following steps (i) Mark a point P at the bottom side of the disc. From P draw a line PP,4 ef length equal to total circumference of the disc. (ii) Divide each semicircle on the opposite side of the disc into 6 equal parts. Mark these points as 1, 2, ....., 6, 7 and 8, 9, ....., 13, 14 (iii) Now on hne PP,, mark point 1', such that P;. = 35 mm (side of square disc). Mark point 7’ such that I'7' = x « 17.5 = 55 mm (circumference of one semicircle) Also mark points 8' and 14’ such that 7'8' = 35 mm and 8'14' = 85 mm. Divide the distance between 1'7' and 8'14' each into 6 equal parts and mark them as 1', 2’, ....., 6, 7! and 8, 9', ....., 13", 14! (iv) Now from points 1, 2, ....., 13 draw tangents to the circle. (v) On tangent through 1, mark point P,, such that 1P, = PI’ In this case point P; will coincide with P. Similarly, on tangent through 2, mark point P>, such that 2P, = P2'. Proceed in a similar way and locate points P3, P4y -. Cl, ON Corresponding tangents. Points P; and Px will coincide. (vi) Join points P), Ps, ..... P)3, Pig by a smooth curve. This is the required involute. Pro Ps Py Pis 9 OI34 Engineenng Graphics Prob.27. Draw an Archemedian spiral of n convolutions, the greatest and least radii being 115 mm and 15 mm respectively. Draw a tangent and a normal to the spiral at a point 65 mm from the pole. (R.GP.V., June 2003) Sol. Let O be the pole, OP the greatest radius (115 mm) and O@ the least radius (15 mm). The Archemedian spiral can be drawn as follows — (i) With centre O and radius OP, draw a circle. Mark point Q on OP such that OQ = 15 mm. OP revolves around O for 5 revoluuons. During this period, P moves towards O, the distance equal to OP — OF i.e.. OP. (ii) Divide angular 31st movement of OP, viz. cA 3 1 revolutions, i.e. 540° and SS N Iine QP into same number of he YS v equal parts, say 18. When line OP moves > fx through one division, i.c., ¢ ENN P \, 30°, the point P will move W) towards O by a distance equal to one division of OP. WY, (ii) Now with Keo centre O and radii O1, 02, O18 draw arcs inter- secting lines O1', O2',....018" at points Py, Po,... Pig 7 respectively. Fig. 1.38 (iv) Join all these points by a smooth curve, this is the required Archemedian spiral (Fig. 1.38) Tangent and Normal — With Q as centre and radius 65 mm, draw an are [svnlersect curve at V. Jom radius vector NO. Determine constant of curve by the following formula, __ Differen: between lengths of any two radii Circu! «) measure of angle between them _ OP-01" OP - OP; n/2 gy Sm vawa line OMequal in length to the constant of curve Cand perpendicular \ Join MN, itis the required normal to the spiral. Through N, draw a line SIN. STAs the required tangentUnit-1 35 Prob.28. A point moves along a bar at an uniform speed. The bar rotates about its one end O at an uniform speed. Name and construct the path of a point P starting from a position 20 mm away and moving upto 60 mm away Jrom the fied end of bar during its one revolution. Draw tangent at a point 45 mm away from O. (R.GRV., Dec. 2008) Sol. As bar rotates about fixed pole O at an uniform speed, thus the curve traced by any point on it while moving away from pole will be an Archemedian spiral. Draw a line OA, 60 mm long, and mark a point ? on it such that OP ~ 20 mm. With centre O and radius OA draw a circle. Divide the circle into 12 equal parts as 1", 2', 3)... 12! ¥ Draw radia! — ines j connecting 1’, 2', 3', .. Z 12' with O. Also divide the line AP into 12 equal parts a5, 2.3) se 02s USB ai — When line OA moves (x6 ; through one division, i.e., Alp 30®, the point P will move 4 LR away from O by a distance { Pg equal to one division of AP. Now with centre O and radii O1, O02 O12 draw ares to cut radial lines O1', O2', ..... O12' at points P), P2, ... P,y respectively. Join these points by a smooth z curve to obtain the path of Fig. 1.39 point P (Fig. 1.39). ‘Tangent — Tangent ST at a point 45 mm away from O can be drawn ina similar way as discussed in Prob.27 Prob.29, A link 225 mm long swings on a pivot O from its vertical position of rest to the right through an angle of 75° and returns to its initial position at uniform velocity. During that period, a point P moving at uniform speed along the centre line of the link from a point at a distance of 25 mm from O reaches the end of the link. Draw the locus of the point P. (R.GPV, Dec. 2012) Sol. The locus of point P will be an Archemedian spiral as shown in fig 1.40. It can be drawn in following way ~ Draw a vertical line OM of length 225 mm showing initial position of the link. Since link swings through an angle of 75° towards right and retums to its36 Engineenng Graphics initial position, therefore with O as centre and OM as radius, draw an arc OMN making an angle of 75° at O. On link OM mark point P ata distance of 25 mm from O. On Divide the angular movement ofp the link and the line PM into the same. number of equal parts (say 8). As link OM moves towards right and returns 2 to its initial position, thus arc MN will 5) be divided into four equal parts. With centre O and radius O1, draw an arc intersecting radial line Ol’ at point P;. Similarly obtain 6 points P>, P3, ....., Pg. Now joint points P, Pj, Poy wim Pg, M by a smooth curve to obtain the required locus of point P. 0.26. What is the function of a scale ? ‘Ans, It is not always possible or convenient to draw drawings of an ‘object to its actual size. For instance, drawings of very big objects like buildings, machines etc, cannot be prepared in full size because they could be too big to accommodate on the drawing sheet. Drawings, of very small objects like precision instruments, namely, watches, electronic devices etc. also cannot be prepared in full size because they would be too small to draw and to read Therefore, a convenient scale is always chosen to prepare the drawings of big as well as small objects in proportionately smaller or larger sizes. 0.27. List various types of scales. (R.GP.V., Dec. 2014) ‘Ans, Some commonly used types of scales in engineering practice are listed below — (i) Plain scales (ii) Diagonal scales (iii) Comparative scales. (iv) Vernier scales (v) Scale of chords (vi) Isometric scales. 0.28. What is the difference between a plain scale and a diagonal scale? Ans. A plain scale represents either two units ora unit and its sub-division (fractions). A plain scale consists of a line divided into suitable number of equal parts or umits, the first of which is sub-divided into small parts.Unit -1 37 While a diagonal scale represents either three units or only one unit and its fractions upto second place of decimal point. It consists of a line divided in suitable number of equal parts, the first of which is sub-divided into smallest parts by diagonals. 0.29. What is the difference between an enlarging scale and a reducing scale ? (R.GPV. Nov. 2018) Or How does enlarging scale differ from reducing scale ? What do you mean by RE. ? Ans. When an object is drawn with its actual dimensions, the scale used is called full size scale. But most of the time it is not possible to draw an object to its actual size. We have to use either a reducing scale for large objects or an enlarging scale for smaller objects. Drawings of small machine parts, mechanical instruments, watches, etc, are made larger than their real size. They are said to be drawn in an increasing or enlarging scale. But, if we reduce the actual length of an object so as to accommodate that object on drawing, then the scale used is called reducing scale. Such scales are used for the preparation of drawings of large machine parts, buildings, bridges, survey maps, architectural drawings, etc. The ratio of the drawing size of an object to its actual size is called the representative fraction, usually referred to as R.F. Thus, Drawing size of an object Its actual size For reducing scale, the drawings will have R-F. values of less than unity, For example, if | centimetre on drawing represents | metre length of an object, then lem 1 1x100em 100 For drawings using enlarging scale, the R.F. values will be greater than unity. For example, when | millimetre length of an object is shown bya length of | centimetre on drawing, then, Axle . 10 1051 Imm 1 Civil engineers and architects generally use reduced scale while mechanical and electrical engineers use both reduced and enlarged scales according to the need of problems. RE= (in same units) RE = x Base = Altitude = 5 * 12 * 24 = 144 cm- Sol, Area of triangle =Unit-1 41 Since area of 144 cm? represents an area of 36 km’, therefore 144 cm? = 36 km? or 12cm =6km Thus, scale factor (representative fraction) _ em _ 12em ~6km 6x 1000 100c Prob.33. A rectangular plot of 100 square kilometres is represented on a certain map by a similar rectangular area of 4 square centimetres. Draw a scale to read 50 kilometres and mark a distance of 43 kilometres on it. (R.GPY., June 2012) Ans. Sol. Given, 4cm?= 100 km? or 2 cm = 10 km _ 2em 2m 1 RF Tom ~ 10x1000x100em ~ 300000 Length of scale = R.F. x Length to be measured = <1 _ «50 « 1000 « 100 = 10 em 500000 Draw a line of 10 cm and divide it into 5 equal divisions, each representing 10 km. Mark 0 (zero), at the end of first main division and 10, 20, 30 and 40 at the end of subsequent divisions. Sub-divide the first main division into 10 equal parts, cach part representing 1 km. Number these parts to the left of 0 as shown in fig, 1.45. Fig. 1.45 Distance of 43 km is shown on the scale in figure. Prob.34. The distance between Hyderabad and Mumbai is 1200 km. A train covers this distance in 20 hours. R.F. of the scale is 1/400,000. Draw a Plain scale to measure time up to a single minute. Show the distance covered by the train in 26 minutes. (R.GRY., Dec. 2017, May 2018) i 2s - - Sol Given, RF.= Goyg9g_ or Tem = 400000 cm = 4 km42. Engineering Graphics Distance covered Average speed of train = ———————— Time taken 1200 = 30 7 60 km/hour = | km/minute Distance covered in 1 hour = 60 km ; lem 60km Thus, length of scale = 60 km * Z99999em > 4km * 1 om= 1S ee Drawa line of 15 cm and divide it into 6 equal parts, each part represents distance covered in 10 minutes, ic. 10 km. Divide the first part in 10 equ sub-parts, each of which representing distance covered in 1 minute, 1.¢. | ke Complete the scale as shown in fig. 1.46. 3 argo 10 KILOMETRES Fig. 1.46 Distance covered by train in 26 minutes = 26 x | km/minute = 26 km Ans This distance is shown on the scale. Prob.35. A train is running at a speed of 40 km/hr. Construct a plas scale to read upto a km and a minute, The scale should measure upto Si km. The R.F. of the scale is 1 : 250000. On the scale show the distanc: covered by the train in 39 minutes. (R.GPY., Sept. 2009) Sol. (i) Kilometre Scale — 1 RF = 250000 1 em=2.5 km 50 Length of kilometre scale = $= = 20 em Thus, draw a line of 20 cm and divide it into 10 equal parts, each part representing 5 km. Sub-divide the first part into 5 equal divisions, each representing 1 km.Unit-1 43 (ii) Minute Seale - Speed of train 40 km/hr 2/3 kevin 25km lem 2 12 4 y kM 35% yg em Since 4/15 em on seale will be equal to one minute, therefore 1 20 em drawing sive 20x 75 minutes 45 Thus, each of 10 parts will represent 75/10 7.5 minutes and cach sub- division will represent 7.5/5 1.5 minutes 2 The distance covered by tram in 39 minutes, ne «39 26 km as shown in fig 147 Distance Covered in 39 Minutes MINUTES 15 AS 52.5 25 30 60675 1 y RE 550000 0 Fig. 1.47 Prob.36. Draw a diagonal scale of R.F: = 3/100, showing metres, decimetres and centimetres and to measure upto 5 metres. Show the length of 3.69 metres on it (R.GRM, June 2009, Dec, 2012) Sol. Given, RF = 3/100 Length of scale = R.F, x Maximum length to be measured a 5 * 100 15 = Tpp % 5% 100 em cm Draw a line AB of length 15 cm and divide it into 5 equal divisions, cach division representing | metre. Mark 0 (zero) at the end of first division and 1, 2,3 and 4 towards the right of zero. Sub-divide the first division into 10 equal parts, each representing | decimetre. Now draw a line AC of length 5 cm perpendicular to AB (height of AC is generally taken as 5 cm for convenience). Divide AC into 10 equal divisions and draw horizontal lines from each division. Join C to the first sub-division44 Engineenng Graphics from A on decimetre scale. It is the first diagonal line. Similarly, draw the other 9 diagonals parallel to first diagonal. Thus, each decimetre part is divide into 10 equal parts by diagonals each representing 1 centimetre, as shown fig. 1.48. A distance of 3.69 metres is marked on this scale. g z 4 # zy z : 73 3 DECIM 3 IMETRES "9 RE= 4 . Fig. 1.48 Prob.37. A rectangular plot of land area 0.45 hectare is represented on a certain map by a similar rectangle of 5 square centimetres. Calculate the RE of the scale of the map. Also draw a scale to read upto single metre ané long enough to measure upto 400 metres. I hectare = 10000 square metres. (R.GBY¥., Nov. 2019, Sol. Since we have to measure from a maximum of 400 m to a singk metre, thus the scale will be a diagonal scale. 1 hectare = 10000 m? 0.45 hectare = 0.45 x 10000 = 4500 m? = 4500 * 10% em? 5 cm? on map represents 4500 = 10% cm? on land 4500x 10% 1 cm? on map will represent = 900 x 104 cm? on land 1 cmon map will represent -¥900 x 104 = 3000 cm on land Thus, RF. = 1/3000 Length of scale = R.F. x Maximum length to be measured = Lx 400% 100 em = 1333 em 3000 Draw a line 13.33 cm long, and divide it into 4 equal parts, each part representing 100 metres, Divide the first division into 10 equal parts each representing 10 metres. Further, sub-divide each such division, by diagonal division, into 10 equal parts, each smallest division, representing single metre Complete the diagonal scale as shown in fig. 1.49.Unit-1 45 METRES (TENS) ‘ METRES RE. = 3995 (HUNDREDS) Fig. 1.49 Prob.38. The distance between two points on a map is 15 cm. The real distance between them is 20 km. Draw a diagonal scale to measure upto 25 km and show a distance of 12.9 km on it. (R.GPY,, Dec. 2013) Sol, As a 15 cm distance on map represents an actual distance of 20 km, thus RR 15cm 3 20% 1000%100cm 400000 Length of scale 3 25x 1000 x 10C. cm = 18.75 cm 400000 Draw a line 18.75 cm long and divide it, into 5 equal parts, each part representing 5 km, Then divide the first part into 5 sub-parts, each representing 1 km. Now divide each of these sub-parts into 10 equal divisions by using the method of diagonal division, each representing 0.1 km or hectometre. Complete the scale as shown in fig. 1.50, and mark distance of 12.9 km on this scale. 12.9 km 3 10 is 20 3 5 KILOMETRES Na RE= aor KILOMETRES Fig. 1.50 Prob.39. Construct a scale of RF. = 1 : 250 to show decimetre and long enough to measure upto 30 m. Mark a distance of 26.8 m on it (R.GPV., June 2013)48 Engineenng Graphics Sol. The scale as shown in fig. 1.51 can be drawn in a similar way as discussed in Prob.38. 26.8 m 5 é ‘ pe =ah 5 METRES Fig. 1.51 Prob.40. On a building plan, a line 10 cm long represents a distance of 5 m. Construct a diagonal scale for the plan to read upto 6 m, showing metres, decimerres and centimetres, Indicate on your scale the length 3.24 m. (R.GP.V., June 2013) Sol. As a 10 cm long line represents a distance of 5 m, thus, 10 pes Oem cl, 5x100cm 50 Length of scale = R.F. * Length to be measured = | 66x 100cm =12cm 50 Now the scale as shown in fig. 1.52 can be drawn in a similar manner as discussed in Prob.36. 324m CENTIMETRES oe 4 DECIMETRES 7 METRES Fig. 1.52 Prob.41. Construct a diagonal scale to measure kilometres, hectometres and decimetre to a scale of R.F. = 1/50,000 and measure on it a length of 6 km, 4 hectometres and 3 decimetres. (R.GP¥,, Nov. 2018) Sob Given, R.F. = 1/50,000 Assuming maximum length to be measured by the scale as 7 km,Unit-1 47 Length of scale = R.F. x Maximum length to be measured 1 1 = x7km = ——_— Ox = 14cm 5 ae 100 Thus, draw a line of 14 em and divide it into 7 equal divisions, cach representing 1 km. Then divide first division into 10 equal sub-divisions each representing 1/10 km, ic., 1 hectometre. Divide each sub-division into 10 equal parts by diagonal division method, so that each part representing 1/10 hm, u.c., | decametre. Complete the scale as shown in fig. 1.53 6 km, 4 hm and 3dm KILOMETRES Fig. 1.53 Length of 6 km, 4 hm and 3 dm is shown on this scale. Prob.42. Construct a diagonal scale showing kilometre, hectometre and decimetre in which 2 cm line represents 1 km and the scale is long enough to measure upto 7 km. Mark a distance of 3 km, 7 hm and 4 dm on it. (R.GPV, Dec. 2013) Sol. This problem can be solved m a similar way as discussed in Prob.41 Prob.43. The dimensions of an ancient tower, Qutab minar, are as follows — Height = 79 yards and 1 foot, bottom diameter = 15 yards 2 feet and 3 inches, top diameter = 3 yards, if the height is represented by a 29.75 inch long line on the drawing, find R.F. Draw a diagonal scale of this RF. and long enough to show the diameter of the tower. (R.GPV., Dec. 2014) Sol. Since 29.75 inch long line represents height of 79 yards and | foot, therefore hs RE = _227Sinches 79 yards | foot 29.75 inches __ 29.75 inches ~ (79 x3) +1 feet 238 feet 29.75inches 1 8x 12)inches 9648 Engineering Graphics Length of scale = R.F. x Maximum length to be measured = Li xté yards = x 16% 3 12 =6 inches 96 96 Draw a line of 6 inches and divide it into 16 equal divisions, eact representing | yard. Divide first division into 3 equal sub-divisions, eact representing 1 foot. Now divide each sub-division into 12 equal parts by diagona: division method. Each smallest sub-division represents 1 inch. Complete the scale as shown in fig. 1.54. On this scale top diameter (i.e. 3. yards) ane bottom diameter (i.e. 15 yards 2 feet 3 inches) of Qutab minar are marked & shown in figure. 15 Yurds 2 Feet 3 Inches Bottom Diameter Fig. 1.54 Prob.44, An aeroplane is flying ata speed of 360 km/hr. Draw a diagonal scale to represent 6 km by I cm and to show distance upto 60 km. Find the RE ofthe scale and find from the scale the distance covered by the aeroplane in- (i) 3 minutes 22 seconds (ii) 7 minutes 49 seconds, (R.GP.V., Dec. 2002) Sol. Given, | cm representing 6 km _ lem 1 6km ~ 6x1000x100cm — 600000 Thus, RF Length of scale = —! 60 00 * 00 * 1000 x 100 = 10cmUnit-1 49 Since, aeroplane covers a distance of 360 km in one hour, ic. in 360 60 minutes. Thus, it will cover, in one minute a distance of 60. 6 km. Again, since a drawing length of 10 cm represents a length of 60 km, thus, this length (10 cm) will also represent a ume of 10 minutes Divide, this length into 10 equal parts, each representing 6 km on kilometre scale and 1 minute on time scale. Divide first part, into 6 equal sub-divisions Each sub-division representing one km on kilometre scale and 10 seconds on ume scale. Then using the method of diagonal division, sub-divide each small division in 10 equal parts, as shown in fig. 1.55, cach representing i second. Show the distances covered in 3 minutes 22 seconds and in 7 minutes 49 seconds as shown in figure, 10 Minutes Distance Covered in 7 Minutes 49 conde Distance Covered in 3 Minutes 22 seconds, MINUTES 10) 0 1 5 & 9 “ Vy Z 4 Sy 54 oven G\ 12\ Ta\ 24 30\ 36) a2 BL Sa SECONDS 4 3 (TENS) 6 4 5 6 7 KILOMETRES e Fig. 1.55 Prob.45. Draw a vernier scale of R. a to read centimetres and measure upto 3 metres. On this scale show lengths representing 1.48 m and 0.83 m. Sol. Length of scale - 3p 3*100-=12 em The vernier scale as shown in fig. 1.56 can be drawn in following steps (1) Draw a line 12 em long and divide tt into 3 equal parts to show metres. Divide each of these parts into 10 equal parts to show decimetres. eiteriernerereretietesecensiere