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Functions

Engineering Calculus

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Angeline Mariz S. Ramirez
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4 views

Functions

Engineering Calculus

Uploaded by

Angeline Mariz S. Ramirez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ALGEBRA - Functions

Prepared by:

ENGR. IRINEO P. QUINTO


DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION

A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set A


exactly one element, called f(x), in a set B.

The symbol f(x) is read “f of x” or “f at x” and is called the value of f at x, or the image
of x under f. The set A is called the domain of the function. The range of f is the set of
all possible values of f(x) as x varies throughout the domain.

The symbol that represents an arbitrary number in the domain of a function f is called
an independent variable. The symbol that represents a number in the range of f is called a
dependent variable. So if we write y = f(x), then x is the independent variable and y is the
dependent variable.
EXAMPLE:

A function f is defined by the formula: 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 4

a. Evaluate f(3) and f(-2) and (b) Find the domain and range of f.

SOLUTION:
a. 𝑓 3 = 32 +4 = 9+4 = 13

a. 𝑓 −2 = (−2)2 +4 = 4+4 = 8

b. The domain of f consists of all possible inputs for f. Since we


can evaluate the formula f(x) for every real number x, the
domain of f is the set of all real numbers.

b. The range of f consists of all possible outputs of f. Because


𝑥 2 ≥ 0 for all real numbers x, we have 𝑥 2 + 4 ≥4, so for every
output of f we have 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 4. Thus, the range of f is from 4 to ∞
or (4,∞).
A cell phone plan costs $39 a month. The plan includes 400 free minutes and charges 20¢
for each additional minute of usage. The monthly charges are a function of the number of
minutes used, find: C(100), C(480) (cost for 100 min and 480 min).
𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)

SOLUTION: 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)

The cost can be express as a function such that:

C(t) = 39 if t ≤ 400 min

C(t) = 39 + 0.20(t - 400) if t > 400 min

For t=100 (<400):

C(100) = 39

For t=480 (>400):

C(480)=39 + 0.20(480-400) = 55
If an astronaut weighs 130 pounds on the surface of the earth, then her
weight when she is h miles above the earth is given by the function:

What is her weight when she is 100 mi above the earth?


SOLUTION:

We want the value of the function w(h) when h = 100; that


is, we must calculate w(100):

3960 2
3960 2
𝑤 100 = 130( ) = 130( )
3960 + 100 4060

𝑤 100 = 123.67 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠


POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION DEFINITION:

A polynomial function is a function that is defined by a


polynomial expression. So a polynomial function of degree n is a
function of the form:
QUADRATIC FUNCTION

A quadratic function is a polynomial function of degree 2.


A quadratic function is a function of the form:

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎 ≠ 0)
MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM VALUE
OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Find the maximum or minimum value of quadratic function:

SOLUTION:
This is a quadratic function with a =1 and b = 4.
The maximum or minimum value occurs at:

Since a > 0, the function has the minimum value


A hockey team plays in an arena that has a seating capacity of 15,000 spectators. With the
ticket price set at $14, average attendance at recent games has been 9500. A market survey
indicates that for each dollar the ticket price is lowered, the average attendance increases by
1000.
(a) Find a function that models the revenue in terms of ticket price.
(b) Find the price that maximizes revenue from ticket sales.
(c) What ticket price is so high that no one attends and so no revenue is generated?

SOLUTION:

(a) The model that we want is a function that gives the revenue for any ticket price

Since the function we want depends on price, we let


The model that we want is the function R that gives the revenue for a
given ticket price x.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL / EQUATION


(b) Since R is a quadratic function with a=-1000 and b=23500,
the maximum occurs at

So a ticket price of $11.75 gives the maximum revenue.

(c) We want to find the ticket price for which R(x) = 0:

So according to this model, a ticket price of $23.50 is just too high; at that price, no one attends to
watch this team play. (Of course, revenue is also zero if the ticket price is zero.)
THEORY OF EQUATIONS

A RATIONAL INTEGRAL FUNCTION is a polynomial function in x of degree n and is


symbolically written as:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 +. . . . +𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , … . 𝑎1 , 𝑎0 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0

𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠:

𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 +. . . . +𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 = 0

ENGR. IRINEO P. QUINTO


THE REMAINDER THEOREM

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑟, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑟,


𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑓(𝑟).

ENGR. IRINEO P. QUINTO


THE FACTOR THEOREM

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑟,


𝑥 − 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜.

ENGR. IRINEO P. QUINTO


EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE:
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥
THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

The natural exponential function is the exponential function:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
With base e.

The number e is defined as the value that:


1 𝑛
(1 + )
𝑛
approaches as n becomes large.

𝑒 ≈ 2.71828182845904523536
Graph of the natural exponential function
DEFINITION OF THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

Let a be a positive number with 𝑎 ≠ 1. The logarithmic


function with base a denoted by 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 is defined by:

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑥

𝑆𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 is the exponent to which the base a must be


raised to give x.
Logarithmic Form: Exponential Form:

Exponent Exponent

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = y 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑥
Base Base
COMMON LOGARITHM

The logarithm with base 10 is called the Common Logarithm


and is denoted by omitting the base:

𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 = log x

e. g. log 10 = 1, log 100 = 2


NATURAL LOGARITHM

The logarithm with base e is called the Natural Logarithm


and is denoted by ln:

ln 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥

ln 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥
PROPERTIES OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦:

1. ln 1 = 0
2. ln 𝑒 = 1
3. ln 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥
4. 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝐴 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝐵

𝐴
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝐴 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝐵
𝐵

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝐴
CHANGE OF BASE FORMULA

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏

log 10
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 10 =
log 2

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