a) >) MATHEMAT' INTRODUCTION VECTOR ANALYSIS | Sonlars | Physical quant described by their magnitude are ca jen which can be ud seal amples time, temperature, density Scalars are added or subtracted by rules of simple | pletely Vectors : Physical quantities which need magnitude ax well ax direction for their complete description are called vectors. Examples : Displacement, velocity, force ete Vectors are represented by a single capital letter with fan arrow above it eg. A, Bete, Magnitude of a vector A is written as | A | ifferent types of vectors : (i) Zero Vector (Null Vector): A vector having zero magnitude with a particular direction is called 2ero vector. . It is represented as O. Resultant vector : The resultant of two or more vectors is that single vector, which produces the same effect, as produced by all the vectors together. Negative vector (oppo- site vector) : Negative vector of a given vector is a vector of the same magnitude but oppositive in direction to that ofthe given vector. In fig. 21 B is a negative vector of A. Gi) A Git) B Fig. 2.1 Negative vector 4, (iv) Equal vectors : Two vectors A and B representing same physical quantity are said to be equal if and only if they have the same magnitude and direction. Fig. 2.2) Position Vector: A vector which gives the position of a particle x at a point with a respect to the origin F828 Position Vector (ofa chosen co-ordinete system is called the position vector ofthe particle In above fig. 2.3, r=OP is the position vector of the particle present at P. « B Fig. 2.2 Equal vectors w) (vi) Unit vector : A vector having unit magnitude in a given direction is called a unit vector in that direction ay ICAL METHODS u ” Mathematically Mfetig MOF itm “ whe of M VECTOR OPERATIONS lig ie a unit vector in the direction aa (a) Multiplication of vector by Ita rector F la muhlpied by «sealer quanti say ; gaab Q will be a vector whole direction is same as that of «iy P and magnitude is # times the magnitude of P (b) Addition and subtraction of vectors Vectors can not be added or subtracted by rules of simple alngebra. Vectors can be added or subteacted by geometric methods (©) Trangle law for vector addition Statement : If two vectors describing the same physical quantity are represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in order then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle drawn in the opposite sense. Explanation : Let A and B be two vectors in the plain of paper to bbe added, see fig. 2.4 (a), sum of there vectors can be obtained by using the triangle law described above as shown in fig. 2.4 (b). /' Th ® / r—>——@ pp = Qn j i Fig. 2.4 (@) Fig. 24.) ‘The resultant vector is indicated by C C-AsB Law of Parallelogram of Vectors : Statement If two vectors of the same type originating from the same ‘Point are represented in magnitude and direction by two ‘adjacent sides ofa parallelogram, their resultant vectors is given in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the same point. © Explanation : @)24 tne. 25, vector 4 = B and 6B = @ ovcinnting from point Ole shown, 8b the angle xtween P and @. If we complete parallelogram the OC is diagonal which represent resultant vector OC = To find magnitude of vector jf: To find magnitude of 7, drop a perpendicular CD on A produced at D. In AODC, we have, oc? = op? + cpt (OA + AD)? + CD* = 0A? +2 0A.AD + AD? + CD* But in 4 ADC, AD? + Gp? = AC* Oc? = 0A? +204. AD + AC = @ Also, OA=P, AC=OB=@ and OC=R In aac, AD cos 0 = 5G AD =AC cosé = Q cosd By using these values in equation (1), we have RP=PP4+2PQ cos +Q" = Re yP*+Q?+2PQc08 -@) Equ. (2) gives magnitude of resultant vector 2. To find direction of vector Rt: In aC, @ ‘Substituting in equ. (2.3), we have Qsine tan P+Qcos0 -1(_Qsino von (OH) Equ. (4) gives direction of resultant vector R RESOLUTION OF VECTORS Resolution of vectors: The process of splitting a given vector into its ‘components is called resolution of vectors. Rectangular components : If the components are found along the directions which are, mutually, perpeudicular, they are called rectanguld+ components. Consider a vector R=OC, originating from origin of a rectangular co-ordinate system as shown in above fig. (2.6) Draw perperediculars from Con X - axis at A where Rand iyare components of R=OC along x and y axes respectively. ‘Then according to law of parallelogram of vectors. RoR, ~() R i+R,j @ where i and j are units vectors along x and y axes respectively and R, and R, and the magnitudes of the two components of Let 0 be the angle made by J with X- axis, then .. And R, = Reine = A) By Squaring and adding equs (2.7) and (2.8) we get R3+ By! = RteostO+ Rsin 20 R (cos! 0+: Rr oR=YRE+R? ~ ©) Equ. (5) gives magnitude of R. ‘To find direction of F, from fig. 2.6 R, tand = 3 a{®) om tan) 0 Similarly, if R,, Ryand R, are rectangular components of B along x,y and z axes ofthe rectangular Cartesian co-ordinate system in three dimensions, then RRs Rak, = ReRis Rj Rek ~@) Rely BEV?Mathematical Methods 2.8 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS ‘When we multiply vectors of the same or different types, we get a new physical quantity which may either be a scalar (scalar product) or a vector (vector product) (a) Scalar Product (Dot Product) : © Definition : The scalar product of two non-zero vectors P and @ is defined as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle @ between the two vectors. It is written as B.@ =PQ cod Q) © Characteristics of scalar product : (1) The scalar product of two vectors is equivalent to the product of magnitude of one vector with the magnitude of the component of the other vector in the direction of first. ie. P.Q = PQ cost (Q cosd) =P (component of @ in the direction of B) Similarly B.@ = Q (P coe 6), = Q (component of P in the direction of Q) (2) If obeys the commutative law of vector multiplication, P.Q=9.B. (8) Ifobey the distributive law of multiplication, B (Go) ROBE (4) Special case of scalar product : B.9 =PQcos0 @) 1f0 =O ie. the two vectors B and @ are parallel to each other, the P.Q = PQ cos 0= PQ Liej jobbet (i) If 0 = 180°, ie. the two vectors P and @ are antiparallel, then B.@ = PQ cos 180° =- PQ. If 0 = 90%, ie. two vectors are perpendicular to eacl other, then P.Q =PQcos 90° =0 Thus i=}. =k. © U P= Qthen P.Q =P =e (©) Scalar product of vectors expressed in terms of rectangular components : Let PaP,i+P,j+P,& and GnQ.i+0,5+Q,8 then B.Q =P,0,+P,, + P.Q. 13 (b) Vector Product (Cross Product) : Definition : Tho vector product of two vectors (Band@) is « vector whose magnitude is equal to the product of magnitudes of the two vectors and sine of the smaller tangle (6) between the two vectors. ‘The direction of the product vector is given by t,, which is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors and is given by the right hhand screw rule © R-Px@=PQsine a, asi) @) 82x P= PQsine i, on ® @ t 9 ° @ a os 2 0 8 3 B Fig. 27 (a) Veetor product 3=.xg Fig. 2.7 (b) Vector product $=@xP © Characteristic of Vector Product : {@) Tedoes not obey commutative law of multiplication. ie BxQadxe @) It obeys the distributive law of multiplication, ie. Bx(QeB)-PrGaBak @) Special cases of cross product | xQ|= PQsine If 6=0", the two non-zero vectors are parallel to each other, their vector product is vector. (i) If 0 = 180%, ie. if two non-zero vector are anti-parallel, their vector product is a zero vector. P xQ| = PQsini80°=0 ii) If 6 = 90%, ie. if two non-zero vectors are perpendicular to each other, the magnitue of their vector product is equal to the product of magnitudes of the two vectors. P x@| = PQsingo'= PQ ‘Thus ixj=h, j xi (4 If B=@ then |P x9] = ‘Thus ix xjekx() (6) Let PeP.i+ Pj + Pk and B-Qi+ QI + Qk then ip clea eed PaQa|r or, 2 a, @ @, (6) The magnitude of cross product of two vectors ix numerically equal to the area of a pa where adjacent sides represent the = ‘a oD 7 Fig. 2. Area of parallelogram and vector product In above fig. Area of parallelogram = base « height = 0A x BD =0Ax OB sino = PQ sind Pxd ‘= Magnitude of the vector product INTRODUCTION TO CALCULUS Calculus is the study of continuous (not discrete) changes in mathematical quantities. 8 Differential Caleulus : w 2. ie, ele Some proporties of differentiation, @ Ztherna)-42, oe d dfx) df, (x) 2 hea) x fea) ]= ha) LE + 42) AO Gli «ho ]=h@ “FT +h) Ge w S68)- (x) fle) dfx) de\ f(z)) fie) de fade (5) If x depends on time another variable ¢ then, fle) _ dfx) de dt dx dt © EMate) =1 (an) «a's wheres [eco] = dy _dy do de “dv de (b) oo00 d Aina) = ons d ©) A feass) = sine dad oaphael 6) Lftans) = sees d E (cotx) = ~ cones a © Secs) stanz sece a @ 2 (cosec:) a Integral Calculus : Integral calculus is the branch of mathematics dealing with properties of integrals and their applications Physical: interpretation of integral of a function fix) i.e. ffx) dx is the area under the curve fix) versus © Area under cure = Him ¥ (2,-2.3) /(@) For definite integral ab f feds = Lim ¥(x,-2,.)/(e,) ‘The processes of obtaining the integral is called integration. P(s)=[fiaydx F(x) is called the indefinite integral of /(x). Differentiation is the reverse process to that of integration re) Ze) F(a)? = FO)-F(a)={ fends Properties of integ: Q) JA @)+h@)de= fi ae+ ffi (oex) @) JK f(x) ds = KJ f(x)dx for K = constant Indefinite imtegrals of some basic functions (fate (@) oinx dx = ~cos x 6) fetdrwet @ flde=ins a Henini