NAME: STRAND/GRADE/SECTION: HUMSS 12

Research 2 UNIT IV
Understanding Data and Ways to
Systematically Collect Data

LESSON 4 Data Collection Procedure

Based on the concept you have read above, answer the following questions briefly using your
own words. What is a data collection procedure?
It is a set of facts or information that studies along with the respondent's perception.
What are the different data collection methods? Enumerate and explain each

● Interview- formal approach whether face to face or not.

● Questionnaire- a collection that asks the respondent’s concern or opinion.

● Observation- a data which acts to notice respondent’s action.

● Test- a proof of respondent’s scope of knowledge and understanding.

What is the difference between covert and overt? direct and indirect observation?
Covert describes in a way that is hidden or unnoticed. While overt is its antonyms.
As a researcher, why do you need to choose the data collection method that is suitable to your
study?
For us to determine the range of our study of research if it is reliable, approvable, and accurate
to our hypothesis.

Identify the word/s being described in each statement. Write your answer on the space
provided.

Observation 1. It is a method usually used by observing the subject of the study.

Test 2. A method used to assess the knowledge of the subject.
Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing 3. A type of interview that requires a laptop to the
researcher during data collection.
Information 4. The section in the questionnaire where you can find the series of questions and
statements.
Data Collection5. It refers to the process of collecting data.
Telephone Interviewers 6. This is the type of interview that includes a list of names from telephone
directories.
Criterion-referenced Test7. A type of test that determines if a certain skill is achieved or not.
Paper-pencil Questionnaire 8. A type of questions with two choices only.
Covert Observation 9. An observation where the respondents are not aware that they are being
observed.
Interview 10. This method of collecting data involves presentation of verbal responses from the
respondents.

Summarize the advantage and disadvantage of each data collection method by

accomplishing the Square Matrix below.

Interview Questionnaire

Verbal method of collecting data. Standard guide to extract data.

Types: Types:
● Structured ● Paper-pencil
Interviews- same Questionnaire- large
specific line of question. number: save time and
Advantage: clarity, has a greater money.
depth. Advantage: truthful
Disadvantage: increase time Disadvantage: do not return
overriding. questionnaires
● Face-to- face ● Web-Page
Interviews- most often Questionnaire –
used in quantitative internet based.
research method: Advantage: faster than paper-
wherever pencil questionnaire
Advantage: creates affinity, Disadvantage: exclusion of
ambiguous clarification. having no laptop, insurable
Disadvantage: increase time accuracy
overriding, impractical.
● Self- Administered
● Telephone Questionnaire- mail
Interviews- distribution via email.
impersonally due to lack
of time.
Advantage: decrease time
overriding
Disadvantage: bias, lack of time
● Computer-Assisted
Personal
Interviewing- personal
interview with using
laptop.
Advantage: Save time and
hundreds of questions
Disadvantage: Expensive, bring
 laptop is a must.

Observations Tests

Character method of collecting Knowledge and understanding

data. method of collecting data.
Types: Types:
● Overt Observation- ● Norm-referenced
respondents are aware. test- normative group
against the subject.
● Covert Observation -
respondents are ● Criterion- referenced
unaware. test – mastery skills
attained
● Direct Observation –
during interaction. ● Proficiency test –
level against skills
● Indirect Observation
attainment.
– result of interaction.

Summarize the advantage and disadvantage of each data collection method by

accomplishing the Square Matrix below. Identify the kind of quantitative being
described in each of the following scenarios. Choose the letter of your answer from the
choices inside the box, then explain your answer. (2 pts each)
Criterion Referenced Test Web-based questionnaire

Face-to-face Interview Computer-Assisted Personal Interview

Telephone Interview
Covert Observation
Overt Observation
Paper-pencil Questionnaire

1. A representative from the Department of Education watched ten random classes through
video recording to observe if teachers' teaching strategy met the objectives of curriculum
competencies. Overt Observation

Explanation: DepEd observation is for a Teacher's strategy in teaching, hence the class already knows
they are going to observe them.
2. A researcher wishes to identify the mastery skill level of the Technical Vocational
students in Rizal High School. He administered an assessment to the target subject of the
research to gather data. Criterion Referenced Test.

Explanation: It talks about the identification of Tech Voc skill mastery.

3. A company conducts a quick interview based on the list of people on their landline
directory. Telephone Interview.

Explanation: They use a telephone technology to conduct an interview.

4. A group of researchers conducted a study on the effectiveness of Audio-Visual Learning

to the academic performance of Senior High Students in Rizal High School. They distributed a
copy of the questionnaire to the students that are involved in their study. Paper-pencil
Questionnaire.

Explanation: They distributed manual questionnaires to students involved in the study.

5. A researcher does a house visit to conduct an interview regarding the lifestyle of a
teenage mom. He directly encodes information from his interviewee to his electronic device.
Computer-Assisted Personal Interview
Explanation: The researcher uses an electronic device directly to his interview.

LESSON 4 Data Analysis Using Statistics

Lesson 5.1 Quantitative Data Analysis

What is the purpose of a data analysis plan in quantitative research? Explain briefly.

To ensure that the data are complete, accurate and valid.

Compare and contrast descriptive data analysis and inferential data analysis.
Descriptive data analyze the general description of the data in a meaningful and easier way. While
Inferential is to test the hypothesis to reach its conclusions.
What are the levels of measurement scales in quantitative data? Cite and explain each.

● Nominal Scale- labelling variables with no quantitative values.

● Ordinal Scale- sorted in ranking with no specific difference.

● Interval Scale- equally measure does not have zero.

● Ratio Scale- highest level of measurement that has a zero point.

True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if not. Write your
answer on the space provided before each number.
T1. Ordinal scale is a measurement scale that ranks the variables.
T 2. Data analysis plan refers to describing how the data will be cleaned, transformed, and
analyzed.

F 3. The weakest level of measurement scale is ratio scale.

T 4. Percentage is categorized as a descriptive statistic.
F 5. Descriptive analysis includes t-test and ANOVA.
T 6. Exploratory data analysis is used when it is not clear what to expect from the data.
T 7. Inferential data analysis is used when there is testing of hypotheses.
T 8. Interval scale is also called categorical variables.
F 9. Inferential statistics includes the mean, median, and mode.

T 10. The highest level of measurement scale is the ratio scale.

Create a graphic organizer that summarizes the concept of this lesson using your
coloring materials.
A. Choose the letter of your choice below.

A. Descriptive Data Analysis B. Inferential Data Analysis

B 1. Chi-square B 6. Pearson r

A 2. Mean A 7. Mode

A 3. Range A 8. Standard Deviation

B 4. T-test B 9. Spearman rho

B 5. ANOVA A 10. Percentage

B. Indicate which level of measurement is being used in the given scenario. Choose the
letter of your choice below.

A. Nominal Scale C. Interval Scale

B. Ordinal Scale D. Ratio Scale

B 1. Mr. Abalos enlists the top 10 greatest movies of all time.

A 2. The nurse records the gender of each patient.

D 3. A veterinary clinic keeps records of the weight of their patient dogs.

A 4. The organizer of the basketball lists down the jersey number of all players.

C 5. A PAGASA officer recorded the temperature in degrees Celsius for the month of

September.
C 6. Meteorologist lists the temperature in degrees Kelvin for the month of August.

B 7. The teacher of a class of tenth graders records the letter grade for mathematics for each

student.

D 8. The teller keeps track of the amount of his client’s savings account.

D 9. The researcher records the family income of his subject for two consecutive months.

B 10. A car magazine lists the most expensive hotels in the United States.

Lesson 5.2 Descriptive Data Analysis

What is descriptive data analysis? Explain its purpose in research.

Clear summaries of the survey and measurements are provided by descriptive data analysis,

which various statistical methods are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.

Differentiate measures of central tendency from measures of dispersion.

A central or standard value for a probability distribution is called central tendency, while

measures of dispersion explains how data differs from one another, providing an accurate view of data

delivery.

What are the three major ways to show central tendency? Explain each briefly.

● Mean- average set of numbers and the simplest measure of central tendency by only

adding up all the numbers.

● Median- a middle value of a given set of numbers in ascending form of order.

● Mode- The most common number—that is, the number that appears the most often.

Compare and contrast average deviation and standard deviation.

 The average deviation, also known as mean absolute deviation, is measured in the same way as

standard deviation, but instead of squares, it uses absolute values to avoid the problem of negative

deviations between data points and their means. Calculate the average of those variations' absolute

values.

Identify the word/s being described in each statement. Write your answer

on the space provided.

Measures of Dispersion 1. It is also called a measure of variability.

Standard Deviation 2. It refers to measures of spread of data about the mean.

Bimodal 3. A mode that has two observations.

Median 4. It refers to the midpoint of distribution.

Absolute Value 5. A statistical symbol that disregards the negative values of a data.

Average (Mean) Deviation 6. The absolute deviation of a dataset is the average distance

between each data point and the mean

Mode 7. It refers to the most frequently occurred value in a set of data.

Mean 8. It is the sum of all observed data divided by the number of

observation.

Measures of Central Tendency 9. It is sometimes called the measure of central location.

The Range 10. It refers to the difference between the highest value and lowest

value.
Summarize the concept of descriptive data analysis by accomplishing the

Venn Diagram below

A. Modified True or False. Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false,

change the underlined word or phrase to make the statement correct.

False, Standard Deviation 1. Range is used to know how much data can vary.

True 2. To understand the dispersion of data from a measure of

central tendency, we can use mean deviation.

False, Measures of Tendency 3. Measures of dispersion are also called measures of location.

False, Mode 4. In order to know the most appearing data in a set,

researcher must use mean.

True 5. Standard deviation is used when the researchers wish to

know the measure of confidence in statistical conclusion.

B. Indicate the appropriate descriptive statistical treatment to use in a given

scenario. Explain your answer.

1. The teacher collected the scores of her students in their remedial test. Data

showed that three students scored 82, five students scored 90, four students
scored 85, and one student scored 81. Using statistical tools, the teacher come up

with the answer 85.

a. How did the teacher get 85? Explain. (3pts)

b. What is the statistical treatment that the teacher used in the set of scores

(mean, median, mode, range)? (2pts)

Lesson 5.3 Inferential Data Analysis

What is inferential data analysis? When to use this kind of data analysis?

Inferential analysis is a method for extrapolating results from a random (probability) sample back to

the population from which it was drawn. This analysis is only necessary if: a sample is drawn using a

random procedure; and The rate of response is extremely high.

Compare and contrast T-test and ANOVA.

ANOVA determines whether three or more populations are statistically different from each other,

whereas the t-test determines whether two populations are statistically different from each other.

What are the statistical tools you can use if you want to test the relationship of the variables?
Explain each based on your understanding.

● A t-test is an inferential statistic that is used to compare two groups.

● ANOVA is a statistical tool that divides a data set's observed aggregate variability into two

parts.

● A relationship refers to the correspondence between two variables.

True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if not. Write your answer on the
space provided before each number.

T 1. Inferential statistics is used when the researchers want to test hypotheses.

F 2. T-test is used to determine the relationship of two variables.

F 3. Pearson r is a statistical tool for determining relationship between variables.

T 4. T-test is used to determine the significance of relationship between variables.

T 5. Spearman rho is used when the data are in ordinal scale.

T 6. T-test is also used to determine the significance of relationship in Pearson r.

F 7. Chi-square is used when data are in interval scale.

T 8. Both ratio and interval variables are applicable in Pearson r.

T 9. Inferential data analysis is used to determine if there is a relationship between an

intervention and an outcome.

T 10. ANOVA is used when finding significant differences between three or more groups at one

time.

B. The researchers want to determine the relationship of the Educational attainment of the
Parents to their socioeconomic status. What statistical test is best to use in this study? Explain
your answer briefly.

Test of Relationship in T-test to test the significance of Pearson r, by the means of determining the

relationships of these two variables.