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DB Programs

dbms

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Krish Patel
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12 views

DB Programs

dbms

Uploaded by

Krish Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL QUERIES for Recall

CREATE TABLE employees (emp_id INT ,first_name VARCHAR(50)


,email VARCHAR(50) ,company_name VARCHAR(50) ,salary
DECIMAL(7, 2));

INSERT INTO employees (first_name, email, company_name,


salary)VALUES ('iron mam', 'ironman@mail', 'Oracle',
30000.00),('captain america', '[email protected]', 'Oracle',
35000.00),('hulk', 'green@mail', 'Google', 40000.00),('spidy',
'spider@mail', 'Microsoft', 45000.00),('batman', 'black@mail',
'Microsoft', 45000.00),('superman','super@mail','world','50000');

How to select data from table:


SELECT * FROM employees;
SELECT name, position FROM employees;
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 50000;
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE position = 'Manager' AND salary
> 50000;

SELECT name, position


FROM employees
WHERE (position = 'Manager' OR position = 'Developer') AND salary
> 60000
ORDER BY name ASC
LIMIT 10;

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary is not NULL;

UPDATE and DELETE FROM a TABLE:


UPDATE employees
SET salary = 70000

UPDATE employees
SET salary = 70000
WHERE id = 1;

UPDATE employees
SET position = 'Senior Developer'
WHERE position = 'Developer';
UPDATE employees
SET salary = salary * 1.10
WHERE position = 'Manager';

DELETE FROM employees


WHERE salary < 30000;
Date and time

Create table test(my_date date,my_time time,My_dateTime


datetime);
Insert into table values(current_date(),current_time(),now());
Current_date() – 1;
Drop table test;

CREATE TABLE employees (emp_id INT NOT NULL


AUTO_INCREMENT,first_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,email
VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE,company_name VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT
'oracle',salary DECIMAL(7, 2) CHECK (salary > 25000),PRIMARY
KEY (emp_id));
INSERT INTO employees (first_name, email, company_name,
salary)VALUES ('iron mam', 'ironman@mail', 'Oracle',
30000.00),('captain america', '[email protected]', 'Oracle',
35000.00),('hulk', '[email protected]', 'Google',
40000.00),('spidy', '[email protected]', 'Microsoft',
45000.00),('batman', '[email protected]', 'Microsoft',
45000.00),('superman','super@mail','world','50000');

Primary key:
CREATE TABLE employees (
id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
position VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

Foreign key:
CREATE TABLE departments (
dept_id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
dept_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (dept_id)
);

CREATE TABLE employees (


id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
position VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
dept_id INT,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
FOREIGN KEY (dept_id) REFERENCES departments(dept_id)
);

Unique constraint:
CREATE TABLE employees (
id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
email VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
position VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE (email)
);

Not NULL:
CREATE TABLE employees (
id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
position VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

Default:
CREATE TABLE employees (
id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
position VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT 'Employee',
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

Check Constraint:
CREATE TABLE employees (
id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
position VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

Alter command:
Add a column
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name column_type;
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name column_type after Counm_name
;

Drop colunm:
ALTER TABLE employees
DROP COLUMN birthdate;

Modyfy column type:


ALTER TABLE employees
MODIFY salary DECIMAL(12, 2);

Renaming a clounm:
ALTER TABLE table_name
CHANGE old_column_name new_column_name column_type;

CREATE TABLE employees (emp_id INT ,first_name VARCHAR(50)


,email VARCHAR(50) ,company_name VARCHAR(50) ,salary
DECIMAL(7, 2),pincode int);
Alter command for constraints:
Adding primary key:
ALTER TABLE employees
ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);

Foreign key:
alter table weapon add primary key(wp_id);

alter table heros add constraint fk_id foreign key(wp_id) references


weapon(wp_id);

alter table heros drop foreign key fk

Add foreign key;


ALTER TABLE employees ADD CONSTRAINT fk_department
FOREIGN KEY (dept_id) REFERENCES departments(dept_id);

Unique:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name UNIQUE (column_name);

Check constraint:
ALTER TABLE employees
ADD CONSTRAINT check_salary CHECK (salary >= 0);

Drop primary key:


ALTER TABLE employees
DROP PRIMARY KEY;

Drop foreign key:


ALTER TABLE employees
DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_department;
Basic Functions:
Count
Sum
Max
Min
Avg
Concat

Logical operator:
And:

SELECT * FROM table_name


WHERE condition1 AND condition2;

OR:

SELECT * FROM table_name


WHERE condition1 OR condition2;

Not:

SELECT * FROM table_name


WHERE NOT condition;
In:
SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

Between:
SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

Wild card characters:

%:
SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE 'abc%';
_
SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE '_bc';
Character set [];
SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE '[a-c]%';

Negation of character set:


SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE '[!a-c]%';

Range of characters:
SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE 'a[c-f]d';

Order by:
Select * from employees order by amount asc;
Select * from employees order by amount desc;
Select * from employees order by amount,first_name;
Limit clause:

It limit the records that are querried:


Select * from employees limit 3;
Select * from employees order by name limit 3;
Select * from employees limit 3, 6; ------------It will take the cursor
to the 3 rd one and from there it will limit 6 rows;

For Join:

CREATE TABLE heros (emp_id INT,first_name VARCHAR(50) ,email


VARCHAR(50) ,company_name VARCHAR(50) ,salary DECIMAL(7,
2),wp_id int);
create table weapon(wp_id int,Wep varchar(50));

insert into weapon


values(1,'GUNS'),(2,'Shield'),(3,'Bow'),(4,'Power');
JOIN

select heros.first_name,heros.salary,weapon.wep from heros join


weapon on heros.wp_id = weapon.wp_id;

Inner join:
select heros.first_name,heros.salary,weapon.wep from heros inner
join weapon on heros.wp_id = weapon.wp_id;
Table short form:
select h.first_name,h.salary,w.wep from heros as h join weapon as w
on h.wp_id = w.wp_id;
Alias name:
select h.first_name as hero,h.salary,w.wep as power from heros as h
join weapon as w on h.wp_id = w.wp_id order by h.first_name;

Inner join using where:


select h.first_name as hero,h.salary,w.wep as power from heros as
h,weapon as w where h.wp_id = w.wp_id;
Cross Join :

join to find the count of heros using that power;


Select w.wep,count(h.wp_id) from weapon as w join heros as h on
h.wp_id=w.wp_id group by w.wep;
Example:
select sum(salary) from heros where salary >15000;
select sum(salary) from heros where salary >15000 group by wp_id;

Unions:
Need same no of colunms and and should be of same data type
Union
Then
Union all

1. DDL – Data Definition Language


2. DQL – Data Query Language
3. DML – Data Manipulation Language
4. DCL – Data Control Language
5. TCL – Transaction Control Language
DDL:
Create
Alter
Drop
Truncate: -delete the values not table:
Truncate table table_name;

DML:
Insert
Update
Delete
DQL:

Select

TCL:
Autocommit
Commit
rollback

set autocommit = off;


commit;
rollback;

DCL :
Grant and revoke:
Grant all on Table_name to User_name@ Host_name;
Revoke all on Table_name from User_name@Host_name;
Previleges:
SELECT
INSERT
DELETE
UPDATE
ALL

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