Tutorial

Schema and Sample Data

Define the following Entities:

1. Employee
2. EmployeeManager
3. Product
4. Order (representing orders made by customers)
5. Sales (representing sales made by employees)
6. Customer

1. Employee Table

Schema:

• employee_id (Primary Key)

• employee_name
• department_id

employee_id employee_name department_id

1 Alice 101
2 Bob 102
3 Charlie 101
4 David 103
5 Eve 102

2. EmployeeManager Table

Schema:

• employee_id
• manager_id

employee_id manager_id
1 3
2 3
3 4
4 NULL
 employee_id manager_id
5 4

3. Product Table

Schema:

• product_id (Primary Key)

• product_name
• price

product_id product_name price

101 Laptop 1000
102 Smartphone 800
103 Tablet 500
104 Monitor 300
105 Keyboard 100

4. Order Table

Schema:

• order_id (Primary Key)

• customer_id
• product_id
• amount

order_id customer_id product_id amount

1 201 101 1000
2 202 102 1600
3 203 103 1000
4 204 101 1000
5 205 104 300
6 201 102 800
5. Sales Table

Schema:

• sale_id (Primary Key)

• employee_id
• amount

sale_id employee_id amount

1 1 500
2 2 1500
3 1 1000
4 3 700
5 5 1200

6. Customer Table

Schema:

• customer_id (Primary Key)

• customer_name

customer_id customer_name
201 John Doe
202 Jane Smith
203 Bob Johnson
204 Alice Williams
205 Eve Adams
CREATE TABLE Employee (

employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY, -- Primary key constraint to uniquely identify

each employee

employee_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, -- NOT NULL constraint to

ensure employee name is provided

department_id INT NOT NULL -- NOT NULL constraint to ensure department_id

is provided

);

CREATE TABLE EmployeeManager (

employee_id INT, -- Foreign key reference to Employee table

manager_id INT, -- Foreign key reference to Employee table

PRIMARY KEY (employee_id, manager_id), -- Composite primary key on both

columns to ensure uniqueness

FOREIGN KEY (employee_id) REFERENCES Employee(employee_id) ON

DELETE CASCADE, -- Foreign key constraint with CASCADE delete to remove
associations when an employee is deleted

FOREIGN KEY (manager_id) REFERENCES Employee(employee_id) --

Foreign key constraint to ensure manager exists in Employee table

);

CREATE TABLE Product (

 product_id INT PRIMARY KEY, -- Primary key constraint to uniquely identify
each product

product_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, -- NOT NULL constraint to ensure

product name is provided

price DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL -- NOT NULL constraint to ensure price is

provided, using DECIMAL for monetary values

);

CREATE TABLE Orders (

order_id INT PRIMARY KEY, -- Primary key constraint to uniquely identify each
order

customer_id INT NOT NULL, -- Foreign key reference to Customer table, NOT
NULL to ensure it's provided

product_id INT NOT NULL, -- Foreign key reference to Product table, NOT
NULL to ensure it's provided

amount DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL, -- NOT NULL constraint to ensure

amount is provided, using DECIMAL for monetary values

FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES Customer(customer_id) ON

DELETE CASCADE, -- Foreign key constraint with CASCADE delete to remove
orders when a customer is deleted

FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES Product(product_id) ON DELETE

CASCADE -- Foreign key constraint with CASCADE delete to remove orders when
a product is deleted

);

CREATE TABLE Sales (

sale_id INT PRIMARY KEY, -- Primary key constraint to uniquely identify each
sale
 employee_id INT NOT NULL, -- Foreign key reference to Employee table, NOT
NULL to ensure it's provided

amount DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL, -- NOT NULL constraint to ensure

amount is provided, using DECIMAL for monetary values

FOREIGN KEY (employee_id) REFERENCES Employee(employee_id) ON

DELETE CASCADE -- Foreign key constraint with CASCADE delete to remove
sales when an employee is deleted

);

CREATE TABLE Customer (

customer_id INT PRIMARY KEY, -- Primary key constraint to uniquely identify

each customer

customer_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL -- NOT NULL constraint to ensure

customer name is provided

);

Applying Queries to Sample Data

Now let’s apply the above-defined complex queries to this sample data.

1. Find Employees Who Have More Than One Manager

• Expected Result: No employees have more than one manager in the sample data.
2. Find Products That Have Never Been Ordered

• Expected Result: Products 105 (Keyboard) have never been ordered.

3. Get the Top 5 Customers by Total Sales
 customer_id total_sales
202 1600
201 1800
203 1000
204 1000
205 300

4. Find Employees Who Have Never Made a Sale

• Expected Result: Employees 4 (David) and 3 (Charlie) have not made any sales.
5. List Customers Who Have Purchased All Products

• Expected Result: No customer has purchased all products in the sample data.
6. Find All Managers With No Direct Reports

• Expected Result: Employee 4 (David) has no direct reports.

7. Find the Department With the Most Employees

• Expected Result: Department 101 has the most employees (Alice and Charlie).
8. List All Products Purchased by More Than 100 Customers

• Expected Result: This condition will not be met in the sample data as the number of
customers is less than 100.
9. Find Customers Who Have Only Ordered the Most Expensive Product

• Expected Result: Customers 201 and 204 have exclusively ordered the most expensive
product (Laptop).
10. List Employees Who Are Also Customers

• Expected Result: There are no employees who are also customers in this sample data.

Practice More Queries Using:

• Change aggregate conditions (e.g., SUM, AVG).

• Add different JOIN types (LEFT, RIGHT, FULL OUTER).
• Introduce subqueries and nested queries.
• Utilize window functions (ROW_NUMBER, RANK).
• Apply more filtering conditions (e.g., WHERE clauses with multiple conditions).

Q1. Find Employees Who Have More Than One Manager

Description: Retrieve the names of employees who have more than one manager.

Relational Algebra:

EMP_MANAGERS = π_employee_id, manager_id(EmployeeManager)

EMP_MULTI_MANAGERS = σ_count(*)>1(γ_employee_id; count(manager_id)
(EMP_MANAGERS)) RESULT = π_employee_name(EMP_MULTI_MANAGERS ⨝ Employee)

SQL:

SELECT e.employee_name FROM Employee e JOIN EmployeeManager em ON e.employee_id =

em.employee_id GROUP BY em.employee_id HAVING COUNT(em.manager_id) > 1;

Q2. Find Products That Have Never Been Ordered

Description: List all product names that have never been included in any order.

RA:

PRODUCT_ORDER = π_product_id(Order)
PRODUCT_NO_ORDER = Product - PRODUCT_ORDER RESULT =
π_product_name(PRODUCT_NO_ORDER)

SQL:

SELECT product_name FROM Product WHERE product_id NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT

product_id FROM Order);

Q3. Get the Top 5 Customers by Total Sales

Description: Find the top 5 customers by the total amount of their purchases.

RA:
SALES = γ_customer_id; sum(amount)(Order)
TOP5_SALES = τ_sum(amount)(SALES)
RESULT = π_customer_id(ρ_TOP5_SALES(TOP5_SALES))

SQL:

SELECT customer_id, SUM(amount) AS total_sales FROM Orders GROUP BY customer_id

ORDER BY total_sales DESC LIMIT 5;

Q4. Find Employees Who Have Never Made a Sale

Description: List all employee names who have never made a sale.
RA:
EMP_SALES = π_employee_id(Sales) EMP_NO_SALES = Employee - EMP_SALES RESULT =
π_employee_name(EMP_NO_SALES)

SQL:
SELECT employee_name FROM Employee WHERE employee_id NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT
employee_id FROM Sales);

Q5. List Customers Who Have Purchased All Products

Description: Find customers who have purchased all available products.

RA:

EMP_SALES = π_employee_id(Sales) EMP_NO_SALES = Employee - EMP_SALES RESULT =

π_employee_name(EMP_NO_SALES)

SQL:

SELECT employee_name
FROM Employee
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT employee_id FROM Sales);

5. List Customers Who Have Purchased All Products

Description: Find customers who have purchased all available products.

RA:

CUSTOMER_PRODUCTS = π_customer_id, product_id(Order) ALL_PRODUCTS =

π_product_id(Product) RESULT = γ_customer_id; COUNT(product_id)
(CUSTOMER_PRODUCTS) ÷ COUNT(ALL_PRODUCTS)

SQL:

SELECT customer_id FROM Orders GROUP BY customer_id HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT

product_id) = (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Product);

Q6. Find All Managers With No Direct Reports

Description: Retrieve the names of all managers who do not have any direct reports

RA:
MANAGERS = π_manager_id(EmployeeManager) ALL_EMPLOYEES =
π_employee_id(Employee) MANAGERS_NO_REPORTS = MANAGERS - ALL_EMPLOYEES
RESULT = π_manager_name(MANAGERS_NO_REPORTS ⨝ Employee)

SQL:

SELECT e.manager_name FROM Employee e LEFT JOIN EmployeeManager em ON

e.employee_id = em.manager_id WHERE em.employee_id IS NULL;

Q7. Find the Department With the Most Employees

Description: Identify the department that has the highest number of employees.

RA:

EMP_COUNT = γ_department_id; COUNT(employee_id)(Employee) MAX_EMP_COUNT =

τ_COUNT(employee_id)(EMP_COUNT) RESULT = π_department_id(MAX_EMP_COUNT)

SQL:

SELECT department_id FROM Employee GROUP BY department_id ORDER BY

COUNT(employee_id) DESC LIMIT 1;

Q8. List All Products Purchased by More Than 100 Customers

Description: Find all product names that have been purchased by more than 100 unique customers.

RA:

PRODUCT_CUSTOMERS = γ_product_id; COUNT(DISTINCT customer_id)(Order) RESULT =

σ_COUNT(customer_id)>100(PRODUCT_CUSTOMERS) ⨝ Product

SQL:

SELECT product_name FROM Orders GROUP BY product_id HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT

customer_id) > 100;

Q9. Find Customers Who Have Only Ordered the Most Expensive Product

Description: Retrieve the customer names who have exclusively ordered the most expensive
product.

RA:

MAX_PRICE = MAX(π_price(Product)) MAX_PRODUCT = σ_price=MAX_PRICE(Product)

EXCLUSIVE_CUSTOMERS = π_customer_id(Order ⨝ MAX_PRODUCT) ALL_CUSTOMERS
= π_customer_id(Order) RESULT = EXCLUSIVE_CUSTOMERS - ALL_CUSTOMERS

SQL:
WITH MaxPriceProduct AS ( SELECT product_id FROM Product WHERE price = (SELECT
MAX(price) FROM Product) ) SELECT customer_id FROM Orders WHERE product_id IN
(SELECT product_id FROM MaxPriceProduct) GROUP BY customer_id HAVING
COUNT(DISTINCT product_id) = 1;

Q10. List Employees Who Are Also Customers

Description: Find employees who are also listed as customers.

RA:

EMPLOYEE_CUSTOMERS = Employee ⋈ Customer RESULT = π_employee_id,

employee_name(EMPLOYEE_CUSTOMERS)

SQL:

SELECT e.employee_id, e.employee_name FROM Employee e JOIN Customer c ON

e.employee_id = c.customer_id;