Elasticity: - Elasticity is a property by virtue of which original shape is regained once

the external force is removed.

This means it tells us how much elastic a body is.
For example:- A spring .If we stretch a spring it changes its shape and when the
external force is removed spring comes back to its original position.

Plasticity: - Plasticity is reverse of elasticity.

Property means permanent deformation.
The object never regains its original shape even when the external force is
removed. These types of objects are called as plastics.
For example:- Toys, Buckets made up of plastic

Stress is the restoring force per unit area.

Whenever we apply an external force on the body to change its
shape there is a restoring force that develops in the body in the
opposite direction
Stress = F/A
Unit :- N/m2 or Pascal(Pa)
Dimensional formula is [ML–1T–2].
Longitudinal stress is defined as restoring force per unit area
when the force is applied to the cross-sectional area of the
cylindrical body.
Consider a cylinder which we have to deform. If we apply the
force perpendicular to the cross-sectional area, there will be a
restoring force that develops in the cylinder in the opposite
direction.
 tensile Stress
o Tensile stress is a longitudinal stress when the length of the
cylinder increases.
For example:-
o When the force is applied to both sides of the cylinder, the
cylinder gets stretched. As a result there will be increase in its
length.

Force is applied on both the sides as a result length of cylinder

increases
Compressive Stress
o Compressive stress is a longitudinal stress where the force is
applied to compress the cylinder.

Compressing the cylinder

tangential or Shearing Stress

o Restoring force per unit area when the force applied is parallel to
the cross sectional area of the body.
o Relative displacement occurs between the opposite faces of the
body.
o For example:-
 o Consider a cube. If we apply force parallel to the cross sectional
area there will be movement which takes place between the
opposite faces of the cube as they have relative motion with
each other.
o This type of stress is known as tangential or shearing stress.

Hydraulic Stress
o Hydraulic stress is the restoring force per unit area when force is
applied by a fluid on the body.
o For example:-

1. Consider a rubber ball and if it is dipped in the pond .Due to the

pressure of water from all directions force acts on the ball as a
result, the ball seems to be slightly contracted.
2. Because of the force exerted by the water there is restoring force
which develops in the ball which is equal in magnitude to the force
applied by the water but in opposite direction.
3. This type of stress is known as hydraulic stress.

Strain
Strain is a measure of deformation representing the
displacement between particles in the body to a reference
length.
Strain = ΔL/L , where ΔL=change in length L= original length
It is dimensionless quantity because it is a ratio of two
quantities.
Longitudinal Strain
 Change in length to the original length of the body due to the
longitudinal stress.
If we apply longitudinal stress to a body either the body
elongates or it compresses this change along the length of the
body. This change in length is measured by Longitudinal Strain.
Longitudinal Strain = ΔL/L
Shearing Strain
Shearing strain is the measure of the relative displacement of the
opposite faces of the body as a result of shearing stress.
Consider a cube whose initial length was L which is at some
position and when it gets displaced by an angle θ.
Let the small relative displacement be x.
Shearing strain= x/L
In terms of tan θ,
Shearing strain = tan θ = x/L
tan θ is equal to θ (as θ is very small)
Therefore, x/L = θ
Volume Strain
Volume strain is defined as ratio of change in volume to the
original volume as a result of the hydraulic stress.
When the stress is applied by a fluid on a body there is change
in the volume of body without changing the shape of the body.
Volume strain = ΔV/V
Hooke’s law states that within the elastic limit, stress developed
is directly proportional to the strain produced in a body

stress ∝ strain
stress = k × strain
Where k is the proportionality constant and is known as modulus
of elasticity.
Stress- Strain Curve
 it is a curve between stress and strain.
A graph is plotted between the stress (which is equal in
magnitude to the applied force per unit area) and the strain
produced.
The graph helps us to understand how a given material deforms
with increasing loads.
The curve between O and A, is a straight line. This means stress
is directly ∝ to strain. In this region Hooke’s Law is applicable.
In this region the material behaves like an elastic body.
In the region from A to B, stress and strain are not directly ∝. But
still the material returns to its original dimension after the force is
removed. They exhibit elastic properties.
The point B in the curve is known as yield point (also known as
elastic limit) which means till this point the material will be elastic
in behaviour and the stress corresponding to point B is known as
yield strength (Sy) of the material.
The region between O and B is called as Elastic region.
From point B to point D we can see that strain increases rapidly
even for small change in stress.
Even if we remove the force the material does not come back to
its original position. At this point stress is zero but strain is not
zero as body has changed its shape.
The material has undergone plastic deformation.
The material is said to be permanent set.
The point D on the graph is known as ultimate tensile strength (Su)
of the material.
From D to E we can see that stress decreases even if strain
increases.
Finally at point E fracture occurs. This means the body breaks.

An object is brittle if D and E are very close. This means fracture

point is near to tensile strength.
For example:-Glass which is brittle.
An object is ductile if D and E are very far apart from each other.
This means fracture point is far away from tensile strength.
For example:-Metals, Gold and silver etc.

Elastic substances like rubber have larger elastic region. These are
elastomers
For example:- rubber catapult, tissue of aorta etc.
 Hooke’s law states that within the
elastic limit, stress developed is directly proportional to the strain
produced in a body.
o Mathematically :
o stress ∝ strain
o stress = k × strain
o Where k is the proportionality constant and is known as modulus
of elasticity.

Young’s Modulus
o Young’s modulus is derived from the name of the scientist who
defined it.
o It is the ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain.

o It is denoted by Y.

o Mathematically:

o Y= longitudinal stress/ longitudinal strain = σ/ ε

o = (F/A)/ (ΔL/L)

o Y=FL/ΔLA

o If Young’s modulus is more, to produce a small change in length

more force required.
o S.I. Unit is N m–2 or Pascal (Pa).

o Metals have comparatively greater Young’s Modulus. To change

the length of metals, greater force is required.

Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity)

o Shear modulus is defined as shearing stress to shearing strain.

o It is also known as Modulus of Rigidity.

o It is denoted by ‘G’.
o S.I. Unit: N/m2 or Pascal(Pa)

o Mathematically

o G=shearing stress/shearing strain = (F/A)/( Δx/L) = FL/A Δx

o By the definition of shearing strain 1/ θ =(L/ Δx)

o G=F/A θ

Relation between Young’s Modulus and Shear Modulus

o Shear modulus is less than Young’s modulus.

o For most materials G = Y/3.

Bulk Modulus
o Bulk modulus is the ratio of hydraulic stress to the corresponding
hydraulic strain.
o Denoted by ‘B’

o B = -p/(ΔV/V)

o Where p =hydraulic stress, ΔV/V = hydraulic strain

(-) ive signs show that the increase in pressure results in decrease
in volume.
o S.I. Unit :- N/m2 or Pascal(Pa)
o B(solids) > B(liquids) >B(gases)

Compressibility
o Compressibility is the measure of compression of a substance.

o Reciprocal of bulk modulus is termed as ‘Compressibility’.

o Mathematically:

o k=1/B = - (1/p) (ΔV/V)

o It is denoted by ‘k’.

o k(solids)<k(liquids)<k(gases)

When an elastic body undergoes alternating deforming force repeatedly, then

the elastic property of the body gradually decreases. The property of body by virtue of which
it loses its elastic property under the action of repeated alternating deforming force is known
as elastic fatigue.
And the bridges are declared unsafe after a long use due to elastic fatigue.
 Elastic after effect = The delay of certain substances in regaining their original
shape after being deformed within their elastic limits.

When a elastic body is stretched and applied deforming force is removed then the body is
expected to return to its original configuration instantaneously. But sometimes some
materials take some time to return to its original configuration. This temporary delay in
achieving its original configuration is termed as elastic after effect. This elastic after effect is
very short for quartz fiber. But elastic after effect is more for glass. Therefore quartz fiber is
used in galvanometer coil.
quetions
1.Modulus of rigidity of ideal liquids is
▪ (a) infinity.
▪ (b) zero.
▪ (c) unity.
▪ (d) some finite small non-zero constant value.
2.The temperature of a wire is doubled. The Young’s modulus of elasticity
▪ (a) will also double.
▪ (b) will become four times.
▪ (c) will remain same.
▪ (d) will decreas
3.The Young’s modulus for steel is much more than that for rubber.Why
4.Is stress a vector quantity?
5.What is the Young’s modulus for a perfect rigid body?
6.What is the Bulk modulus for a perfect rigid body?
7. The stress-strain graphs for two materials are shown in Fig.9.3 (assume same
scale).

▪ (a) Material (ii) is more elastic than material (i) and hence material (ii) is more brittle.
▪ (b) Material (i) and (ii) have the same elasticity and the same brittleness.
▪ (c) Material (ii) is elastic over a larger region of strain as compared to (i).
▪ (d) Material (ii) is more brittle than material (i).
8. A copper and a steel wire of the same diameter are connected end to end. A
deforming force F is applied to this composite wire which causes a total elongation of
1cm. The two wires will have
▪ (a) the same stress.
▪ (b) different stress.
▪ (c) the same strain.
▪ 9.Two identical solid balls, one of ivory and the other of wet-clay, are dropped from the same
height on the floor. Which one will rise to a greater height after striking the floor and
why?different strain.
Shilpa Agrawal vishnoi