Experiment No.

SAMPLING USING FET

AIM:

To set up a sampling circuit using FET and to reconstruct the waveform in order to study
the sampling theorem.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Item & Specification Quantity

1 FET BFW 10 1No.
2 Resistor 2No.
3 Capacitor 1No.
4 Signal Generator 2 Nos.
5 CRO 1No.
6 Bread Board 1No.
7 Wires and probes

THEORY:

As a first step to convert analog signals into digital form, the samples of the analog signals
are taken at regular intervals. The levels of these samples are then encoded and send to the receiver.
At the receiver these samples are recovered and from that the original signal is reconstructed.
Sampling theorem states that the original signal can be faithfully reconstructed only if the sampling
frequency is at least double that of the highest frequency component in the sampled signal.

A sampling and reconstruction circuit is shown in figure. An FET is used as a switch to

take samples of the sine wave input. Sampling pulses are applied to the gate of the FET that
switches it ON and OFF. The input signal is sent to the output only when the transistor is ON. Thus
the output of the FET is a sampled form of the input signal.

The reconstruction circuit is a low pass filter having a cut off frequency equal to the
frequency of the analog input signal.

PROCEDURE:

1. Test all the components and probes.

2. Set up the circuit as shown in figure on the bread board.
3. Feed 5 Vpp, 100H z sine wave as input.
 4. Apply 10 Vpp square wave signal as sampling pulse.
5. Observe sampled output and reconstructed signals for the following sampling frequencies;
a) 100Hz b) 200Hz c) 500Hz d) 1 KHz and e) 2KHz. Vary the amplitude of the sampling
pulses to obtain the optimum output.
6. Plot the above waveforms.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Draw the circuit diagrams from the rough record. Draw the sampling
circuit using FET and the reconstruction filter.

WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:

Analog input was sampled using FET and then reconstructed. Observed the waveforms and plotted.
Experiment No.2

SAMPLING USING CD4016

AIM: To set up a sampling circuit using FET and to reconstruct the waveform in order to study
the sampling theorem.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Item & Specification Quantity

1 Analog Switch CD 4016 1No.
2 Resistor 1No.
3 Capacitor 1No.
4 Signal Generator 2Nos.
5 CRO 1No.
6 Bread Board 1No.
7 Power supply 1No.

THEORY:
As a first step to convert analog signals into digital form, the samples of the analog signals
are taken at regular intervals. The levels of these samples are then encoded and send to the receiver.
At the receiver these samples are recovered and from that the original signal is reconstructed.
Sampling theorem states that the original signal can be faithfully reconstructed only if the sampling
frequency is at least double that of the highest frequency component in the sampled signal.

A sampling and reconstruction circuit is shown in figure. IC CD4016 is used as a switch to

take samples of the sine wave input. Sampling pulses are applied to the input of one of the switches
of CD4016 which switches it ON and OFF. The input signal is sent to the output only when the
switch is ON. As the switch changes state, the input signal is connected and disconnected from the
output. Thus the output of the switch is a sampled form of the input signal.

If the sampling frequency is sufficiently high (at least twice that of the highest frequency
if the input signal), the original signal can be recovered at the receiver by simply passing it through
a low pass filter (reconstruction filter) having a cut-off frequency equal to the highest frequency in
the input signal.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Draw the circuit diagrams from the rough record. Draw the sampling
circuit using CD4016 and the reconstruction filter.

CD 4016 Pinout

PROCEDURE:

1. Test all the components and probes.

2. Set up the sampling circuit using CD 4016 as shown in figure. Switch on the power
supplies.
3. Feed 5Vpp, 100Hz analog signal at IN 1 input and 5V, 1KHz square wave signal at Control
1 input of CD 4016.
4. Observe the sampled output signal at OUT 1 pin on one channel of the CRO.
5. Set up the reconstruction circuit as shown in figure. Feed the sampled signal as the input
and observe the reconstructed output on the other channel of the CRO. Plot the waveforms.

WAVEFORMS:

Modulating
Signal

Pulse
Input

PAM
Output

RESULT:

The sampling and reconstruction circuits were set up and the waveforms were plotted.
Experiment No.3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Draw the circuit diagram from the rough record.

PROCEDURE:

OBSERVATIONS:

RESULT:
A Delta waveform circuit was set up and output waveform was observed.
Experiment No.4

PROCEDURE:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Draw the circuit diagram from the rough record.

OBSERVATIONS:
Draw as per rough record. Draw the input waveforms (message signal
(square waveform) and carrier waveform(sinewave)). Draw the output
waveform also.
RESULT:
BASK modulator circuit was set up and output waveform was plotted.
Experiment No.5

BINARY FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

PROCEDURE:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:
RESULT:
BFSK modulator circuit was set up and output waveform was plotted.
Experiment No.6

BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING

AIM:

To set up a Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulator (BPSK) and to observe the waveforms.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Item & Specification Quantity
1 Transistor- SL100, SK100 1No. each
2 Resistor 5 Nos.
3 IC 741 1No.
4 Signal Generator 2Nos.
5 CRO 1No.
6 Power Supply- +/- 15V 1No.
7 Bread Board 1No.
8 Wires and probes
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:
RESULT:
BPSK modulator circuit was set up and output waveform was plotted.
Experiment No.7

TWO CHANNEL TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXER (TDM)

AIM:

To set up Time Division Multiplexer circuits and to observe the waveform.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Item & Specification Quantity
1 Transistor- SL100, SK100 1No. each
2 Resistor 5 Nos.
3 IC 741 1No.
4 Signal Generator 2Nos.
5 CRO 1No.
6 Power Supply- +/- 15V 1No.
7 Bread Board 1No.
8 Wires and probes

THEORY:
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is widely used in digital communication networks to
transmit multiple signals simultaneously through the same channel. Different signals are
transmitted in a time shared manner. Each signal is allotted a fixed time slot and a sample of the
corresponding signal is transmitted during that period. After one sample each of all the signals is
sent, the time slot is given back to the first signal and this process repeats.

TDM Multiplexer
A simple TDM multiplexer circuit using an NPN-PNP transistor pair and an Op amp is
shown in figure. The transistors work as switches and the Op amp works as an adder. The signals
to be sent are fed to the collectors of the two transistors. The switching signal is applied to the
bases the transistors. During the ON time of the switching signal, the NPN transistor is ON and the
PNP transistor is OFF. Signal 1(here, sinewave) alone is connected to the adder input and reaches
the output. During OFF time of the switching signal, the NPN transistor is OFF and the PNP
transistor is ON. Signal 2 (here, inverted sinewave) alone is connected to the adder input and
reaches the output. Thus the two signals reach the output one after the other as the switching signal
changes state. The resulting signal is a time division multiplexed one. The on-off period of the
switching signal decides the time slot.

PROCEDURE:
1. Test all the components and probes.
2. Set up the circuits on the bread board as shown in figure.
3. Connect 10Vpp, 1 KHz square wave signal as the switching input.
 4. Connect 2Vpp, 200 Hz sine wave which acts as signal 1 and signal 2 (inverted).
5. Observe the TDM output on CRO and plot the waveforms.
6. Plot the waveforms.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WAVEFORM:

RESULT:
A two-channel TDM multiplexer circuit was set up and the output waveform was plotted.
Experiment No.8

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Experiment No.9

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Experiment No.10

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Experiment No.11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:

RESULT:
A Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) generator circuit was set up and the output waveform
was plotted.