Gravitational Fields [150 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 1] SPM.1A.SL.TZ0.18

Planets X and Y orbit the same star.

The average distance between planet X and the star is five times greater
than the average distance between planet Y and the star.

orbital period of planet X

What is orbital period of planet Y
?

A.
3
√5

B. √5

C.
3
√5 2

D. √5 3 [1]

Markscheme

D
2. [Maximum mark: 1] SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.25
A planet orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit moving in the direction
shown.

At the position shown, which quantity is decreasing for the planet?

A. Acceleration

B. Angular momentum

C. Kinetic energy

D. Gravitational potential energy [1]

Markscheme

D
3. [Maximum mark: 1] SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.28
Planets X and Y orbit the same star.

The average distance between planet X and the star is five times greater
than the average distance between planet Y and the star.

orbital period of planet X

What is orbital period of planet Y
?

A.
3
√5

B. √5

C.
3
√5 2

D. √5 3 [1]

Markscheme

D
4. [Maximum mark: 1] SPM.1A.HL.TZ0.30
A spherical planet has a radius R0.

The graph shows the variation of the gravitational potential due to the
planet with distance r from the centre of the planet.

What is the escape speed from the surface of the planet?

A. 1.6 × 103 m s−1

B. 2.2 × 103 m s−1

C. 3.2 × 103 m s−1

D. 4.5 × 103 m s−1 [1]

Markscheme

C
5. [Maximum mark: 4] SPM.2.SL.TZ0.3
A satellite moves around Earth in a circular orbit.

(a) Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the direction of the

acceleration of the satellite. [1]

Markscheme

arrow normal to the orbit towards the Earth ✓

(b) The following data are given:

Mass of Earth, M = 5.97 × 1024 kg

Radius of Earth, R = 6.37 × 106 m
Orbital period of the satellite, T = 5.62 × 103 s

(b.i) Kepler’s Third Law of orbital motion states that T 2 = kr 3

where k is a constant and r is the orbital radius of the satellite.

4π
2

Show that k =
GM
. [1]

Markscheme

2πr GM
use of v orbital =
T
AND either v orbital = √
r
or
2
mv GM m
orbital

r
=
r
2
correctly manipulated ✓
 4π
2

«to yield T 2 = (
GM
)r
3
»

Allow use of ω.

(b.ii) Determine the height of the satellite above the Earth’s surface. [2]

Markscheme

−11 24 2
2 3 6.67×10 ×5.97×10 ×(5620)
r = √
3 GM T

4π
2
= √
4π
2
✓

= 6. 83 × 10
6
«m»

6 6 5
height = «6. 83 × 10 − 6. 37 × 10 =» 4. 6 × 10 «m» ✓
6. [Maximum mark: 7] SPM.2.HL.TZ0.4
A satellite moves around Earth in a circular orbit.

(a) Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the direction of the

acceleration of the satellite. [1]

Markscheme

arrow normal to the orbit towards the Earth ✓

(b) The following data are given:

Mass of Earth, M = 5.97 × 1024 kg

Radius of Earth, R = 6.37 × 106 m
Orbital period of the satellite, T = 5.62 × 103 s

(b.i) Kepler’s Third Law of orbital motion states that T 2 = kr 3

where k is a constant and r is the orbital radius of the satellite.

4π
2

Show that k =
GM
. [1]

Markscheme

2πr GM
use of v orbital =
T
AND either v orbital = √
r
or
2
mv GM m
orbital

r
=
r
2
correctly manipulated ✓
 4π
2

«to yield T 2 = (
GM
)r
3
»

Allow use of ω.

(b.ii) Determine the height of the satellite above the Earth’s surface. [2]

Markscheme

−11 24 2
2 3 6.67×10 ×5.97×10 ×(5620)
r = √
3 GM T

4π
2
= √
4π
2
✓

= 6. 83 × 10
6
«m»

6 6 5
height = «6. 83 × 10 − 6. 37 × 10 =» 4. 6 × 10 «m» ✓

(c) The atmosphere exerts a small viscous drag force on the satellite.
 Outline how the total energy, kinetic energy, and gravitational [3]
potential energy change for the satellite during one orbit around
Earth.

Markscheme

Total energy is reduced ✓

hence decrease in orbital radius leads to increase in kinetic energy ✓

decrease in potential energy must be larger than increase in kinetic energy

for total energy to decrease ✓

Allow ECF from b ii.

7. [Maximum mark: 1] EXE.1A.SL.TZ0.13
Planets X and Y move in circular orbits around the same star.

The orbital period of planet Y is twice the orbital period of planet X. The
orbital radius of planet X is R.

What is the orbital radius of planet Y?

A.
3
√ 2R

B.
3
√ 4R

C. 2R

D. 4R [1]

Markscheme

B
8. [Maximum mark: 1] EXE.1A.SL.TZ0.14
Kepler’s Third law relates the orbital period T of a planet about its sun to
its orbital radius r. The mass of the Sun is M .

What is a correct algebraic form of the law?

2πr
1.5

A. T = 0.5
(GM )

2πr
1.5

B. T =
GM

4πr
0.67

C. T = 2
(GM )

4πr
0.67

D. T =
GM
[1]

Markscheme

A
9. [Maximum mark: 1] EXE.1A.HL.TZ0.25
A space probe moves in a circular orbit around Earth. The kinetic energy
of the probe is E .

The probe will reach the escape speed when its kinetic energy is
increased at least to:

A. √ 2E

B. 2E

C. 2√ 2E

D. 4E [1]

Markscheme

B
10. [Maximum mark: 1] EXE.1A.HL.TZ0.26
What is the escape speed from the surface of a planet of radius r that has
an acceleration of gravity g at its surface?

g
A. √
r

B. √ gr

2g
C. √
r

D. √ 2gr [1]

Markscheme

D
11. [Maximum mark: 5] EXE.2.SL.TZ0.11
(a) A comet orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit. A and B are two
positions of the comet.

Explain, with reference to Kepler’s second law of planetary

motion, the change in the kinetic energy of the comet as it moves
from A to B. [3]

Markscheme

The areas swept out in unit time by the Sun-comet line are the same at A and
B✓

At B, the distance is greater hence the orbital speed/distance moved in unit

time is lower «so that the area remains the same» ✓

A decrease in speed means that the kinetic energy also decreases ✓

(b) An asteroid (minor planet) orbits the Sun in a circular orbit of

radius 4.5 × 108 km. The radius of Earth’s orbit is 1.5 × 108 km.
 Calculate, in years, the orbital period of the asteroid. [2]

Markscheme

2 3
An attempt to use Kepler’s 3rd law, e.g., ( T1 ) = (
4.5

1.5
) ✓

1.5
T =« ( =» 5.2 «years» ✓
4.5
)
1.5
12. [Maximum mark: 7] EXE.2.SL.TZ0.12
One of Kepler’s laws suggests that for moons that have circular orbits around a
planet:
2
T
= k
4πr
3

where T is the orbital period of the moon, r is the radius of its circular orbit about
the planet, and k is a constant.

(a) Show that k =

1
. [2]
GM

Markscheme

Equates centripetal force (with Newton’s law of gravitation

mr ω
2
=
GM m

r
2
)

OR

2π
T =
ω
✓

Uses both equation correctly with clear re-arrangement ✓

(b) The table gives data relating to the two moons of Mars.

Moon T / hour r / Mm
 Phobos 7.66 9.38
Deimos 30.4 -

[2]
Determine r for Deimos.

Markscheme

2 3
T r
r
3
De
=
De

2
Ph
seen or correct substitution ✓
T
Ph

23.5 Mm ✓

(c) Determine the mass of Mars. [3]

Markscheme

Converts T to 27.6 ks and converts to m from Mm ✓

k = 7. 33 × 10
−14
«s2 m−3» ✓

1
«M =
kG
»= 2. 04 × 10
23
«kg» ✓

MP1 can be implicit

13. [Maximum mark: 6] EXE.2.SL.TZ0.13
(a) Show that T ∝ r
3

for the planets in a solar system where T is

2

the orbital period of a planet and r is the radius of circular orbit

of planet about its sun. [2]

Markscheme

Equates centripetal force (with Newton’s law gravitation mr ω 2 )

GM m
= 2
r

AND

2π
T =
ω
✓

4π
2

leads to T 2 = r
3
× (
GM
) hence result ✓

(b.i) Outline what is meant by one astronomical unit (1 AU) [1]

Markscheme

«mean» Distance from centre of Sun to centre of Earth ✓

OR

Suitable ratio in terms of parsec and arcsecond ✓

(b.ii) Pluto is a dwarf planet of the Sun that orbits at a distance of 5.9 ×
109 km from the Sun. Determine, in years, the orbital period of
Pluto. [3]

Markscheme

3
r
T
2
Pluto
= T
2
Earth r
Pluto
3
used ✓
Earth

Earth orbital radius = 1.5 × 1011 m (from AU) AND uses 1 earth year (in any
units) ✓

247 years ✓
14. [Maximum mark: 1] EXE.2.HL.TZ0.i
orbital speed; [1]

Markscheme

−11 24

«m s−1» ✓
6.67×10 ×5.97×10
«√ 6
=»7. 71 × 10
3

6.70×10
15. [Maximum mark: 7] EXE.2.HL.TZ0.16
(a) The radius of the dwarf planet Pluto is 1.19 x 106 m. The
acceleration due to gravity at its surface is 0.617 m s−2.

Determine the escape speed for an object at the surface of Pluto. [4]

Markscheme

2GM GM
v esc = √
r
AND g =
r
2
seen ✓

2
2gr
v esc = √
r
✓

Leading to v esc = √ 2gr ✓

1.2 km s−1 ✓

(b) Pluto rotates about an axis through its centre. Its rotation is in the
opposite sense to that of the Earth, i.e. from east to west.

Explain the advantage of an object launching from the equator

of Pluto and travelling to the west. [3]

Markscheme
 Object at equator has the maximum linear/tangential speed possible ✓

It therefore has maximum kinetic energy before takeoff (and this is not
required from the fuel) ✓

Idea that the object is already moving in direction of planet before takeoff ✓

16. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1A.SL.TZ1.23

The radius of the Earth is R. A satellite is launched to a height h =
R

above the Earth’s surface.

gravitational f orce on satellite at the surf ace

What is gravitational f orce on satellite at height h
?

4
A. 5

16
B. 25

25
C. 16

D. 5

4
[1]

Markscheme

C
17. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1A.HL.TZ1.30
Two isolated point masses, P of mass m and Q of mass 2m, are separated
by a distance 3d. X is a point a distance d from P and 2d from Q.

What is the net gravitational field strength at X and the net gravitational
potential at X?

Net gravitational field Net gravitational

strength at X potential at X
A. Gm
2
0
d

B. Gm
2
−
Gm

d
d

C. Gm
2
0
2d

D. Gm
2
−
2Gm

d
2d

[1]

Markscheme

D
18. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1A.HL.TZ1.32
The escape speed from the surface of earth is vesc. The radius of earth is R.
A satellite of mass m is in orbit at a height 4 above the surface of the
R

Earth. What is the energy required to move the satellite to infinity?

2
mv
A. 5
esc

2
2mv
B. 5
esc

C. mv
2
esc

D. 2mv
2
esc [1]

Markscheme

A
19. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1A.HL.TZ2.31
The mass of Mars is about ten times that of the Moon. The radius of Mars
is about twice that of the Moon.

escape speed f rom Mars

What is the Moon
?

A. √5

B. 2√5

C. 5

D. 25 [1]

Markscheme

A
20. [Maximum mark: 11] 23M.2.HL.TZ2.6
A moon M orbits a planet P. The gravitational field strength at the surface of P due
to P is gP.
The gravitational field strength at the surface of M due to M is gM.

For M and P: = 0.27 and = 0.055

radius of M mass of M

radius of P mass of P

(a) Determine
gM
. [2]
gP

Markscheme

m
Work using g ∝ r
2
✓

2
gM mM rP

gP
=
mP
(
rM
) = 0.75 ✓

(b) Point O lies on the line joining the centre of M to the centre of P.
 The graph shows the variation of gravitational potential V with
distance x from the surface of P to O.

The gradient of the graph is zero at point O.

(b.i) State and explain the magnitude of the resultant gravitational

field strength at O. [2]

Markscheme

g=0✓

ΔV g
As g «= − Δr
which» is the gradient of the graph

OR
As the force of attraction/field strength of P and M are equal ✓
(b.ii) Outline why the graph between P and O is negative. [2]

Markscheme

The gravitational field is attractive so that energy is required «to move away
from P» ✓

the gravitational potential is defined as 0 at ∞, (the potential must be

negative) ✓

(b.iii) Show that the gravitational potential VP at the surface of P due to

the mass of P is given by VP = −gP RP where RP is the radius of the
planet. [2]

Markscheme

VP = − AND gP = (at surface) ✓

GM GM
2
RP RP

Suitable working and cancellation of G and M seen ✓

 VP = −gP RP

Must see negative sign

(b.iv) The gravitational potential due to the mass of M at the surface of

P can be assumed to be negligible.

Estimate, using the graph, the gravitational potential at the

surface of M due to the mass of M. [2]

Markscheme

VM gM RM
« VP
= gP RP
= 0.75 × 0.27» = 0.20 ✓

VM = «−6.4 × 107 × 0.2 =» «−»1.3 × 107 «J kg−1»✓

(b.v) Draw on the axes the variation of gravitational potential between
O and M. [1]

Markscheme

Line always negative, of suitable shape and end point below −8 and above
−20 unless awarding ECF from b(iv) ✓
21. [Maximum mark: 11] 23M.2.HL.TZ1.6
(a) The centres of two identical fixed conducting spheres each of
charge +Q are separated by a distance D. C is the midpoint of the
line joining the centres of the spheres.

(a.i) Sketch, on the axes, how the electric potential V due to the two
charges varies with the distance r from the centre of the left
charge. No numbers are required. Your graph should extend from
r = 0 to r = D.

[3]

Markscheme

Constant, non-zero within spheres ✓

A clear, non-zero positive minimum at C ✓

Symmetric bowl shaped up curved shape in between ✓

 Do not allow a bowl shaped down curve for MP3.

(a.ii) Calculate the work done to bring a small charge q from infinity to
point C.

Data given:

Q = 2.0 × 10−3 C,

q = 4.0 × 10−9 C

D = 1.2 m [2]

Markscheme

9 −3

» = 6.0 × 107 «V» ✓

8.99×10 ×2.0×10
V «= 2 × 0.60

W = «qV = 6.0 × 107 × 4.0 × 10−9 =» 0.24 «J» ✓

Allow ECF from MP1

(b) The small positive charge q is placed a distance x to the right of C.

The distance x is very small compared to D.
(b.i) The magnitude of the net force on q is given by
32kQq
3
x. Explain
D

why the charge q will execute simple harmonic oscillations about

C. [2]

Markscheme

The restoring force/acceleration is opposite to the displacement/towards

equilibrium / OWTTE ✓

and proportional to displacement from equilibrium / OWTTE✓

Allow discussions based on the diagram (such as towards C for towards equilibrium).

Accept F ∝ x OR a ∝ x for MP2

(b.ii) The mass of the charge q is 0.025 kg.

Calculate the angular frequency of the oscillations using the data

in (a)(ii) and the expression in (b)(i). [2]

Markscheme

OR use of F =mω2r OR F = 1.33x OR a = 53.3x ✓

32kQq
ω=√ mD
3

9 −3 −9

«√ » = 7.299 «s−1»
32×8.99×10 ×2.0×10 ×4.0×10
3
0.025×1.2
(c) The charges Q are replaced by neutral masses M and the charge q
by a neutral mass m. The mass m is displaced away from C by a
small distance x and released. Discuss whether the motion of m
will be the same as that of q. [2]

Markscheme

the net force will no longer be a restoring force/directed towards equilibrium

OR

the gravitational force is attractive/neutral mass would be pulled towards

larger masses/OWTTE ✓

«and so» no, motion will not be the same/no longer be SHM / OWTTE ✓
22. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1A.SL.TZ0.22
The centre of the Earth and the Moon are a distance D apart. There is a
point X between them where their gravitational fields cancel out. The
distance from the centre of the Earth to X is d. The mass of the Earth is
M E and the mass of the Moon is M M .

What is correct at X?

ME MM
A. d
=
D−d

ME MM
B. D−d
=
d

ME MM
C. d
2
= 2
(D−d)

ME MM
D. d
2
= 2
D −d
2 [1]

Markscheme

C
23. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1A.HL.TZ0.32
Two satellites are in circular orbits around the Earth. Both satellites have
the same mass and satellite X is closer to Earth than satellite Y.

What is correct for the orbital periods of X and Y and the total energies of
X and Y?

[1]

Markscheme

D
24. [Maximum mark: 6] 22N.2.HL.TZ0.8
A satellite is launched from the surface of Earth into a circular orbit.

The following data are given.

Mass of the satellite = 8.0 × 102 kg

Height of the orbit above the surface of Earth = 5.0 × 105 m

Mass of Earth = 6.0 × 1024 kg

Radius of Earth = 6.4 × 106 m

(a) The diagram shows field lines for an electrostatic field. X and Y are
two points on the same field line.

Outline which of the two points has the larger electric potential. [2]

Markscheme

potential greater at Y ✓

ΔV e
«from E = − Δr » the potential increases in the direction opposite to field
strength «so from X to Y»
 OR

opposite to the direction of the field lines, «so from X to Y»

OR

«from W = q Δ V e » work done to move a positive charge from X to Y is

positive «so the potential increases from X to Y» ✓

Examiners report

A significant majority guessed at X, probably because the field lines are closer
together. Those that identified Y were generally successful in their
explanation.

(b.i) Show that the kinetic energy of the satellite in orbit is about 2 ×
1010 J. [2]

Markscheme

orbital radius = 6. 4 × 10
6
+ 5. 0 × 10
5
«= 6. 9 × 10
6
m» ✓

−11 24

KE =
1

2
× 8. 0 × 10
2
×
6.67×10 ×6.0×10
6
OR 2. 3 × 10 10 «J» ✓
6.9×10

Award [1] max for answers ignoring orbital height (KE = 2.5 × 1010 J).
 Examiners report

This question was well done, with only a few missing the height of the
satellite.

(b.ii) Determine the minimum energy required to launch the satellite.

Ignore the original kinetic energy of the satellite due to Earth’s
rotation. [2]

Markscheme

change in PE
−11 24 2 1 1
= 6. 67 × 10 × 6. 0 × 10 × 8. 0 × 10 ( 6
− 6
) =
6.4×10 6.9×10

«3. 6 × 10 9 J» ✓

10
energy needed = KE + ΔPE = 2. 7 × 10 «J» ✓

Allow ECF from 8(b)(i).

Examiners report

Generally, this question was not well done. Most carried out a calculation
based on the formula for escape velocity. An opportunity to remind
candidates of reading back the stem for the sub-question when answering a
second or any subsequent part of it.
25. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ1.24
P and Q are two moons of equal densities orbiting a planet. The orbital
radius of P is twice the orbital radius of Q. The volume of P is half that of
Q. The force exerted by the planet on P is F. What is the force exerted by
the planet on Q?

A. F

B. 2F

C. 4F

D. 8F [1]

Markscheme

Examiners report

Option D was the most frequent (correct) answer, however option C was a
significant distractor, perhaps for candidates considering only the change in
orbital radius. A relatively high discrimination index was seen with this
question.
26. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.21
An astronaut is orbiting Earth in a spaceship. Why does the astronaut
experience weightlessness?

A. The astronaut is outside the gravitational field of Earth.

B. The acceleration of the astronaut is the same as the acceleration of the

spaceship.

C. The spaceship is travelling at a high speed tangentially to the orbit.

D. The gravitational field is zero at that point. [1]

Markscheme

27. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.29

A simple pendulum has a time period T on the Earth. The pendulum is
taken to the Moon where the gravitational field strength is 1

6
that of the
Earth.

What is the time period of the pendulum on the Moon?

A. T √6

B. T

√6
C. 6
T

D. T

6
[1]

Markscheme

A
28. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.SL.TZ2.23
A satellite is orbiting Earth in a circular path at constant speed. Three
statements about the resultant force on the satellite are:

I. It is equal to the gravitational force of attraction on the satellite.

II. It is equal to the mass of the satellite multiplied by its acceleration.
III. It is equal to the centripetal force on the satellite.

Which combination of statements is correct?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

Examiners report

This was a good discriminator at HL although many candidates chose option

B (D correct). Option B was just the most popular choice at SL. Candidates
appear not to realise that although this is circular motion F = ma still applies.
29. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.HL.TZ1.33
An object of mass m is launched from the surface of the Earth. The Earth
has a mass M and radius r. The acceleration due to gravity at the
surface of the Earth is g. What is the escape speed of the object from the
surface of the Earth?

A. √ gr

B. √ 2gr

C. √ 2M gr

D. √ 2mgr [1]

Markscheme

Examiners report

Options B and C were selected by a roughly equal number of candidates.

Again, this is a situation where unit analysis is beneficial; options C and D
would not produce units associated with speed (mass is already incorporated
in the constant 'g').
30. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1A.HL.TZ2.24
Three statements about Newton’s law of gravitation are:

I. It can be used to predict the motion of a satellite.

II. It explains why gravity exists.
III. It is used to derive the expression for gravitational potential energy.

Which combination of statements is correct?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

Examiners report

Comments suggested that 'gravitational potential' is more suitable for an HL

question. However, candidates should have realised that statement II is
incorrect so option B is the only possibility and this proved the most popular
answer. The wording will be altered to 'gravitational potential energy' for
publication.
31. [Maximum mark: 1] 21N.1A.SL.TZ0.23
The gravitational field strength at the surface of a planet of radius R is g.
A satellite is moving in a circular orbit a distance R above the surface of
the planet. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the satellite?

A. 0

g
B. 4

g
C. 2

D. g [1]

Markscheme

32. [Maximum mark: 1] 21N.1A.HL.TZ0.32

A satellite of mass m orbits a planet of mass M in a circular orbit of
radius r. What is the work that must be done on the satellite to increase
its orbital radius to 2r?

A.
GM m

B.
GM m

2r

C.
GM m

4r

D.
GM m

8r
[1]

Markscheme

C
33. [Maximum mark: 9] 21N.2.SL.TZ0.6
Titan is a moon of Saturn. The Titan-Sun distance is 9.3 times greater than
the Earth-Sun distance.

(a.i) Show that the intensity of the solar radiation at the location of
Titan is 16 W m−2 [1]

Markscheme

incident intensity 1360

9.3
2
OR 15. 7 ≈ 16 «W m−2» ✓

Allow the use of 1400 for the solar constant.

(a.ii) Titan has an atmosphere of nitrogen. The albedo of the

atmosphere is 0.22. The surface of Titan may be assumed to be a
black body. Explain why the average intensity of solar radiation
absorbed by the whole surface of Titan is 3.1 W m−2 [3]

Markscheme

exposed surface is ¼ of the total surface ✓

absorbed intensity = (1−0.22) × incident intensity ✓

0.78 × 0.25 × 15.7 OR 3.07 «W m−2» ✓

Allow 3.06 from rounding and 3.12 if they use 16 W m−2.

(a.iii) Show that the equilibrium surface temperature of Titan is about
90 K. [1]

Markscheme

σT 4 = 3.07

OR

T = 86 «K» ✓

(b.i) The orbital radius of Titan around Saturn is R and the period of
revolution is T .
2 3
4π R
Show that T 2 =
GM
where M is the mass of Saturn. [2]

Markscheme

correct equating of gravitational force / acceleration to centripetal force /

acceleration ✓

correct rearrangement to reach the expression given ✓

 2πR
Allow use of √ GM

R
=
T
for MP1.

(b.ii) The orbital radius of Titan around Saturn is 1.2 × 109 m and the
orbital period is 15.9 days. Estimate the mass of Saturn. [2]

Markscheme

T = 15. 9 × 24 × 3600 «s» ✓

3
2 9
4π (1.2×10 )
M = −11 2
= 5. 4 × 10
26
«kg» ✓
6.67×10 ×(15.9×24×3600)

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

Allow ECF from MP1.

34. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.SL.TZ1.23
Which is the definition of gravitational field strength at a point?

A. The sum of the gravitational fields created by all masses around the
point

B. The gravitational force per unit mass experienced by a small point

mass at that point

C. G , where M is the mass of a planet and r is the distance from the

M
2
r

planet to the point

D. The resultant force of gravitational attraction on a mass at that point [1]

Markscheme

35. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.SL.TZ2.30

An object of mass m released from rest near the surface of a planet has
an initial acceleration z. What is the gravitational field strength near the
surface of the planet?

A. z

z
B. m

C. mz

m
D. z
[1]

Markscheme

A
36. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.31
Which is a correct unit for gravitational potential?

A. m2 s−2

B. J kg

C. m s−2

D. N m−1 kg−1 [1]

Markscheme

37. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.HL.TZ1.32

A planet has radius R. The escape speed from the surface of the planet is v.
At what distance from the surface of the planet is the orbital speed 0.5v?

A. 0.5R

B. R

C. 2R

D. 4R [1]

Markscheme

B
38. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1A.HL.TZ2.32
A satellite orbits planet X with a speed v X at a distance r from the
centre of planet X. Another satellite orbits planet Y at a speed of v y at a
distance r from the centre of planet Y. The mass of planet X is M and
vX
the mass of planet Y is 4M . What is the ratio of vy
?

A. 0.25

B. 0.5

C. 2.0

D. 4.0 [1]

Markscheme

B
39. [Maximum mark: 7] 21M.2.HL.TZ2.10
The table gives data for Jupiter and three of its moons, including the radius r of
each object.

A spacecraft is to be sent from Io to infinity.

(a) Calculate, for the surface of Io, the gravitational field strength gIo
due to the mass of Io. State an appropriate unit for your answer. [2]

Markscheme

−11 22
GM 6.67×10 ×8.9×10
« r
2
=
6
2
= »1. 8 ✓
(1.8×10 )

N kg−1 OR m s−2 ✓

(b.i) Show that the

gravitational potential due to Jupiter at the orbit of Io

gravitational potential due to Io at the surf ace of Io

is
 about 80. [2]

Markscheme

27 22
1.9×10
8
AND 8.9×10
6
seen ✓
4.9×10 1.8×10

27 6

« 1.9×10 8
×1.8×10
22
= »78 ✓
4.9×10 ×8.9×10

For MP1, potentials can be seen individually or as a ratio.

(b.ii) Outline, using (b)(i), why it is not correct to use the equation
2G×mass of Io
√
radius of Io
to calculate the speed required for the
spacecraft to reach infinity from the surface of Io. [1]

Markscheme

«this is the escape speed for Io alone but» gravitational potential / field of
Jupiter must be taken into account ✓

OWTTE
(c) An engineer needs to move a space probe of mass 3600 kg from
Ganymede to Callisto. Calculate the energy required to move the
probe from the orbital radius of Ganymede to the orbital radius of
Callisto. Ignore the mass of the moons in your calculation. [2]

Markscheme

1 1 −1
«5. 21 × 10 »✓
7
−GM Jupiter ( 9
− 9
) = J kg
1.88×10 1.06×10

« multiplies by 3600 kg to get » 1.9 × 1011 «J» ✓

Award [2] marks if factor of ½ used, taking into account orbital kinetic energies, leading to a final answer of
9.4 x 1010 «J».

Allow ECF from MP1

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

40. [Maximum mark: 8] 21M.2.HL.TZ1.2
A planet is in a circular orbit around a star. The speed of the planet is constant. The
following data are given:

Mass of planet = 8. 0 × 10
24
kg
30
Mass of star = 3. 2 × 10 kg
Distance from the star to the planet R = 4. 4 × 10
10
m.

A spacecraft is to be launched from the surface of the planet to escape from the
star system. The radius of the planet is 9.1 × 103 km.

(a) Explain why a centripetal force is needed for the planet to be in a

circular orbit. [2]

Markscheme

«circular motion» involves a changing velocity ✓

«Tangential velocity» is «always» perpendicular to centripetal

force/acceleration ✓

there must be a force/acceleration towards centre/star ✓

without a centripetal force the planet will move in a straight line ✓

(b) Calculate the value of the centripetal force. [1]

 Markscheme

−11 24 30
(6.67×10 )(8×10 )(3.2×10 )
F = 10 2
= 8. 8 × 10
23
«N» ✓
(4.4×10 )

(c.i) Show that the gravitational potential due to the planet and the
star at the surface of the planet is about −5 × 109 J kg−1. [3]

Markscheme

−11 24
(6.67×10 )(8×10 )
Vplanet = «−» 6
=«−» 5.9 × 107 «J kg−1» ✓
9.1×10

−11 30
(6.67×10 )(3.2×10 )
Vstar = «−» 10
=«−» 4.9 × 109 «J kg−1» ✓
4.4×10

Vplanet + Vstar = «−» 4.9 «09» × 109 «J kg−1» ✓

Must see substitutions and not just equations.

(c.ii) Estimate the escape speed of the spacecraft from the planet–star
system. [2]

Markscheme

use of vesc = √2V ✓

v = 9.91 × 104 «m s−1» ✓

41. [Maximum mark: 1] 20N.1A.SL.TZ0.23
Planet X has a gravitational field strength of 18 N kg at its surface.
−1

Planet Y has the same density as X but three times the radius of X. What is
the gravitational field strength at the surface of Y?

A. 6ms
−2

B. 18 m s
−2

C. 54 m s
−2

D. 162 m s
−2
[1]

Markscheme

42. [Maximum mark: 1] 20N.1A.HL.TZ0.30

Two satellites W and X have the same mass. They have circular orbits
around the same planet. W is closer to the surface than X. What quantity
is smaller for W than for X?

A. Gravitational force from the planet

B. Angular velocity

C. Orbital speed

D. Orbital period [1]

Markscheme

D
43. [Maximum mark: 1] 20N.1A.HL.TZ0.31
P and S are two points on a gravitational equipotential surface around a
planet. Q and R are two points on a different gravitational equipotential
surface at a greater distance from the planet.

The greatest work done by the gravitational force is when moving a

mass from

A. P to S.

B. Q to R.

C. R to P.

D. S to R. [1]

Markscheme

C
44. [Maximum mark: 1] 19N.1A.SL.TZ0.17
A negatively charged particle in a uniform gravitational field is
positioned mid-way between two charged conducting plates.

The potential difference between the plates is adjusted until the particle
is held at rest relative to the plates.

What change will cause the particle to accelerate downwards relative to

the plates?

A. Decreasing the charge on the particle

B. Decreasing the separation of the plates

C. Increasing the length of the plates

D. Increasing the potential difference between the plates [1]

Markscheme

A
45. [Maximum mark: 1] 19N.1A.SL.TZ0.23
A satellite travels around the Earth in a circular orbit. What is true about
the forces acting in this situation?

A. The resultant force is the same direction as the satellite’s acceleration.

B. The gravitational force acting on the satellite is negligible.

C. There is no resultant force on the satellite relative to the Earth.

D. The satellite does not exert any force on the Earth. [1]

Markscheme

46. [Maximum mark: 1] 19N.1A.HL.TZ0.30

The gravitational potential is V at a distance R above the surface of a
spherical planet of radius R and uniform density. What is the
gravitational potential a distance 2R above the surface of the planet?

A. V

B. 4V

C. V

D. 2V

3
[1]

Markscheme

D
47. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.SL.TZ1.25
Satellite X orbits a planet with orbital radius R. Satellite Y orbits the same
planet with orbital radius 2R. Satellites X and Y have the same mass.

centripetal acceleration of X
What is the ratio centripetal acceleration of Y
?

1
A. 4

B. 1

C. 2

D. 4 [1]

Markscheme

D
48. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.SL.TZ2.23
Which graph shows the relationship between gravitational force F
between two point masses and their separation r?

[1]

Markscheme

D
49. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.HL.TZ1.34
A satellite in a circular orbit around the Earth needs to reduce its orbital
radius.

What is the work done by the satellite rocket engine and the change in
kinetic energy resulting from this shift in orbital height?

[1]

Markscheme

Examiners report

This question was generally well answered, however a significant number of

students (incorrectly) selected response A suggesting a lack of clarity around
the work done as a result of changes in orbital height.
50. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.HL.TZ2.10
Satellite X is in orbit around the Earth. An identical satellite Y is in a
higher orbit. What is correct for the total energy and the kinetic energy of
the satellite Y compared with satellite X?

[1]

Markscheme

Examiners report

We accept the comment from G2 forms that the wording of this question
could be improved. The correct answer (B) considers the total and kinetic
energies of satellite X the most popular answer.
51. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1A.HL.TZ2.11
The escape speed from a planet of radius R is vesc. A satellite orbits the
planet at a distance R from the surface of the planet. What is the orbital
speed of the satellite?

A. 1

2
v esc

√2
B. 2
v esc

C. √2v esc

D. 2v esc [1]

Markscheme

Examiners report

This had a very low discrimination index with the majority of candidates
choosing B, followed by C. Response A, the correct answer, was third in
popularity. The candidates missed that the satellite orbits at a distance of R
from the surface of a planet of radius R so the total distance to be considered
was 2R.
52. [Maximum mark: 10] 19M.2.HL.TZ1.5
The moon Phobos moves around the planet Mars in a circular orbit.

(a.i) Outline the origin of the force that acts on Phobos. [1]

Markscheme

gravitational attraction/force/field «of the planet/Mars» ✔

Do not accept “gravity”.

Examiners report

This was generally well answered, although some candidates simply used the
vague term “gravity” rather than specifying that it is a gravitational force or a
gravitational field. Candidates need to be reminded about using proper
physics terms and not more general, “every day” terms on the exam.

(a.ii) Outline why this force does no work on Phobos. [1]

Markscheme

the force/field and the velocity/displacement are at 90° to each other OR

there is no change in GPE of the moon/Phobos ✔

Examiners report

Some candidates connected the idea that the gravitational force is

perpendicular to the velocity (and hence the displacement) for the mark. It
 was also allowed to discuss that there is no change in gravitational potential
energy, so therefore no work was being done. It was not acceptable to simply
state that the net displacement over one full orbit is zero. Unfortunately,
some candidates suggested that there is no net force on the moon so there is
no work done, or that the moon is so much smaller so no work could be done
on it.

(b.i) The orbital period T of a moon orbiting a planet of mass M is given

by

3
R
= kM
2
T

where R is the average distance between the centre of the planet

and the centre of the moon.

Show that k
G
=
4π
2
[3]

Markscheme

ALTERNATE 1

«using fundamental equations»

use of Universal gravitational force/acceleration/orbital velocity equations ✔

equating to centripetal force or acceleration. ✔

rearranges to get k =
G

4π 2
✔

ALTERNATE 2
3

«starting with R

T
2
= kM »
 substitution of proper equation for T from orbital motion equations ✔

substitution of proper equation for M OR R from orbital motion equations ✔

rearranges to get k =
G

4π
2
✔

Examiners report

This was another “show that” derivation. Many candidates attempted to work
with universal gravitation equations, either from memory or the data
booklet, to perform this derivation. The variety of correct solution paths was
quite impressive, and many candidates who attempted this question were
able to receive some marks. Candidates should be reminded on “show that”
questions that it is never allowed to work backwards from the given answer.
Some candidates also made up equations (such as T = 2𝝿r) to force the
derivation to work out.

(b.ii) The following data for the Mars–Phobos system and the Earth–
Moon system are available:

Mass of Earth = 5.97 × 1024 kg

The Earth–Moon distance is 41 times the Mars–Phobos distance.

 The orbital period of the Moon is 86 times the orbital period of
Phobos.

Calculate, in kg, the mass of Mars. [2]

Markscheme

3 2
R Mars T Earth
m Mars = (
R Earth
) (
T M ars
) m Earth or other consistent re-
arrangement ✔

6.4 × 1023 «kg» ✔

Examiners report

This question was challenging for candidates. The candidates who started
down the correct path of using the given derived value from 5bi often simply
forgot that the multiplication factors had to be squared and cubed as well as
the variables.

(c) The graph shows the variation of the gravitational potential

between the Earth and Moon with distance from the centre of the
Earth. The distance from the Earth is expressed as a fraction of the
total distance between the centre of the Earth and the centre of
the Moon.
 [3]
Determine, using the graph, the mass of the Moon.

Markscheme

read off separation at maximum potential 0.9 ✔

equating of gravitational field strength of earth and moon at that location OR

7.4 × 1022 «kg» ✔

Allow ECF from MP1

Examiners report

This question was left blank by many candidates, and very few who
attempted it were able to successfully recognize that the gravitational fields
of the Earth and Moon balance at 0.9r and then use the proper equation to
calculate the mass of the Moon.
53. [Maximum mark: 7] 19M.2.SL.TZ1.6
The Moon has no atmosphere and orbits the Earth. The diagram shows the Moon
with rays of light from the Sun that are incident at 90° to the axis of rotation of the
Moon.

(a.i) A black body is on the Moon’s surface at point A. Show that the
maximum temperature that this body can reach is 400 K. Assume
that the Earth and the Moon are the same distance from the Sun. [2]

Markscheme

1360 0.25
T= ( σ
) ✔

390 «K» ✔

Must see 1360 (from data booklet) used for MP1.

Must see at least 2 s.f.

Examiners report

Many candidates struggled with this question. A significant portion

attempted to apply Wein’s Law and simply stated that a particular
wavelength was the peak and then used that to determine the temperature.
Some did use the solar constant from the data booklet and were able to
calculate the correct temperature. As part of their preparation for the exam
candidates should thoroughly review the data booklet and be aware of what
 constants are given there. As with all “show that” questions candidates should
be reminded to include an unrounded answer.

(a.ii) Another black body is on the Moon’s surface at point B.

Outline, without calculation, why the aximum temperature of the

black body at point B is less than at point A. [2]

Markscheme

energy/Power/Intensity lower at B ✔

connection made between energy/power/intensity and temperature of

blackbody ✔

Examiners report

This is question is another example of candidates not thinking beyond the

obvious in the question. Many simply said that point B is farther away, or that
it is at an angle. Some used vague terms like “the sunlight is more spread out”
rather than using proper physics terms. Few candidates connected the lower
intensity at B with the lower temperature of the blackbody.
(b) The albedo of the Earth’s atmosphere is 0.28. Outline why the
maximum temperature of a black body on the Earth when the
Sun is overhead is less than that at point A on the Moon. [1]

Markscheme

(28 %) of sun’s energy is scattered/reflected by earth’s atmosphere OR only 72

% of incident energy gets absorbed by blackbody ✔

Must be clear that the energy is being scattered by the atmosphere.

Award [0] for simple definition of “albedo”.

Examiners report

This question was assessing the understanding of the concept of albedo.

Many candidates were able to connect that an albedo of 0.28 meant that 28
% of the incident energy from the sun was being reflected or scattered by the
atmosphere before reaching the black body.

(c.i) Outline why a force acts on the Moon. [1]

 Markscheme

gravitational attraction/force/field «of the planet/Moon» ✔

Do not accept “gravity”.

Examiners report

This was generally well answered, although some candidates simply used the
vague term “gravity” rather than specifying that it is a gravitational force or a
gravitational field. Candidates need to be reminded about using proper
physics terms and not more general, “every day” terms on the exam.

(c.ii) Outline why this force does no work on the Moon. [1]

Markscheme

the force/field and the velocity/displacement are at 90° to each other OR there
is no change in GPE of the moon ✔

Award [0] for any mention of no net force on the satellite.

Do not accept acceleration is perpendicular to velocity.

Examiners report

Some candidates connected the idea that the gravitational force is

perpendicular to the velocity (and hence the displacement) for the mark. It
was also allowed to discuss that there is no change in gravitational potential
energy, so therefore no work was being done. It was not acceptable to simply
state that the net displacement over one full orbit is zero. Unfortunately,
some candidates suggested that there is no net force on the moon so there is
no work done, or that the moon is so much smaller so no work could be done
on it.
54. [Maximum mark: 6] 19M.2.HL.TZ2.9
A planet of mass m is in a circular orbit around a star. The gravitational potential
due to the star at the position of the planet is V.

(ai) Show that the total energy of the planet is given by the equation
shown.

E =
1

2
mV [2]

Markscheme

1 GM GM m 1 GM m
E =
2
m
r
−
r
= −
2 r
✔

comparison with V = −
GM

r
✔

«to give answer»

Examiners report

This was generally well answered but with candidates sometimes getting in
to trouble over negative signs but otherwise producing well-presented
answers.

(aii) Suppose the star could contract to half its original radius without
any loss of mass. Discuss the effect, if any, this has on the total
 energy of the planet. [2]

Markscheme

ALTERNATIVE 1

«at the position of the planet» the potential depends only on the mass of the
star /does not depend on the radius of the star ✔

the potential will not change and so the energy will not change ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2

r / distance between the centres of the objects / orbital radius remains

unchanged ✔

since E T otal = −
1

2
GM m

r
, energy will not change ✔

Examiners report

A large number of candidates thought that the total energy of the planet
would change, mostly double.

(b) The diagram shows some of the electric field lines for two fixed,
charged particles X and Y.
 The magnitude of the charge on X is Q and that on Y is q. The
distance between X and Y is 0.600 m. The distance between P and
Y is 0.820 m.

At P the electric field is zero. Determine, to one significant figure, [2]

Q
the ratio q
.

Markscheme

kQ kq
2
= 2
✔
(0.600+0.820) 0.820

2
Q (0.600+0.820)

q
= « 2
= 2.9988 ≈ »3 ✔
0.820

Examiners report

The majority of candidates had an idea of the basic technique here but it was
surprisingly common to see the squared missing from the expression for field
strengths.
© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2023