Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai

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RIZVI EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

Rizvi College of Engineering

∎Approved by AICTE ∎Recognized by DTE ∎Affiliated to University of Mumbai ∎Accredited B+
by NAAC
New Rizvi Educational Complex, Off Carter Rd, Bandra West, Mumbai-400050

Experiment No. 1
Title Basic safety precautions. Introduction and use of measuring
instruments – voltmeter, ammeter, multi-meter, oscilloscope.
Real-life resistors, capacitors and inductors.

Name
Year/Branch
Roll No.
UIN

Evaluation Rubric Table

Understanding (3)

Performance (3)

Delivery (3)

Total (9)

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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Experiment No. 1: Basic safety precautions. Introduction and use of measuring instruments –
voltmeter, ammeter, multi-meter, oscilloscope. Real-life resistors, capacitors and inductors.

AIM: To learn about basic safety precautions and introduction and use of measuring instruments –
voltmeter, ammeter, multi-meter, oscilloscope. Real-life resistors, capacitors and inductors.

Basic safety rules and precautions

The following general rules and precautions are to be observed at all times in the laboratory. These rules are
for the benefit of the experimenter as well as those around him. Additional rules and precautions may apply
to a particular laboratory experiment which will be instructed from time to time .

1. Footwear made of electrically insulated material must be worn at all times.

2. Remove all loose conductive jewellery and trinkets, including rings, which may come in contact
with exposed circuits. (Do not wear long loose ties, scarves, or other loose clothing around
machines.)
3. Consider all circuits to be "Live" unless proven otherwise.
4. No part of a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
5. Keep the body, or any part of it, out of the circuit. Where interconnecting wires and cables are
involved, they should be arranged so people will not trip over them.
6. Be as neat as possible. Keep the work area and workbench clear of items not used in the experiment.
7. Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging into the outlet. Also, turn the
instrument or equipment OFF before unplugging from the outlet.
8. When unplugging a power cord, pull out holding the plug, not the cable.
9. When disassembling a circuit, first remove the source of power.
10. No ungrounded electrical or electronic apparatus is to be used in the laboratory unless it is double
insulated or battery operated.
11. Report any damages to equipment, hazards, and potential hazards to the laboratory assistant.
12. If in doubt about electrical safety, see the laboratory assistant. Regarding specific equipment, consult
the instruction manual provided by the manufacturer of the equipment. Information regarding safe
use and possible- hazards should be studied carefully.

Here general information about some of the basic components used in the electrical circuit is given.

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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The Breadboard

Breadboards are one of the most fundamental pieces when learning how to build circuits. In electronics,
prototyping is required, which can be done using the soldering procedure, but it is not economical, not
reusable, and causes loss of electrical and electronics components. Prototyping can be defined as creating
a sample of a product or circuit for testing, analysing which is used for enhancing original product or
circuit. In this prototyping process, the components are connected together by melting or using filler
metal which is having a low melting point compared to adjoining metals.
Thus, this soldering process used for prototyping is uneconomical and not reusable. So, for prototyping a
construction base which can be used without any soldering is required for economical, efficient, and
reusing purpose. Hence, solderless breadboard was designed in 1970s and is being used for prototyping
of electronics. In this article, let us know about breadboard basics.
The breadboard has strips of metal underneath the board and connect the holes on the top of the board.
The metal strips are laid out as shown below. Note that the top and bottom rows of holes are connected
horizontally and split in the middle while the remaining holes are connected vertically.

Note how all holes in the selected row are connected together, so the holes in the selected column. The
set of connected holes can be called a node:

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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To interconnect the selected row (node A) and column (node B) a cable going from any hole in the row to
any hole in the column is needed:

Now the selected column (node B) and row (node A) are interconnected

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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Electrical Circuit Symbols

The electrical circuit symbols mainly involve wires, power supplies, resistors, capacitors, diodes,
transistors, meters, switches, sensors, logic gates, audio devices, and other components.
o Wires

A wire is a two terminal, single and flexible material, that allows the flow of power through it. These are
mainly used to connect the power supplies to the PCB( Printed Circuit Board) and in between the
components. The different types of wires will be as:

Wires: A single wire with two terminals will pass the current from one component to another. Wires
Jointed: When two or more wires are connected with each other that is called as wires jointed.

o Power Supplies

A Power supply/ power supply unit is an electronic device, that supplies electric energy to an electrical
load. The flow of an electric current will be measured in terms of Watts. The function of the power
supply is, it converts energy from one form to another according to our requirement. The various types of
power supplies are

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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o Cell Circuit: Supplies electrical energy from larger terminal (+) positive sign.

Battery Circuit: A Battery is two or more cells, the function of battery circuit is the same as cell circuit.
o DC Circuit Symbol: Direct current (DC) always flows in one direction.

o AC Circuit Symbol: AC (Alternating Current) flows periodically reverses direction.

o Fuse Circuit: The fuse will flow sufficient current and it is used to provide overcurrent protection.
o Transformer: It is used to produce AC power supply, energy is transferred in between primary and
secondary coils in the form of mutual inductance.
o Solar cell: It will convert light energy into electrical energy.

o Earth: It supplies the 0V to the circuit that will connect to the earth.

o Voltage Source: It will supply voltage to the circuit elements.

o Current Source: It will supply current to the circuit elements.

o AC Voltage Source: It will supply the AC voltage to the circuit elements.

o Controlled Voltage Source: It generates controlled voltage to the circuit elements.

o Controlled Current Source: It generates controlled current to the circuit elements.

Resistors

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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A Resistor is a passive element that opposes current flow in a circuit. It is a two-terminal element,
dissipates its energy in the form of heat. The resistor will damage due to the overflow of electric current
through it. Resistance is measured in units of ohms and resistance; resistor colour code calculator is used
to calculate the value of the resistor according to its colours.
An international and universally accepted resistor colour code scheme was developed many years ago as
a simple and quick way of identifying a resistors ohmic value no matter what its size or condition. It
consists of a set of individual coloured rings or bands in spectral order representing each digit of the
resistors value.

RESISTOR COLOUR CODE

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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o Resistor: It is a two terminal component, that restricts the flow of current.

o Rheostat: It is a two terminal component, that is used to adjust the flow of current.

o Potentiometer: Potentiometer is a three-terminal component that will adjust the voltage flow in
the circuit.
o Preset: Preset is a low-cost adjustable resistor that operates by using small tools like
Screwdrivers.

Capacitors

A Capacitor generally referred to as a condenser, it is a two-terminal passive component that will capable
of storing energy in the form of electricity. These are the rechargeable batteries mainly used in power
supply. In the capacitors, electrical plates differ by a dielectric medium and these are acts like a filter that
allows only AC signals and blocks DC Signals. The capacitors are classified into various types that are
discussed below

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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o Capacitor: A capacitor is used to store the energy in electrical form.

o Polarized Capacitor: Stores electrical energy these must be a one way round.

o Variable Capacitor: These capacitors are used to control the capacitance by adjusting the Knob.
o Trimmer Capacitor: These capacitors are used to control the capacitance by using Screwdriver or
similar tools.

Meters

A Meter is an instrument used for measuring voltage and current flow in electrical and electronic
components. These are used to measure the resistance and capacitance of the electronic components.

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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o Voltmeter: It is used to measure voltage. It is connected in parallel.

o Ammeter: It is used to measure current. It is connected in series.

o Galvanometer: It is used to measure small currents. It is connected in parallel.

o Ohmmeter: It is used to measure the electrical resistance of a particular resistor. It is connected in

parallel.
o Oscilloscope: It is used to measure voltage with respect to time for signals.

o Digital Multimeter: Digital multimeters or DMMs can measure a variety of different parameters
within an electrical circuit. The basic DMMs can measure amps, volts and ohms, as the older
analogue meters did, but with the ease of incorporating further functionality into an integrated
circuit, many digital multimeters are able to make a number of other measurements as well.

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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Other Components

These are some of the electronic/electrical components that are utilized in an electronic circuit or electrical
circuit design.

o Lighting Lamp: It is a bulb that will glow when certain current flows.

o Indicator Lamp: It will convert electricity to light.

o Inductor: It will generate a magnetic field when current flows through it.
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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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o Antenna: It is used to transmit and Receive the radio signals.

CONCLUSION:

An overview of electric circuits and components has been studied. Also procedures for connecting circuits
on breadboard and operating a digital multimeter and CRO have been performed and studied.

LAB CO COVERED:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

Q1. Calculate the value for the following 4 band Resistors

Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4

Red Violet Red Golden

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory
Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai
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Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4

Grey Yellow Blue Golden

Q2. Write the colour code for the following resistors.

10 kΩ + 10%

10 Ω + 10%

Q3. How to check 230V AC mains with a multimeter ? Write all steps for procedure of terminal selection
and range selection .

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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Laboratory