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UNIT: III PHASE CHAGNE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

1. What is burnout point in boiling neat transfer? Why is it called so? (May
/June 2013)
In the Nucleate boiling region, a point at which heat flow is maximum is
known as burnout point. Once we cross this point, large temperature difference is
required to get the same heat flux and most material may burn at this
temperature. Most of the boiling heat transfer heaters are operated below the
burnout heat flux to avoid that disastrous effect.
2. Define NTU and LMTD of a heat exchanger. (May/June 2013 & May/June
2016)
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LMTD (Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference)
The temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the heat
exchanger varies from point in addition various modes of heat transfer are
involved. Therefore based on concept of appropriate mean temperature
difference, also called logarithmic mean temperature difference, the total heat
transfer rate in the heat exchanger is expressed as
Q = U A (ΔT)m
Where U – Overall heat transfer coefficient W/m2K
A – Area m2
(ΔT)m – Logarithmic mean temperature difference.
NTU (No. of Transfer Units)
It is used to calculate the rate of heat transfer in heat exchangers, when
there is insufficient information to calculate the Log-Mean Temperature
Difference (LMTD). In heat exchanger analysis, if the fluid inlet and outlet
temperatures are specified or can be determined, the LMTD method can be used;
but when these temperatures are not available The NTU or The Effectiveness
method is used.

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3. What are the different regimes involved in pool boiling? (May/June 2014)
The different boiling regimes observed in pool boiling are
1. Interface evaporation
2. Nucleate boiling
3. Film boiling.

4. Write down the relation for overall heat transfer coefficient in heat
exchanger with fouling factor. (May/June 2014)
Overall heat transfer coefficient in heat exchanger

= + Rfo + ln + Rfi +

Where Rfi and Rfo are the fouling factors at inner and outer surfaces.
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[HMT Data Book, P.No.157]

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5. How heat exchangers are classified? (May/June 2015)
The heat exchangers are classified as follows
1. Direct contact heat exchangers
2. Indirect contact heat exchangers
3. Surface heat exchangers
4. Parallel flow heat exchangers
5. Counter flow heat exchangers
6. Cross flow heat exchangers
7. Shell and tube heat exchangers
8. Compact heat exchangers.
6. What are the limitations of LMTD method? Discuss the advantage of NTU
over the LMTD method. (May/June 2015 & Nov/Dec 2012 & Nov/Dec 2013)
The LMTD method cannot be used for the determination of heat transfer
rate and outlet temperature of the hot and cold fluids for prescribed fluid mass
flow rates and inlet temperatures when the type and size of heat exchanger are
specified.
Effectiveness NTU is superior for the above case because LMTD requires tedious
iterations for the same.

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7. Differentiate between pool and forced convection boiling. (Nov/Dec 2012
& Nov/Dec 2013 & Nov/Dec 2015) (NOV/DEC 2016)
Boiling is called pool boiling in the absence of bulk fluid flow, and flow
boiling (or forced convection boiling) in the presence of it.
In pool boiling, the fluid is stationary, and any motion of the fluid is due to
natural convection currents and the motion of the bubbles due to the influence of
buoyancy. Example: Boiling of water in a pan on top of a stove.
8. What is pool boiling? Give an example for it. (Nov/Dec 2014)
If heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface, the boiling
process referred to as pool boiling. In this case the liquid above the hot surface is
essentially stagnant and its motion near the surface is due to free convection and
mixing induced by bubble growth and detachment.
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Example: Boiling of water in a pan on top of a stove.

9. What do you understand by fouling and effectiveness? (Nov/Dec 2014 &

Nov/Dec 2015 )
The surfaces of heat exchangers do not remain clean after it has been in use
for some time. The surfaces become fouled with scaling or deposits. The effect of
these deposits affecting the value of overall heat transfer coefficient. This effect is
taken care of by introducing an additional thermal resistance called the fouling
resistance or fouling factor.

10. Define effectiveness. (May/June 2016)

The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat
transfer to the maximum possible heat transfer.

Effectiveness ε = Actual heat transfer

Maximum possible heat transfer

11. What is meant by sub-cooled and saturated boiling? (Nov/Dec 2015)

The sub-cooled boiling or saturated boiling, depending on the bulk liquid
temperature.

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Sub-cooled boiling:
There is sharp increase in temperature near to the surface but through
most of the liquid, temperature remains close to saturation temperature. (Tα<Tsat)

Saturated boiling:
When the temperature of the liquid equals to the saturation temperature.
(Tα=Tsat)
12. What is a compact heat exchanger? Give applications. (May/June 2016)
Special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat exchangers. They are
generally employed when convective heat transfer coefficient associated with one
of the fluids is much smaller than that associated with the other fluid.
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In variety of applications including,

• Compressed Gas / Water coolers

• Condensers and evaporators for chemical and technical processes of all
kinds.
• Oil and water coolers for power machines
• Refrigeration and air-conditioning units

13. What are the assumptions made in Nusselt theory of condensation?

(May/June 2016)
1. The plate is maintained at a uniform temperature which is less than the
saturation temperature of vapour. (Tw<Tsat)
2. Fluid properties are constant.
3. The shear stress at the liquid vapour interface is negligible.
4. The heat transfer across the condensate layer is by pure conduction and
the temperature distribution is linear.

14. How fouling affect the rate of heat transfer? (May/June 2016)
"Fouling" is any kind of deposit of extraneous material that appears upon
the heat transfer surface during the life time of the heat exchanger.

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This fouling will cause an additional resistance to heat transfer is
introduced and the operational capability of the heat exchanger is
correspondingly reduced. In many cases, the deposit is heavy enough to
significantly interfere with fluid flow and increase the pressure drop required to
maintain the flow rate through the exchanger.

1. Discuss briefly the pool boiling regimes of water at atmospheric

pressure (May/June 2013,May/June 2014,Nov/Dec 2013)
Boiling is classified as pool boiling or flow boiling, depending on the
presence of bulk fluid motion. Boiling is called pool boiling in the absence
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of bulk fluid flow and flow boiling in the presence of bulk fluid motion.

Boiling takes different forms, depending on the value of the excess

temperature ∆T excess. Four different boiling regimes are observed: natural
convection boiling, nucleate boiling, transition boiling, and film boiling.
These regimes are illustrated on the boiling curve in fig, which is a plot of
boiling heat flux versus the excess temperature.

Fig: Typical boiling curve for water at 1 atmospheric pressure

NATURAL CONVECTION BOILING (to point A on the Boiling curve)
We know from thermodynamics that a pure substance at a specified
pressure starts boiling when it reaches the saturation temperature at that

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pressure. But in practice we do not see any bubbles forming on the heating
surface until the liquid is heated a few degrees above the saturation
temperature (about 2 to 6o C for water). Therefore, the liquid is slightly
superheated in this case and evaporates when it rises to the free surface.
The fluid motion in this mode of boiling is governed by natural convection
currents, and heat transfer from the heating surface to the fluid is by
natural convection. For the conditions of fig, natural convection boiling
ends at excess temperature of about 5o C.
NUCLEATE BOILING (between points A and C)
The first bubbles start forming at point A of the boiling curve at
various preferential sites on the heating surface. Point A is referred to as
the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB). The bubbles form at an increasing rate
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at an increasing number of nucleation sites as we move along the boiling
curve toward point C. From fig nucleate boiling exists in the range from
about 5o C to about 30oC.
The nucleate boiling regime can be separated into two distinct
regions. In regions A-B (5oC ≤ ∆T excess ≤ 10 o C), isolated bubbles are formed
at various preferential nucleation sites on the heated surface. But these
bubbles are dissipated in the liquid shortly after they separate from the
surface. The space vacated by the rising bubbles is filled by the liquid in the
vicinity of the heater surface, and the process is repeated. The stirring and
agitation caused by the entrainment of the liquid to the heater surface is
primarily responsible for the increased heat transfer coefficient and heat
flux in this region of nucleate boiling.
In region B-C (10oC ≤ ∆T excess ≤ 30 o C), the heater temperature is
further increased, and bubbles form at such great rates at such a large
number of nucleation sites that they form numerous continuous columns
of vapour in the liquid. These bubbles move all the way up to the free
surface, where they break up and release their vapor content. The large
heat fluxes obtainable in this region.
At large values of ∆T excess, the rate of evaporation at the heater
surface reaches such high values that a large fraction of the heater surface

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is covered by bubbles, making it difficult for the liquid to reach the heater
surface and wet it. Consequently, the heat flux increases at a lower rate
with increasing ∆T excess, and reaches a maximum at point C. the heat flux at
this point is called the critical heat flux.
TRANSITION BOILING (between points C and D)
As the heater temperature and thus the ∆T excess, is increased past
point C, the heat flux decreases, as shown in fig. this is because a large
fraction of the heater surface is covered by a vapour film, which acts as an
insulation due to the low thermal conductivity of the vapour relative to
that of the liquid. In the transition boiling regime, both nucleate and film
boiling partially occur. Nucleate boiling at point C is completely replaced by
film boiling at point D. for water, transition boiling occurs over the excess
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temperature range from about 30oC to about 120oC.
FILM BOILING (beyond point D)
In this region the heater surface is completely covered by a
continuous stable vapour film. Point D, where the heat flux reaches a
minimum, is called the Leidenforst point. The liquid droplets on a very hot
surface jump around and slowly boil away. The presence of a vapour film
between the heater surface and the liquid is responcible for the low heat
transfer rates in the film boiling region. The heat transfer rate increases
with increasing excess temperature as a result of heat transfer from the
heated surface to the liquid through the vapour film by radiation, which
becomes significant at high temperatures.

2. Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a polished copper

pan by means of an electric heater. The diameter of the pan is 0.38 m
and is kept at 115o C. calculate the following 1. Power required boiling
the water 2. Rate of evaporation 3. Critical heat flux. (Nov/Dec 2012,
Nov/Dec 2015)
Given:
Diameter, d = 0.38 m;
Surface temperature, Tw = 115o C.

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To find:
1. Power required, (p)
2. Rate of evaporation, (ṁ)
3. Critical heat flux, (Q/A)

Solution:
Step 1:
Need to find the nucleate pool boiling or film pool boiling process.
∆T = Excess Temperature = T w– T sat = Answer, which is less than
50o C then it is Nucleate pool boiling or greater than 50o C then it is film
pool boiling.
∆T = T w – T sat
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We know that saturation temperature of water is 100o C. i.e. T sat = 100o C

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∆T = 115 – 100 =15o C so this is nucleate pool boiling process.
Step 2:
Need to find the properties of water at 100o C.
(From HMT data book page No. 21)
Density, =961 kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity, ν=0.293 ⨯ 10-6 m2/s
Prandtl Number, Pr = 1.740
Specific heat, Cpl=4216 J/kg K
Dynamic viscosity, = ⨯ ν =961 ⨯ 0.293 ⨯ 10-6 = 281.57⨯ 10-6 Ns/m2
Enthalpy of evaporation, =2256.9 KJ/kg (from steam table)
Specific volume of vapour, νg =1.673 m3/kg
Density of vapour, = (1/ νg ) = 0.597 kg/ m3
Step 3:
Need to find the heat flux, power

Heat flux, = ⨯ ⨯ ……. 1 (from HMT data

book page no. 142)
Where = surface tension for liquid vapour interface at 100o C.
= 0.0588 N/m (from HMT data book page no. 144)

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For water – copper = surface fluid constant = 0.013 and n=1 for
water (from HMT data book page no.143)
Substitute the , , , , ,n and Pr values in equation 1

= 4.83 ⨯ 105 W/m2

Heat transfer Q = 4.83 ⨯ 105 ⨯ A

Area A = d2 = 0.113 m2

Power = 54.7 kW
Step 4:
Need to find Rate of evaporation, (ṁ)
Heat transferred Q = ṁ ⨯
Substitute Q and
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ṁ = 0.024
kg/s
Step 5:
Need to find the critical flux
For nucleate pool boiling, critical heat flux,

= 0.18 ⨯
(from HMT data book page no. 142)

Critical heat flux, q = =1.52 ⨯ 106 W/m2

3. A wire of 1 mm diameter and 150mm length is submerged

horizontally in water at 7 bar. The wire carries a current of 131.5
ampere with an applied voltage of 2.15 Volt. If the surface of the wire
is maintained at 180o C, calculate the heat flux and the boiling heat
transfer coefficient.(May/June 2014 Reg 2008)
Given:
Diameter, D = 1 mm =1 ⨯ 10-3 m;
Length, L = 150mm = 150 ⨯ 10-3 m;
Pressure, P = 7 bar

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Voltage, V = 2.15 V
Current, I = 131.5 amps
T w = 180o C
To find:
1. Heat flux,

2. Heat transfer coefficient, h

Solution:
Step 1:
Need to find heat flux
Q = V ⨯ I = 2.15 ⨯ 131.5 = 282.72W
A = πDL = π ⨯ 1 ⨯ 10-3 ⨯150 ⨯ 10-3 =471.23 ⨯ 10-6 m2
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Heat flux = = 282.72/471.23 ⨯ 10-6 =599.950 ⨯ 103 W/m2

= 599.950 ⨯ 103 W/m2

Step 2:
Need to find the heat transfer co efficient h
At pressure P = 7 bar: ∆T = 180 – 100 =80o C
Heat transfer co efficient, h = 5.56 (∆T)3
(From HMT data book page no: 143)
h= 2846720 W/m2 K
Heat transfer coefficient other than atmospheric pressure
hp = h P 0.4 =2846720 ⨯ 70.4 = 6.19⨯106 W/m2 K

hp = 6.19⨯106 W/m2 K

4. A vertical cooling fin approximating a flat plate 40 cm in height is

exposed to saturated steam at atmospheric pressure. The fin is
maintained at a temperature of 90o C. estimate the thickness of the
film at the bottom of the fin, overall heat transfer coefficient and heat
transfer rate after incorporating McAdam’s correction, the rate of
condensation of steam. (Nov/Dec 2015 Reg 2008)

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Given:
Height (or) Length, L = 40 cm = 0.4m
Surface temperature, Tw = 90o C
To find:
1. The film thickness δx
2. Overall heat transfer coefficient h (McAdam’s correction)
3. Heat transfer rate Q
4. Rate of condensation of steam ṁ
Solution:
Step 1:
We know that, saturation temperature of water is 100o C, i.e. T sat = 100o C
=2256.9 KJ/kg (from steam table)
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We know that
Film temperature, Tf = = 95oC

Properties of saturated water at 95oC (from HMT data book page no: 21)
Density, =967.5 kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity, ν=0.328 ⨯ 10-6 m2/s
Specific heat, Cpl=4205.5 J/kg K
Thermal conductivity K =0.674 W/mk
Dynamic viscosity, = ⨯ ν =967.5 ⨯ 0.328⨯ 10-6 = 3.173⨯ 10-4 Ns/m2
Step 2:
We need to find the film thickness

δx = (from HMT data book page no: 148)

substitute all appropriate property value in above formula

δx = 1.13 ⨯ 10-4 m
Step 3:
We need to find the heat transfer coefficient h
For vertical surface laminar flow (assume) or find by Re-Reynolds number

Re = here P = perimeter; Re > 1800 then that flow is turbulent flow,

Re < 1800 then that flow is laminar flow,

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h= 0.943 (from HMT data book page no: 148)

The factor 0.943 may be replaced by 1.13 for more accurate result as
suggested by Mc Adams

h= 1.13

Substitute all the properties in above formula

h= 1495.3 W/m2 K

Step 4:
We need to find the heat transfer rate Q
Q=h A = h L W Q= 1495.3 ⨯ 0.4 ⨯ 1⨯
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10 = 5981.26 W

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Q = 5981.26 W

Step 5:
We need to find the rate of condensation of steam ṁ
Q=ṁ
ṁ = Q/

ṁ = 0.00265 kg/s

5. A condenser is to be designed to condense 600 kg/h of dry

saturated steam at a pressure of 0.12 bar. A square array of 400
tubes, each of 8 mm diameters is to be used. The tube surface is
maintained at 30o C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient and the
length of each tube. (April/May 2015) (NOV/DEC 2013)
Given:
ṁ = 600 kg/h = 0.166 kg/s
Pressure P = 0.12 bar
No. of tubes = 400
Diameter, D = 8 mm = 8 ⨯ 10-3 m
Surface temperature, Tw = 30o C.

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To find:
1. Heat transfer coefficient h
2. Length
Solution:
Step 1:
We need find the properties of steam at 0.12 bar (from steam table)
=49.45 o C.
= 2384.3 103 J/kg

Film temperature, Tf = = 39.72oC =40 o C

Properties of saturated water at 40oC (from HMT data book page no: 21)
Density, =995 kg/m3
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Kinematic viscosity, ν=0.657 ⨯ 10-6 m2/s

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Thermal conductivity K =0.628 W/mk
Dynamic viscosity, = ⨯ ν =995 ⨯ 0.657⨯ 10-6 = 653.7⨯ 10-6 Ns/m2
With 400 tubes, a 20 ⨯ 20 tube of square array could be formed
N = = 20
Step 2:
We need to find the heat transfer coefficient h

h= 0.728 (from HMT data book page no: 148)

h= 5304.75 W/m2 K

Step 3:
Q=h A =hDL =1.05 ⨯ 106 L ----- 1
We know that
Q=ṁ = 0.3957⨯ 106 W------2
Equating (1) and (2) We get, L = 0.37
m

6. In a double pipe counter flow heat exchanger,10000 kg/hr of an oil

having a specific heat of 2095 J/kg-k is cooled from 80oc to 50oc by
800kg/hr of water entering at 25oc. Determine the heat exchanger area

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for an overall heat transfer co-efficient of 300 W/m2k.Take CP for water
as 4180 J/kg-k.
Given:
Hot fluid – oil (T1-T2) Cold fluid - water (t1-t2)
The mass flow rate of oil (Hot fluid),mh =10000 kg/hr

mh = 2.277kg/s

Specific heat of oil, Cph = 2095 J/kg-k

Entry temperature of oil , T1 = 80OC
Exit temperature of oil , T2 = 50OC
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Mass flow rate of water (Cold fluid),mc =8000 kg/hr

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=

mc = 2.22 kg/s

Entry temperature of water, t1 = 25OC

Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 300 W/m2k
Specific heat of water, Cpc = 4180 J/kg-k

To find:
Heat exchanger area, A
Solution:
Heat lost by oil (Hot fluid) = Heat gained by water (Cold fluid)
Qh = Qc
mh Cph (T1-T2) = mc Cpc (t1-t2)
2.277 x 2095 (80-50) = 2.22 x 4180 x (t2 – 25)
174.53 x 103 = 9.27 x 103 t2 -231.99 x 103
t2 = 43.85oc

Exit temperature of water, t2 = 43.85oc

Heat transfer,Q = mh Cph (T1-T2) or mc Cpc (t1-t2)

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Q = 2.22 X 4180 X (43.85 -25)

Q = 174.92 X 103 W
We know that,
Heat transfer,Q = UA (∆T)m ............................................. (1)
Where,
(∆T)m – Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference.
(LMTD)

For counter flow, (∆T)m =

(∆T)m = 30.230c
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Substitute (∆T)m, U and Q value in eqn (1)
Q = UA (∆T)m
174.92×103 = 300 × A ×30.23

Heat exchanger area A = 19.287 m2

7. In a cross flow heat exchangers, both fluids an mixed, hot fluid with a
specific heat of 2300 j/kg k ,enters at 3800 and leaves at 3000c. Cold
fluids enter at 250c and leaves 2100C. Calculate the required surface
area of heat exchanger. Take overall heat transfer co-efficient is 750
w/m2k. Mass flow rate of hot fluid is 1Kg/s.
Given:
Specific heat of hot fluid Cph = 2300 J/Kg K
Entry temperature of hot fluid T1 = 380O C
Exit temperature of hot fluid T2 = 380O C
Entry temperature of Cold fluid t1 = 380O C
Exit temperature of Cold fluid t2 = 380O C
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 750 w/m2k
The mass flow rate of hot fluid ,mh =1 kg/s
To find:
Heat exchanger area (A)

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Solution:
This is Cross flow, both fluids unmixed type heat exchanger.
For cross flow heat exchanger,

Q = F UA (∆T)m (counter flow) ..................(1)

[From HMT Data book page No.

152]
Where,
(∆T)m – Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference for counter flow.

For counter flow, (∆T)m =

(∆T)m = 218.30c
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Heat transfer,Q = mh Cph (T1-T2)
Q = 1 X 2300 X (380-300)

Q = 184 X 103 W
To find correction factor F, refer HMT data book page No 162
[Single pass cross flow heat exchanger – Both fluids unmixed]
From graph,

Xaxis value P =

= X axis Value is 0.52, Curve Value is 0.432,

corresponding Yaxis Value is 0.97 i,e F= 0.97
P = 0.52

Curve Value R =

=
R = 0.432

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R = 0.432
0.9
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0
P = 0.52

Substitute, Q , F (∆T)m, and U value in eqn (1)

Q = F UA (∆T)m
184×103 = 0.97 × 750 × A × 218.3
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Surface Area A = 1.15m2

8. Classify the heat exchangers, draw the temperature distribution in a

condenser and evaporator.
There are several types heat exchangers which may be classified on the basis of
I. Nature of heat exchange process
II. Relative direction of fluid motion
III. Design and constructional features
IV. Physical state of fluids.
I.Nature of heat exchange process
On the basis of the nature of heat exchange processes, heat exchangers
are classified as
Direct contact heat exchangers or open heat exchangers
a) Indirect contact heat exchangers
a.Direct contact heat exchangers
The heat exchange takes place by direct mixing of hot and cold fluids.
This heat transfer is usually accompanied by mass transfer.
Ex: cooling towers, direct contact feed heaters
Gas

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Hot Water

Steam

Cold Water
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b. Indirect contact heat exchangerscould be carried out by transmission through a
wall which separates the two fluids
It may be classified as
i)Regenerators
ii)Recuperators
Regenerators
Hot and cold fluids flow alternately through the same space
Ex: IC engines, gas turbines
Recuperators
This is most common type of heat exchanger in which the hot and cold fluid
do not come into direct contact with each other but are seperated by atube wall
or a surface.
Ex: Automobile radiators, Air pre heaters,Economisers
Advantages
1. Easy construction
2. More economical
3. More surface area for heat transfer

Disadvantages

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1.Less heat transfer co-efficient
2.Less generating capacity
II. Relative direction of fluid motion
a.Parallel flow heat exchanger
b.Counter flow heat exchanger
c.Cross flow heat exchanger

a)Parallel Flow – the hot and cold fluids flow in the same direction. Depicts such
a heat exchanger where one fluid (say hot) flows through the pipe and the other
fluid (cold) flows through the annulus.

(b) Counter Flow – the two fluids flow through the pipe but in opposite
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directions. A common type of such a heat exchanger. By comparing the
temperature distribution of the two types of heat exchanger

We find that the temperature difference between the two fluids is more
uniform in counter flow than in the parallel flow. Counter flow exchangers give
the maximum heat transfer rate and are the most favoured devices for heating or
cooling of fluids. When the two fluids flow through the heat exchanger only once,
it is called one-shell-pass and one-tube-pass

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(c) Cross-flow - A cross-flow heat exchanger has the two fluid streams flowing at
right angles to each other. illustrates such an arrangement An automobile
radiator is a good example of cross-flow exchanger. These exchangers are 'mixed'
or 'unmixed' depending upon the mixing or not mixing of either fluid in the
direction transverse to the direction of the flow stream and the analysis of this
type of heat exchanger is extremely complex because of the variation in the
temperature of the fluid in and normal to the direction of flow
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.
III. Design and constructional features
a.Concentric tubes
b.Shell and tube
c.Multible shell and tube passes
d.Compact heat exchangers

a Concentric tubes
Two concentric pipes ,each carrying one of the fluids are used as a heat
exchanger.The direction of flow may be parallel or counter.

b. Shell and tube

One of the fluids move through a bundle of tubes enclosed by a shell.The
other fluid is forced through the shell and it moves over the outside surface of the
tubes.

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c. Multible shell and tube passes

If the fluid flowing through the tube makes one pass through half of the
tube, reverses its direction of flow, and makes a second pass through the
remaining half of the tube, it is called 'one-shell-pass, two-tube-pass' heat
exchanger, Many other possible flow arrangements exist and are being used.
depicts a 'two-shell-pass, four-tube-pass' exchanger.
d.Compact heat exchangers
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There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat

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exchangers.They are generally employed when convective heat transferco-
efficient associated with one of the fluids is much smaller than that associated
with the other fluid.

IV. Physical state of fluids

a.Condensers
b.Evaporators

a) Condenser
In a condenser, the condensing fluid temperature remains almost constant
throughout the exchanger and temperature of the colder fluid gradually increases
from the inlet to the exit.

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b) Evaporator
Temperature of the hot fluid gradually decreases from the inlet to the
outlet whereas the temperature of the colder fluid remains the same during the
evaporation process. Since the temperature of one of the fluids can be treated as
constant, it is immaterial whether the exchanger is parallel flow or counter flow.
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9. Water at the rate of 4 kg/s is heated from 38octo 55oc in a shell –and-tube
heat exchanger .The water is flow inside tube of 2 cm diameter with an
average velocity 35 cm/s. How water available at 95 oc and at the rate of 2.0
kg/s is used as the heating medium on the shell side .If the length of tubes
must not be more than 2m calculate the number of tube passes , the number
of tubes per pass and the length of the tubes for one pass shell, assuming UO
= 1500 w/m2k.
Given:

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Mc = 4 kg/s
TCI =38O C
TCO = 55OC
U = 35m/s
Thi = 95oc
Ch = 2 kg/s
UO = 1500 w/m2k
To find:
1) Number of tubes per pass
2) Number of passes
3) Length of tube per pass
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Solution:

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The heat transfer rate for the cold fluid is
Q = mc c c
= 4 X 4186 (55-38)
Q = 284.65 KW
The exit temperature of hot fluid can be calculated
Q = mhChΔTh
= 284.65 kw
ΔTh =

= 34OC

Tho = 95-34 =61oc

Counter flow heat exchanger

ΔTln =

ΔT1 = Th, I – Tc, o

= 95-55 = 40oc
ΔT2 = Th, o – Tc, i
= 61-38 = 23oc

ΔTln = = 30.72oc

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A= = 284.65 X 1000 /((1500)X30.72)

= 6.177m2
Using average velocity of water in the tubes and its flow rates
mc = ρAU
A = 4/[(1000)(0.35)]
A = 0.011429m2
This area is can also be put as the number of tubes

0.011429=nπ

n = 36.38

Taking n = 36, the total surface area of tubes for one shell pass exchanger in
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terms of L,
A = 6.177 =nπdL
L =6.177/[(36)π(0.02)]
L= 2.731m
Since this length is grater than the permitted length of 2m,
P=

= 0.3
R=

R=2
Thus the total area required for one shall pass,2 tube pass exchanger is
A’ = Q /[UFΔTln]
A’ = 6.863m2
Due to velocity requirement let the number of tubes pr pass still be 36
A’ = 2nπdl
L = 6.863/[2 X 36 X π X0.02]
L = 1.517 m

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1. A nickel wire carrying electric current of 1.5 mm diameter and 50 cm

long, is submerged in a water bath which is open to atmospheric
pressure.calculate the voltage at the burn out point, if at this point the wire
carries a current of 200A.
Given:
D = 1.5 mm = 1.5 *103 m
L =50 cm = 0.50 m
Current , I = 200 A.
To find:
Voltage (v)
Solution:
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We know that, saturation temperature of water is 100o C.
i.e., Tsat = 100o C.
PROPERTIES OF WATER AT 100O c .
From HMT Data book page no 21
ρl = 961 Kg / m3
ν = 0.293 * 10-6 m2/s
Pr = 1.740
Cpl = 4216 J /Kg k
μl = ρ l * ν
= 961 * 0.293 * 10-6
= 281.57 * 10-6 Ns/ m2
From steam table at 100O c .
hfg = 2256.9 KJ/Kg
hfg = 2256.9 * 10 3 J/Kg
νg = 1.673 m3/Kg
ρ ν = 1/ νg = 1/ 1.673
= 0.597 Kg / m3
ς = surface tension for liquid – vapour interface
At 100o C ( From HMT databook page no 144)
ς = 0.0588 N/m

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For Nucleate pool boiling critical heat flux ( at burn out)

Q/A = 0.18 * hfg * ρ ν [ ((ς * g * (ρl - ρ ν )) /( ρ ν 2 ))]0.25

From HMT databook page no 142
Substitute hfg , ρl ,ς , ρv
Q/A = 0.18 * 2256.9 * 103 * 0.597 8 [ (( 0.0588 * 9.81 * ( 961 – 0.597 )) /
(0.597)2)]
Q/A = 1.52 * 106 W/m2.

Heat transferred , Q = V * 1
Q/A = (V*1) / A
1.52 * 106 = (V * 200)/ (πdL)
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1.52 * 106 = ((V *200) / (π * 1.5 *10-3 * 0.50 ))
V = 17.9 Volts

2. An oil cooler of the form of tubular heat exchanger cools oil from a
temperature of 90o C to 35o C by a large pool of stagnant water assumed at
constant temperature of 28o C.The tube length is 32 m and diameter is 28
mm. The specific heat and specific gravity of the oil are 2.45 KJ / Kg K and
0.8 respectively. The velocity of the oil is 62 cm / s. Calculate the overall
heat transfer co – efficient.
Given:
Hot fluid – oil Cold fluid - water
( T1, T2) (t1 , t2)
Entry temperature of oil T1 = 90O C
Exit temperature of oil T2 = 35o C
Entry and Exit temperature of water , t1 = t2 = 28o C
Tube length L = 32 m
Diameter D = 28 mm = 0.028 m
Specific heat of oil , Cph = 2.45 KJ/Kg k = 2.45 * 10 3 J/Kg k
Specific gravity of oil = 0.8
Velocity of oil, C =62 cm / s = 0.62 m/s.

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To Find:
Overall heat transfer co- efficient U
Solution:
Specific gravity of oil = Density of oil / density of water
= ρ0 / ρw
0.8 = ρ0 / 1000
ρ0 = 800 Kg / m3.
Mass flow rate of oil, mh = ρ0 * A *C
= 800 * ((π/4)*(D2)*0.62
= 800 * ((π/4)*(0.0282)*0.62
mh = 0.305 Kg / s.
Heat transfer , Q = mh * Cph * ( T1 – T2)
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= 0.305 * 2.45 * 103 * (90 – 35)
Q = 41 * 103 W.
We know that
Heat transfer , Q = UA (∆T)m
From HMT databook page no 151
(∆T)m = logarithmic mean temperature difference ( LMTD)
For parallel flow
(∆T)m = [((T1 – t1) – (T2- t2))] / ln [ ((T1 – t1 ) /(T2 –t2 ))]
= [((90 – 28) – (35- 28))] / ln [ ((90 – 28 ) /(35 –28 ))]
(∆T)m = 25.2o C.
Substitute (∆T)m value in Q Equation
Q = UA (∆T)m
41*103 = U * π *D* L *(∆T)m
41*103 = U * π *0.028* 32 *25.2
U = 577.9
Overall heat transfer co – efficient , U = 577.9 W / m2 K

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