Visualization of Categorical and

Numerical Data – I

PRESENTED BY Kathirmani Sukumar

Data Scientist
Topic Number Topic Name
1 Classification of Charts
2 Variation within Categories
3 Summary

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Learning Objectives

By the end of this unit, you will be able to:

List the factors used for classifying charts with

respect to statistical data visualization

Explain the different graphs used for

visualizing variation in categorical data

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Classification of Charts

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Classification of Charts
Variation within Variation within Variation across
Categories Measures Space
How items in the categories How values in the Where are values located
relate to each other? measures are distributed in space relative to one
(Ranking, part-to-whole) across the range? another?
(Distribution) (Spatial)

Variation through Relationship Relationship

Time between Measures between
How values change through How measures relate to Categories
time? one another? How categories relate to
(Time-Series) (Correlation) each other mediated by
measures?
(InterCategory)

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Variation and Relationships
Visualization methods portray clearly the variations within the
categories and measures in the data, and also the relationships
between them.
Variation within Variation through
1 2
Categories Time

How items in the How values change through

categories relate to each time?
other?

Example: Example:
• Ranking • Time-Series
• Part-to-whole
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Variation and Relationships

Variation within Relationship between

3 4
Measures Measures

How values in the How measures relate to one

measures are distributed another?
across the range?

Example: Example:
• Distribution • Correlation

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Variation and Relationships

Relationship
5 Variation across Space 6
between Categories

Where are values located How categories relate to

in space relative to one each other mediated by
another? measures?

Example: Example:
• Spatial • InterCategory

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Variation within Categories

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Variation within Categories
Bar graphs are most suited for displaying values subdivided into
discrete instances along a nominal or ordinal scale.
The visual weight of bars places emphasis on the individual
values in the graph and makes it easy to compare individual
values to one another by simply comparing the height of the
bars.

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Variation within Categories
The three main types of bar graphs are:
Horizontal Vertical or Stacked Bar
Graph Column Graph Graph

Perfect for comparative Good for showing chronological Useful for handling
ranking, like a top-five list. data, such as growth over specific part-to-whole
periods, and comparing data relationships.
across categories.

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Variation within Categories
Single part-to-whole relationships using the pie chart.
• The arc length of each sector and consequently its central angle
and area, is proportional to the quantity it represents.
Car Taxi Two wheeler Cycle Local bus Metro Walk

3%
6%

28%
Pie chart showing a state’s 14%

skilled workforce in terms of

2%
their professions
12%

35%

Source - Devexpress

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Variation within Categories
The pie chart uses the doughnut chart for showing part-to-whole
relationships.

Doughnut chart showing

age-wise distribution of the
US population

Source - Devexpress

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Variation within Categories
Specialised Bar Graphs
Pareto Charts
• They are helpful to depict part-
of-whole relationships

• Bars arranged in descending

order of value

• Line denotes cumulative value

totalling to 100% and helps to
pin-point the main contributing
parts of the whole Analysis of root causes for
poor customer service
Source: pareto-chart.com

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Variation within Categories
Deviation Bar Graphs
• Directly expresses the variation
in value between values at two
points in time.
• Handy in cases where focus on
variation is value in time,
regardless of ranking or part-to-
whole relationships.

Source: Wikipedia - Bullet Graph

Increase/decrease in waterborne
disease cases after four weeks of
improved sanitation
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Variation within Categories
Specialised Bar Graphs
TreeMaps
• Used when the number of products to be compared in the categories
exceed what a bar graph can handle

• Designed to display part-to-whole relationships

• Rectangles are contained within larger rectangles to represent a

hierarchy of up to three levels

• Rectangle size can use colour to display another attribute

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Variation within Categories

Source - Theinformationlab

Copyright 2017, All Rights Reserved. Manipal Global Education Services Pvt. Ltd.
Summary

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Summary
In this unit you learnt:
• Factors used for classifying charts with respect to statistical
data visualization are variation within categories, variation
within measures, variation across space, variation through time,
relationship between measures and relationship between
categories.
• The different graphs used for visualizing variations in
categorical data are bar graphs, pie chart, pareto charts,
deviation bar graphs and treemaps.

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