Lahore College For Women University
Department of biotechnology
ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC :HISTORY OF COMPUTER
SUBMITTED TO :Ms.Iqra Shahid
SUBMITTED BY: Haram Jahangir
Date Of Submission :OCTOBER 31,2023
COMPUTER
an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form,
according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
EARLIEST COMPUTER
• Originally calculations were computed by humans,
whose job title was computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the
calculation of a mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and
expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in
1613, referring to a person who carried out
calculations, or computations, and the word continued
to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century .
Abacus
An Abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical
calculations .
The Abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
Napier’s Bones
John Napier in 1614 invented it and allowed the operator to
multiply,divide ,calculate ,square and cube by moving rod in specially constructed boards.
Slide Rule
In based on Napier’s ideas about logarithm invented in 1622 by William Oughtred used for
roots ,log and trigonometry and not for subtraction and addition .
OTHER INVENTIONS:
Pascaline was invented by Blaise Pascal and limited to addition and subtraction .
Stepped Reckoner ,the machine automatically divide ,multiply ,subtract and add.
The first mechanical computer invented in 1822 and 1834 by Charles Babbage.
Havard Mark 1
The very first electro-mechanical computer invented in 1943 by Howard H.Aiken.
Z1
The first programmable computer created in Germany from 1936 to 1938 by Konrad
Zuse.
To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into punch tape reader and all
output was generated by punch tape .
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
It was the first electronic digital computing device .
Invented by professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at lowa State
university between 1939 and 1942.
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was first electronic general purpose
computer .
Completed in 1946.
Developed by John presper Eckert and John W. Mauchl.
UNIVAC1
The UNIVAC1 (universal Automatic Computer 1) .
The first commercial computer .
Designed by J.presper and John Mauchly.
EDVAC
It stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer .
The first stored program computer .
It has memory to hold both stored program as well as data.
Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
The first portable Computer
Osborne 1- the first portable computer .
Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation .
The first Computer Company
The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company .
Founded in 1949 by J.presper and John Mauchly . Computer Generations
There are five generations of computer .
First generation :1946-1958
Second generation :1959-1964
Third generation :1965-1970
Fourth generation :1971-today
Fifth generation :Today -future
The first generation
The first computer used Vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory ,were often enormous ,taking up entire rooms.
They were expensive to operate and in addition to using electricity ,generated a lot of heat,which
was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computer relied on machine language ,the lowest level programming language
understood by computers to perform operations and they could only solve one problem at a
time .
Input was based on punched cards and paper tapes and output was displayed on printouts .
The second generation Computer
Second -generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic ,or
assembly languages which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words .
This computer also relied on punched cards and printouts for output .
This also stored instructions in their memory which moved from magnetic drums to magnetic
core technology.
The third generation computer
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation computer .
Transistors were placed on silicon chips called semiconductors which increased the speed and
efficiency of computers.
It is smaller than second generation Computer .
It’s also cheaper and could carry out instructions in billionth of a second .
Users interacted with the third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and
interacted with keyboard and interfaced with an operating system .
The fourth generation computer
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computer ,as many of integrated combined
into a single silicon chip.
They could be linked to form networks which eventually led to development of internet .
It also saw the development of mouse and handheld devices .
The fifth generation computer
Based on ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE .
Still in development.
The used of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a
reality .
Voice recognition is also being used today .
The Computer was born to solve problems that did not exist before .
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