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Uts 2nd Prelim

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32 views4 pages

Uts 2nd Prelim

reviewer

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tressellelagmay3
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© © All Rights Reserved
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● cultural differences in the perception of self

● distinction between eastern (Asia) and Western (Europe and North America)
thought.
● Importance of an open perspective on values, cultural expression of self

Asian philosophers and the self

CONFUCIANISM
● Focus on ethical conduct and social harmony
● Self-concept interwoven with community and social relationships
● The “subdued self” for the greater good society
:SELF -CULTIVATION
● The concept of self cultivation as a lifes purpose
● social hierarchy, maintain for balance and order
● “Chun-tzy”: ideal person of virtue

TAOISM
● Living in harmony with the tao (universe)
● The south as a part of the universe, rejecting strict definitions
● Selflessness and openness to change
:IDEAL SELF
● The idea of lives in balance with nature and society
● Forgetting prejudice and egocentric ideas
● spontaneous action through harmony with the Tao

BUDDHISM
● The self as an illusion and source of suffering
● renouncing the self to attain NIRVANA
● Breaking attachments and human center needs

WESTERN CONCEPT OF SELF


● Focus on individualism and personal development
● Self distinguish from others and external world
● Self esteem, derived from personal achievements and compassion with others

COMPARING WEST AND EAST


WESTERN VIEW (dualism)
: duality between self and others
INDIVIDUALISM: self above group, competition, and self promotion
● emphasis on equality and merit base success
EASTERN VIEW (unity)
: Interconnectedness with others and the world
The self in eastern thought as a part of a larger whole
COLLECTIVISM: group above self, cooperation, and social harmony
-differences in communication style in decision making
● Focus on social hierarchy and respect for authority

THE FILIPINO SELF: SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO


● Decolonization of Filipino identity
● “shared identity” and interconnected this true Kapwa (fellow human beings)
Key Filipino values
hiya (shame)
utang na loob (debt of gratitude)
pakikisama (social acceptance)

The Self as Cognitive Construct


● Psychology mainly focuses on the individual.
● It is interested in the function and processes of the brain, the mind, as well as the
behaviors related to the mental functions of a person.

The “self” as “the sense of personal identity and of who we are as individuals.”

On Self Within
William James - one of the earliest psychologist to study the self, and he
conceptualized the self as having 2 aspects:
“I” - is the thinking, acting, and feeling self.
“me” - physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that makes who we
are.

Carl Roger’s theory of personality also used the same terms.


The “I” as the one who acts and decides, while the
“me” is what you think or feel about yourself as an object.

Identity - is composed of one’s personal characteristics, roles, and responsibilities,


as well affiliations that define who one is.
Self-concept - what comes to your mind when you are asked about your self.
“The self, identity, and self concept are not fixed.”

SELF-SCHEMA
Our own organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are.
● Hobbies
● Religion
● Family
● Nationality

The frontal lobe of the brain as the specific area in the brain related to the processes of
self (Elmore, Oyserman, and Smith, 2012).

“This is not nature vs. nurture, instead a nature-and-nurture perspective.”


Nature: our genetics determine our behavior. Our personality, traits and abilities are in
our “nature”.
Nurture: our environment upbringing and the life experience determine our behavior.

We are nurtured to behave in certain ways Internal and External


The result of the interaction between who we think we are and how others see us is
what others call “self concept.”
Sometimes we are aware about these things, a lot of times, we do not know that we are
actually doing what is expected of us.

Carver and Scheier identified two types of self that we can be aware of.
1. The PRIVATE SELF or a person’s internal thoughts and feelings
2. The PUBLIC SELF or what a person commonly shows to the others, specifically
for creating a good public image.
Self-awareness also presents us with at least three other self-schemas:
actual self - who we are at the present.
ideal self - who we like to be, especially in the future.
ought self - who we think we should be in contrast to the actual self.

Self-awareness may be positive or negative depending on the circumstances and our


next course of action.
Self-consciousness - happens when self-awareness is too much that we are
concerned about being observed and criticized by others.

“The loss of individual self- awareness and individual accountability in groups.”


(Jhangiani and Tarry, 2014)
On Self-Esteem
Group Identity and Self-Awareness also affect our self-esteem which is defined as
our personal positive or negative perception or evaluation of ourselves.
Social Comparison Theory - we learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our
behaviors, as well as our social statuses by comparing aspects of ourselves with other
people.
Self Evaluation Maintenance Theory
We can feel threatened when someone outperforms us, especially when that person
is close to us, that is, a friend or family.
Self Evaluation Maintenance Theory
● We distance ourselves from that person or redefine our relationship with them.
● We may reconsider the importance of the aspect or skill in which we were
outperformed.
● We may strengthen our resolve to improve certain aspects of ourselves.
Narcissism
“A trait characterized by being overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-
centeredness.”
Rosenberg Scale - measures self-esteem.
Although self-esteem is an important concept related to the self, studies have shown
that it only has a correlation, not causality, to positive outputs and outlook.
In Baumeister, Smart, and Boden’s (1996) research on self-esteem they concluded
that:
Programs, activities, and parenting styles to boost self esteem should only be for
rewarding good behavior and other achievements, and not for the purpose of merely
trying to make children feel better about themselves or to appease them when they get
angry or sad.

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