Session 1: Introduction to Communication

What is communication?
Sharing of information from one person to other by speaking, writing, signals or
by any other means is called communication.

Communication Process (Cycle) or Elements of Communication

• Sender: the person who is starting the communication

• Message: the information that the sender wants to send
• Encoding: The way the sender wants the message to be looked like.
• Channel: From which medium the message travels.
• Receiver: the person who receives the message
• Decoding: What the receiver understands
• Feedback: the receiver's response to the message.

Perspectives in communication
Perspectives are fixed ideas and thoughts regarding something. For Example,
you have fixed the thought that your school principal is very strict so you will
not be able to talk to him friendly. You always think that he is very strict.

Factors affecting perspectives in communication

Here are some factors which affect perspectives.
Language: The language is used in communication
Visual Perception: how the person looks
Past Experience: Your past experience which him
Prejudice: some fixed idea about the person
Feelings: How are you feeling at that time
Environment: the environmental condition during communication
Personal factors: Personally how are you attached to him
Culture: Your culture and his culture are also a factor

Effective Communication.
The communication in which the receiver gets the best possible message that
the sender wants to convey. In other words, if the receiver gets the appropriate
message that the sender wants to convey is called effective communication.

7C's of Effective Communication

Importance of communication

If we have good communication skills, we can Inform, Influence, and

Express our feelings effectively.

1. Inform: To convey a piece of particular information or a fact. For

example – I got late because I was stuck in heavy traffic.
2. Influence: To influence someone to take a particular action that you
want. For example – Influencing the audience to buy your products.
3. Express Feelings: Sharing how you feel about an event or a person. For
example – Expressing your love towards your parents.

Session 2: Verbal Communication

Communication Styles/Methods
There are four main categories or communication styles including verbal, non-
verbal, written and visual.

Advantages of verbal communication

 Verbal Communication is very quick and easy.

 We get fast responses from other parties.
 We can change communication according to the other person’s reply.
Disadvantages of verbal communication
  Cultural difference between the two parties creates a communication
barrier – Like the use of different languages, accent, etc.
 Verbal communication depends only on words, and sometimes the
meaning of some words could be confusing and misunderstanding
between the sender and receiver may take place.
Types of Verbal Communication:-

1. Intrapersonal communication
2. Interpersonal Communication
3. Small Group Communication
4. Public Communication

Written Communication
It is an act of communicating through written words. Just like when you send
messages by written mode or the information written in newspaper, books etc.

Advantages of written communication

-It is a permanent record
-It can be circulated easily
-Suitable for future references

Disadvantages of written communication

-It takes time to write documents
-Once written it is difficult to change
-It requires good knowledge of language and grammar
-Receiver can interpret it in the wrong way

Public speaking
Speaking in front of a large number of people is called public speaking. It is
very difficult for any person to speak in from of many audiences. So 3ps of
Public speaking gives an idea to improve this skill.
3Ps of Public Speaking
Prepare: First of all be prepared for what you are going to speak.
Practice: Practice in front of a mirror helps to overcome the fear of the
audience.
Perform: Then perform in form of people. Take a long breath. This will help
you when you are nervous.

Session 3: Non-Verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication is one of the most effective methods of

communication. It includes a wide range of behaviours and gestures that are
often significant or powerful enough to convey meaning without the use of
words. These behaviours include facial expressions, eye contact, body language,
posture, touch and proximity.

Importance of non-verbal communication

In our daily life, we see that most of the communication is non-verbal. Many
time we express ourself just by using our eye contact or by hand movements. So
we can say that non-verbal communication is very important in our life.
Advantages
1. Provides clarity
2. Non-verbal communication can substitute for verbal communication
3. Useful for illiterate people
4. Useful for specially abled people
5. Impactful and effective
6. Quicker transmission of messages
7. Reduces wastage of time
Disadvantages –
1. Imprecise and vague
2. Long conversations are not possible
3. Meaning varies across cultures
4. Might Distort information – Non-verbal communication is very complex
and relies heavily on visual cues. One key challenge to non-verbal
communication is that it can be misinterpreted, which can lead to
misinterpretations in verbal communication. Non-verbal signals can also be
confused with one another.

Proximity of Position

Closeness and Personal Space (Proxemics)

Every culture has different levels of physical closeness appropriate to different types of
relationship, and individuals learn these distances from the society in which they grew
up.

The study of personal space is called proxemics.

Visual communication
This is also a very important type of communication. Sending a message
through images is very popular as you can see many advertisements on the
roadside and signboards all these contain much information but in form of
images. It is not bounded to any language anyone can understand what is being
expressed in the image.
The key elements of visual communication include:-
1. Visuals: These are the core components of visual communication, including
any form of visual representation used to convey a message, such as images,
illustrations, photographs, and videos.
2. Typography: The use of different fonts, sizes, and styles of text to enhance
readability and emphasize key points in the visual.
3. Color: The strategic use of colors to evoke emotions, create a visual
hierarchy, and support the overall message.
4. Composition: The arrangement of visual elements to create balance, unity,
and flow within the design.
5. Symbols and Icons: Simplified representations used to convey complex
ideas or concepts at a glance.
6. Charts and Graphs: Visual representations of data and statistics to make
information easier to understand and analyze.
7. Layout and Design: The organization of visual elements on a page or screen
to guide the viewer’s attention and enhance the overall aesthetic.
8. Context: Understanding the target audience, cultural influences, and the
specific purpose of the communication to tailor the visuals effectively.

Advantages Disadvantages

Visual communication is more interactive It cannot be used for detailed information

Some information cannot be communicated visual

It brings clarity to oral communication
such as policy, rules, etc.

Good for the uneducated receiver Information could be misinterpreted

Can be used for presentations and sharing

It could be costly to prepare graphs, charts, cartoon
complex ideas

Session 4: Writing Skills: Parts of Speech

From these sessions, you are going to study those topics which comes in the
English language. All these topics are not relevant to the Employability skills
Class 9 examination. So we will discuss only some important concepts.

There are 8 Parts of Speech

Noun: Words for people, place and things
Pronoun: Words used in place of Noun
 Adjective: Word used to describe Noun or Pronoun.
Verb: Doing words
Adverb: Words used to describe Verb. Ex-fast, slow
Preposition: Used before Noun or Pronoun to show its position. Ex- on, in, at
Conjunction: Used to join words or group of words. Ex- Because, and
Interjection: It shows Emotion. Ex- Alas, Hurrah

Session 5: Writing Skills: Sentences

Types of sentences
Active and passive sentences. Example:
 Rahul plays cricket.
 Cricket is played by Rahul.

Types of sentences (according to their purpose)

Session 6: Pronunciation Basics

Correct pronunciation of words is very important to communicate well. Listen

to correct speeches and practising more and more you can achieve good
pronunciation of words.

Different Sounds in English

Vowels: There are 5 vowels in the English language like a, e, i, o, u
Consonants: A total of 21 Consonants are there.
Diphthongs: Combination of two vowel sounds like ou, ea
Session 7: Greetings and Introductions

Types of greetings
Formal greetings: It is used when you don't know the person or to greet elderly
people.
Informal greetings: It is used to greet friends, family or a person known to you.

Session 8: Talking about Self

Talking about yourself means introducing yourself. While introducing yourself

keep it concise and tell some basic things like name, age, address, likes,
dislikes.

Session 9: Asking Questions I

5W+1H Method for Asking Questions

Who Where When What Why How

Session 10: Asking Questions II

There are two types of questions

1. Close-ended: The question which has answered only 'Yes' or 'No'. Options in
the answer are limited.
2. Open-ended: These type of questions can have a variety of answers