INTRODUCTION:

Transformers are critical components in modern electrical systems,

enabling the efficient transmission and distribution of electrical energy
across vast distances. The basic principle behind a transformer’s operation
is electromagnetic induction, where a changing magnetic field in the
primary coil induces a voltage in the secondary coil. This process allows
transformers to alter voltage levels, either stepping them up for
transmission over long distances or stepping them down for safe usage in
residential and industrial applications.

The voltage induced in the secondary coil is directly related to the number
of turns in both the primary and secondary coils. This relationship is
mathematically expressed asVs/Vp=Ns/Np:where:

● Vs is the secondary voltage,

● Vp is the primary voltage,
● Ns is the number of turns in the secondary coil,
● Np is the number of turns in the primary coil.

This equation illustrates the direct proportionality between the voltage ratio
and the turns ratio. In this project, we will design and construct a simple
transformer to empirically verify this relationship and explore the factors
that affect transformer performance, such as core material, winding
resistance, and magnetic coupling.

OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of this project is to design, construct, and test
a simple transformer to explore and understand the fundamental
relationship between the ratio of the output voltage (secondary
voltage) and the input voltage (primary voltage) and the
corresponding number of turns in the primary and secondary
coils. By investigating this relationship, the project aims to
provide practical insights into the principles governing
transformer operation, particularly focusing on the concept of
electromagnetic induction as described by Faraday's Law.
Additionally, this project seeks to highlight the importance of
transformers in electrical power distribution systems by
demonstrating how voltage levels can be efficiently adjusted to
meet various operational requirements. Through this
investigation, the project will also delve into the theoretical
aspects of transformer efficiency and power losses, providing a
comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing
transformer design and performance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
● Copper wire (for winding the primary and secondary coils)
● Iron core (soft iron rod or laminated iron sheets)
● AC power supply or function generator (for providing the input
voltage)
● Voltmeter (to measure input and output voltages)
● Ammeter (to monitor current)
● Multimeter (for additional measurements)
● Insulating tape or varnish (to insulate the windings)
● Switches, connectors, and terminals (for connections)
● Wooden or plastic base (to mount the transformer components)

THEORY:
The transformer operates on the principle of mutual induction, where a
varying current in the primary coil creates a varying magnetic field in
the core, which then induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the
secondary coil. The relationship between the induced EMF in the
secondary coil and the applied EMF in the primary coil is governed by
the number of turns in each coil. This relationship is given by the
transformer equation: Vs/Vp=Ns/Np.

Step-up transformer:
A step-up transformer increases the voltage from the primary coil to
the secondary coil by electromagnetic induction. The primary coil,
which has fewer turns, is connected to the input voltage, while the
secondary coil, with more turns, produces a higher output voltage. A
laminated steel core enhances magnetic flux between the coils for
efficient energy transfer, and insulation ensures safety and prevents
electrical leakage. The key function of a step-up transformer is to raise
the voltage for applications like power transmission over long
distances.

Step-down transformer:
A step-down transformer reduces voltage from the primary coil to the
secondary coil. The primary coil has more turns than the secondary
coil, leading to a lower output voltage. Like step-up transformers, it
operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction, with a
laminated steel core to enhance magnetic flux and ensure efficient
energy transfer. Insulation is used for safety. Step-down transformers
are commonly used in household appliances and devices where lower
voltage is required for safe and efficient operation.

The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of the power

output to the power input, typically expressed as a percentage:
Efficiency=Poutput/Pinput.
In an ideal transformer, the efficiency is 100%, meaning all the power
input is transferred to the output. However, in practical transformers,
losses occur due to factors such as winding resistance (copper
losses), core hysteresis, and eddy currents in the core material (iron
losses).

PROCEDURE:

1. Designing the Transformer:

○ Select a suitable iron core, such as a soft iron rod or
laminated iron sheets, to serve as the transformer's core.
○ Wind the primary coil around the core with a specific
number of turns (Np). Use copper wire and ensure that the
windings are tightly packed and uniformly distributed.
○ Insulate the primary coil with insulating tape or varnish to
prevent short circuits.
○ Wind the secondary coil over the primary coil or on a
separate section of the core, with a different number of
turns (Ns).
 ○ Ensure that the secondary coil is also insulated.
2. Setting Up the Experiment:
○ Mount the transformer on a wooden or plastic base for
stability.
○ Connect the primary coil to an AC power supply or function
generator.
○ Connect the secondary coil to a voltmeter to measure the
output voltage. Also, connect an ammeter in series to
monitor the current in the secondary circuit.
3. Taking Measurements:
○ Switch on the AC power supply and set a specific input
voltage.
○ Measure and record the input voltage (VpV_pVp) across
the primary coil using a voltmeter.
○ Measure and record the output voltage (VsV_sVs) across
the secondary coil.
○ Vary the number of turns in the secondary coil and repeat
the measurements to observe how the output voltage
changes.
4. Calculating the Voltage Ratio:
○ Calculate the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage
(VS/VP) for each configuration of the coil turns.
○ Compare the experimental results with the theoretical
values predicted by the transformer equation
VS/VP=NS/NP

5. Analyzing Efficiency:
○ If possible, measure the power input and output using a
wattmeter to calculate the transformer’s efficiency.
○ Analyze the factors contributing to any observed
inefficiencies, such as copper losses, core losses, and
leakage inductance

OBSERVATIONS:
 Primary Secondary Input Output Voltage Turns
Turns (Np) Turns (Ns) Voltage Voltage Ratio Ratio
(Vp) (Vs) (Vs/Vp) (Ns/Np)

100 50 12 V 6V 0.5 0.5

100 200 12 V 24 V 2.0 2.0

100 100 12 V 12 V 1.0 1.0

100 150 12 V 18 V 1.5 1.5

100 75 12 V 9V 0.75 0.75

ANALYSIS:
1. First Observation (100:50 turns ratio):
○ The output voltage is 6 V, exactly half of the input voltage,
as expected with a 50:100 turns ratio (0.5). This indicates
that the transformer is stepping down the voltage.
2. Second Observation (100:200 turns ratio):
○ The output voltage is 24 V, double the input voltage,
consistent with a 200:100 turns ratio (2.0). This shows that
the transformer is stepping up the voltage.
3. Third Observation (100:100 turns ratio):
○ The output voltage is equal to the input voltage at 12 V,
which matches the 1:1 turns ratio. This means there is no
voltage change, and the transformer maintains the same
voltage level.

4. Fourth Observation (100:150 turns ratio):

○ The output voltage is 18 V, indicating a voltage increase in
line with the 150:100 turns ratio (1.5). This shows that the
 transformer is stepping up the voltage but by a smaller
factor.
5. Fifth Observation (100:75 turns ratio):
○ The output voltage is 9 V, lower than the input voltage,
which aligns with a 75:100 turn ratio (0.75). The
transformer is stepping down the voltage slightly.

Result:
● The results demonstrate a clear relationship between the voltage
ratio and the turns ratio, confirming the transformer equation
Vs/Vp=Ns/Np.
● The data collected shows that the output voltage is proportional
to the turn ratio, as predicted by the theory.
These hypothetical values align with the expected behavior of an ideal
transformer, allowing us to conclude that the experiment supports the
theoretical model.