M5034/2401

Electrical Principles

Laboratory Report on Power Factor Correction and 3 phase Circuits

Student Name: Aman Kumar

Student Number: 23540174
Table of contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… 3
2. Methodology.………………………………………………………………………………… 4
2.1 Question 1 ……………………………………………………………………………… 5
2.1.1 Simulation Results…………………………………………………………………… 5
3. 3.1 Question 2 ………………………………………………………………………… 6
3.1.1 Simulation Results…………………………………………………………………. 6
4. 4.1 Question 3 ……………………………………………………………………………. 7
4.1.1 Simulation Results…………………………………………………………………. 7
4.1.1 Simulation Results…………………………………………………………………. 8
5. Conclusion/Recommendations ………………………………………………………. 9
6. References …………………………………………………………………………………...... 9
Introduction

Power Factor

Most loads in modern electrical distribution systems are inductive. Examples include motors,
transformers, gaseous tube lighting ballasts and induction furnaces. Inductive loads need a magnetic field
to operate. Inductive loads require two kinds of current:
True Power/Working power (W) to perform the actual work of creating heat, light, motion, machine output
and so on
Reactive power (VAR) to sustain the magnetic field Working power consumes watts and can be read on a
wattmeter. It is measured in kilowatts (kW). Reactive power doesn’t perform useful “work,” but circulates
between the generator and the load. It places a heavier drain on the power source, as well as on the power
source’s distribution system. Reactive power is measured in kilovolt-amperes-reactive (kVAR).
True power and reactive power together make up apparent power. Apparent power is measured in kilovolt-
amperes (kVA).
Power factor is the ratio of working power to apparent power. It measures how effectively electrical power
is being used. A high-power factor signals efficient utilization of electrical power, while a low power factor
indicates poor utilization of electrical power. To determine power factor (PF), divide working power (kW) by
apparent power (kVA).

KVAR
Capacitor
added

KVAR
Before

°
θ1 KVAR After

θ2 0.95 PF
After

Three Phase Voltages

Three phase voltage sources produce three voltages which are equal in magnitude but out of phase by
120°.A typical three-phase system consists of three voltage sources connected to loads by three or four
wires (or transmission lines).
The voltage sources can be either Star (Wye)connected as in fig (a), or delta connected as in fig (b).

fig (a) fig (b)

The voltages Van, Vbn and Vcn are called phase voltages. If the voltage sources have the same amplitude
and frequency and are out of phase with each other by 120°the voltages are said to be balanced.

Van + Vbn + Vcn=0

│Van │ =│Vbn│ =│Vcn│=0

Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out of phase with each other by 120°.
The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages pass through their respective maximum
values.
There are two possible combinations.

1. abc or positive Sequence 2. acb or negative sequence

Van = Vp∠ 0° Van + Vbn + Vcn=0
Vbn = Vp∠-120° │Van │ =│Vbn│ =│Vcn│=0
Vcn= Vp∠-240= Vp∠120 ° Van + Vbn + Vcn= Vp∠ 0° + Vp∠-120°+ Vp∠120
Vp is the effective or rms value of the phase =Vp(1.0-0.5-j0.866-0.5+j0.866) =0
voltages

Three-phase load
A three-phase load can be either Star(wye)-connected as in fig(c) or delta-connected as in fig(d).

fig(c) fig(d)
The neutral line in fig(c) may or may not be there, depending on whether the system is four- or three-wire. A
Star(wye)- or delta-connected load is said to be unbalanced if the phase impedances are not equal in
magnitude or phase.
For a balanced Star(wye)-connected load,
Z 1= Z 2= Z 3= Z Y

For a balanced delta-connected load,

Za= Zb= Zc= Z∆
Z∆=3zy or Zy=1/3 Z Δ
Since both the three-phase source and the three-phase load can be either wye- or delta-connected, there
are four connections:

A. Y-Y connection (i.e., Y-connected source with a Y-connected load).

B. Y-Δ connection (i.e., Y-connected source with a Δ -connected load).
C. Δ-Y connection (i.e., Δ -connected source with a Y-connected load).
D. Δ -Δ connection (i.e., Δ -connected source with a Δ -connected load).
In this lab we will be discussing the most common 2 scenarios
a) A balanced Y-Δ system consists of a balanced Y-connected source feeding a balanced Δ-
connected load.
b) A balanced Δ-Y system consists of a balanced Δ-connected source feeding a balanced Y-
connected load

Methodology 1

For the given circuit diagram in Figure 1, determine the following:

a. I)Calculate the inductive reactance?

XL=2πfL XL= 2πfL

Given: XL = 2π(50)(2)
L = 2H XL = 628.3185307 Ω
R = 500Ω
b. II)Calculate the total impedance in rectangular form?

We know, Impedance in polar form is calculated by scientific calculator

XL = 628.3185307 Ω using pol function alternatively.
Pol(500Ω +j628.3185307 )shift F
Rectangular form from above yields Using the formula
Z=R+ jXl Z=√(R2 +(XL )2 ∠ ∓ tan- 1(XL/R)
= 500Ω +j628.3185307 Ω = √(5002)+(628.3185307) ∠ tan-1 (500/628.3185307)
ZT =802.9845428∠51.48811275° Ω
Converting to Polar form yields

c. Calculate current drawn from the supply?

We know, IT = VS /Z
V1=230V ∠0° V = 230∠0 °V/ (802.9845428∠51.48811275° Ω)
ZT =537.44980035 ∠51.48811275° Ω IT =0.286431416∠-51.48811275° A

d. Phase Diagram not to scale

230V VS

-51.488°
0
LAG

IT

e. What is the power factor this circuit?

Power Factor =Cos φ= Cos 51.48811275 = 0.622676992

Placing the wattmeter in simulation also yields the similar power factor of 0.62145. The uncertainty in the
values could be due the tolerance of the values taken by the software while simulating.
f. What is the true power(Active Power), reactive power and apparent power of this circuit?
P=I2R =VS I Cos φ

 Active Power(True)  Reactive Power

From the above calculation we have found XL = 628.3185307 Ω IT =0.286431416
Q=VI Sin φ=I2XL
Cos φ=0.622676992 =(0.286431416)2 x(628.3185307 )
IT =0.286431416 =51.54910961VAR
 Apparent Power
P=I2R =VS I Cos φ S=VI= I2Z
=(230)*(0.286431416)*( 0.622676992) =(230)(0.286431416)
=41.02147817W =65.87922568VA

g. What is the capacitance reactance required to improve the power factor to 0.95?

Reactance
Capacitor
added
Reactance
Before

θ1 Reactance
After
0.95 PF
θ2 After

Resistance

Reactance
Capacitor
added
628.318 Ω
A

θ=51.48° Reactance
θ2=18.19° After
0.95 PF
After
O
500 Ω B

To improve the power factor to 0.95 the Impedance triangle will change from OCB to OAB
Cos φ2=0.95 hence φ2= Cos-1(0.95)=18.19487234°
Total Reactance after PFC Capacitive Reactance
Tan θ=AB/Adj CA =CB-AB
Tan 18.19=AB/500 = 628.3185307 -164.34200526Ω
AB= 500 Tan 18.19487234° XC =463.9764781 Ω
AB =164.34200526Ω
h. What is the value of capacitance added and new current drawn from the supply
XC= 1/2Πfc Z=√(5002+164.34200526 2 Ω)
C =1/2ΠfXC = 526.31577747∠18.19486744° Ω
= 1/2π(50)(463.9764781)
C =6.860474641µF New Current
I = VS /Z
New Impedance = 230∠0 °V/ (526.31577747∠18.19486744° Ω
Z=500+j164.34 IT =0.4370001∠-18.19486744° A

The simulated value of power factor and current after the power factor correction is similar and has an
uncertainty of significant rounding errors only. The calculated current after PFC 0.4370001and simulated
value is 436mA which are same.

Methodology 2
a) What is this configuration called?
A balanced Y-Δ system consisting of a balanced Y-connected source feeding a balanced Δ-
connected load.

b) Determine the line-to-line voltage and phase voltage coming from the supply

Assuming positive sequence the phase voltage Star source to Delta Load
are as follows .The phase voltage is the voltage
from any one of the three phases to the neutral
point

Van = Vp∠ 0°
Vbn = Vp∠-120°
Vcn= Vp∠120 °
V phase=230 v

The line-to-line voltage is the voltage between The simulated and calculated values are similar
any two of the three phases. and same.
V ab =√3Vp∠ 30°=VAB
V AB =√3x230∠ 30° = 398.372∠ 30°V
V bc = √3Vp∠ -90°=VBC
V BC = √3x230∠ -90° = 398.372∠ -90°V
Vca = √3Vp∠ -150°=VCA
VCA= √3x230∠ -150°= 398.372∠ -150°V
Vline =VP √3=√3x230
=398.3716857V

c) Determine the line-to-line voltage and phase voltage across the load
Since the load is connected in a Delta configuration, the line-to-line voltage and the phase voltage across
the load are the same as those from the supply.
The simulation results for phase and line voltages correspond to the actual calculated values.
d) The phase currents have the same magnitude but are out of phase with each other by 120.
IAB = VAB/Z IBC = VBC/Z ICA = VCA/Z
= 398.378/500 = 398.378/500 = 398.378/500
=0.796743371A =0.796743371A =0.796743371A

e) The line currents are obtained from the phase currents by applying KCL at nodes A, B, and C.

Ia =IAB-ICA , Ib=IBC-IAB IC=ICA-IBC

Ia =IAB-ICA =IAB(1-1∠ -240°)

= IAB(1+0.5-j0.866)
= IAB√3∠-30°

IL =√3 IP

Ia = IAB√3 Ib = IBC√3 Ic = ICA√3

=0.796743371x√3 =0.796743371x√3 =0.796743371x√3
=1.38A =1.38A =1.38A

f) Simulation Results for the phase and line currents matches the calculated values.
Methodology 3

a) What is this configuration called?

A balanced Δ-Y system consisting of a balanced Δ connected source feeding a balanced Y-
connected load.

b) Determine the line-to-line voltage and phase voltage coming from the supply

Assuming the abc sequence, the phase

voltages of a delta-connected source are.
Vab = Vp∠ 0°
Vbc = Vp∠-120°
Vca= Vp∠120 °
Vab= Vbc= Vca
Source line voltage equal 230v
Assuming there are no line impedances, the
phase voltages of the delta connected Delta source to Star Load
source are equal to the voltages across the Source Phase Voltage equals
impedances. The equivalent wye (Star)- VAN=VP/(√3) ∠-30°
connected source has the phase voltages. VAN=230/(√3) ∠-30°
=132.79056191361V

c) Determine the line-to-line voltage and phase voltage across the load

When the Δ-connected source is transformed to a Y-

connected source VBN =VP/(√3) ∠-150°
Vphase is equal to =230/(√3) ∠-150°
=132.79056191361V
VAN=VP/(√3) ∠-30°
VAN=230/(√3) ∠-30° VCN =VP/(√3) ∠90°
=132.79056191361V =230/(√3) ∠90°
=132.79056191361V
d) Determine the line-to-line current and phase current across the load

Apply KVL to loop aANBba to find phase current The line currents are
-Vab +ZyIa– Z yIb=0 Ia =(Vp/√3∠30°/(Z)
Zy( Ia– Ib)= Vab=VP∠0° = Vp∠-30°/(√3Z)
Ia– Ib=VP/ Zy = 230/(√3x500)
But Ia lags Ib by 120° for abc sequence =0.265581123A
Ia=Ib∠-120°
Ia - Ib= Ia(1-1∠-120°) Ib = Vp∠-120°/(√3Z)
= Ia(1+1/2+j(√3/2) =230/(√3x500)
= Ia (√3∠30°) =0.265581123A

Equating the 2 equations gives us Ic = Vp∠120°/(√3Z)

Ia =(Vp/√3∠30°/(Z) =230/(√3x500)
= Vp∠-30°/(√3Z) =0.265581123A

e) Which are the same as the phase currents

f) Simulation values correspond to the calculated values hence we can conclude the exercise made
us well versed with the configuration.
Conclusion

The lab simulation and calculation showed the significance of understanding three-phase power
configurations and the necessity of power factor correction in electrical engineering. By solving the given
problem with calculations and comprehensive simulations, we validated key theoretical principles and
observed their real-world implications. The exploration of different three-phase configurations, including
wye and delta connections, provided a robust understanding of their distinct characteristics and
applications. Moreover, the analysis of power factor correction techniques demonstrated their critical role
in enhancing system efficiency and reducing energy losses. These practical experiences not only
corroborated our theoretical knowledge but also deepened our insight into the dynamic behaviour of
electrical circuits under varying operational conditions. In the end, the lab successfully met its learning
goals and gave us the fundamental knowledge and abilities needed to analyse and improve electrical
circuits.

References

Bird, J. (2021). Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology (6th ed.). Routledge.
Nahvi, M., & Edminister, J. (2017). Schaum's Outline of Electric Circuits (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
ngineerguy. (2021, May 6). Electrical Engineering: Ch 13: 3 Phase Circuit (32 of 53) A Balanced Delta-Y
Circuit: Ex 2 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPM-QHrxPC0