Write Up Lab 3
Write Up Lab 3
Electrical Principles
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… 3
2. Methodology.………………………………………………………………………………… 4
2.1 Question 1 ……………………………………………………………………………… 5
2.1.1 Simulation Results…………………………………………………………………… 5
3. 3.1 Question 2 ………………………………………………………………………… 6
3.1.1 Simulation Results…………………………………………………………………. 6
4. 4.1 Question 3 ……………………………………………………………………………. 7
4.1.1 Simulation Results…………………………………………………………………. 7
4.1.1 Simulation Results…………………………………………………………………. 8
5. Conclusion/Recommendations ………………………………………………………. 9
6. References …………………………………………………………………………………...... 9
Introduction
Power Factor
Most loads in modern electrical distribution systems are inductive. Examples include motors,
transformers, gaseous tube lighting ballasts and induction furnaces. Inductive loads need a magnetic field
to operate. Inductive loads require two kinds of current:
True Power/Working power (W) to perform the actual work of creating heat, light, motion, machine output
and so on
Reactive power (VAR) to sustain the magnetic field Working power consumes watts and can be read on a
wattmeter. It is measured in kilowatts (kW). Reactive power doesn’t perform useful “work,” but circulates
between the generator and the load. It places a heavier drain on the power source, as well as on the power
source’s distribution system. Reactive power is measured in kilovolt-amperes-reactive (kVAR).
True power and reactive power together make up apparent power. Apparent power is measured in kilovolt-
amperes (kVA).
Power factor is the ratio of working power to apparent power. It measures how effectively electrical power
is being used. A high-power factor signals efficient utilization of electrical power, while a low power factor
indicates poor utilization of electrical power. To determine power factor (PF), divide working power (kW) by
apparent power (kVA).
KVAR
Capacitor
added
KVAR
Before
°
θ1 KVAR After
θ2 0.95 PF
After
Three phase voltage sources produce three voltages which are equal in magnitude but out of phase by
120°.A typical three-phase system consists of three voltage sources connected to loads by three or four
wires (or transmission lines).
The voltage sources can be either Star (Wye)connected as in fig (a), or delta connected as in fig (b).
Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out of phase with each other by 120°.
The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages pass through their respective maximum
values.
There are two possible combinations.
Three-phase load
A three-phase load can be either Star(wye)-connected as in fig(c) or delta-connected as in fig(d).
fig(c) fig(d)
The neutral line in fig(c) may or may not be there, depending on whether the system is four- or three-wire. A
Star(wye)- or delta-connected load is said to be unbalanced if the phase impedances are not equal in
magnitude or phase.
For a balanced Star(wye)-connected load,
Z 1= Z 2= Z 3= Z Y
Methodology 1
230V VS
-51.488°
0
LAG
IT
Placing the wattmeter in simulation also yields the similar power factor of 0.62145. The uncertainty in the
values could be due the tolerance of the values taken by the software while simulating.
f. What is the true power(Active Power), reactive power and apparent power of this circuit?
P=I2R =VS I Cos φ
g. What is the capacitance reactance required to improve the power factor to 0.95?
Reactance
Capacitor
added
Reactance
Before
θ1 Reactance
After
0.95 PF
θ2 After
Resistance
Reactance
Capacitor
added
628.318 Ω
A
θ=51.48° Reactance
θ2=18.19° After
0.95 PF
After
O
500 Ω B
To improve the power factor to 0.95 the Impedance triangle will change from OCB to OAB
Cos φ2=0.95 hence φ2= Cos-1(0.95)=18.19487234°
Total Reactance after PFC Capacitive Reactance
Tan θ=AB/Adj CA =CB-AB
Tan 18.19=AB/500 = 628.3185307 -164.34200526Ω
AB= 500 Tan 18.19487234° XC =463.9764781 Ω
AB =164.34200526Ω
h. What is the value of capacitance added and new current drawn from the supply
XC= 1/2Πfc Z=√(5002+164.34200526 2 Ω)
C =1/2ΠfXC = 526.31577747∠18.19486744° Ω
= 1/2π(50)(463.9764781)
C =6.860474641µF New Current
I = VS /Z
New Impedance = 230∠0 °V/ (526.31577747∠18.19486744° Ω
Z=500+j164.34 IT =0.4370001∠-18.19486744° A
The simulated value of power factor and current after the power factor correction is similar and has an
uncertainty of significant rounding errors only. The calculated current after PFC 0.4370001and simulated
value is 436mA which are same.
Methodology 2
a) What is this configuration called?
A balanced Y-Δ system consisting of a balanced Y-connected source feeding a balanced Δ-
connected load.
b) Determine the line-to-line voltage and phase voltage coming from the supply
Assuming positive sequence the phase voltage Star source to Delta Load
are as follows .The phase voltage is the voltage
from any one of the three phases to the neutral
point
Van = Vp∠ 0°
Vbn = Vp∠-120°
Vcn= Vp∠120 °
V phase=230 v
The line-to-line voltage is the voltage between The simulated and calculated values are similar
any two of the three phases. and same.
V ab =√3Vp∠ 30°=VAB
V AB =√3x230∠ 30° = 398.372∠ 30°V
V bc = √3Vp∠ -90°=VBC
V BC = √3x230∠ -90° = 398.372∠ -90°V
Vca = √3Vp∠ -150°=VCA
VCA= √3x230∠ -150°= 398.372∠ -150°V
Vline =VP √3=√3x230
=398.3716857V
c) Determine the line-to-line voltage and phase voltage across the load
Since the load is connected in a Delta configuration, the line-to-line voltage and the phase voltage across
the load are the same as those from the supply.
The simulation results for phase and line voltages correspond to the actual calculated values.
d) The phase currents have the same magnitude but are out of phase with each other by 120.
IAB = VAB/Z IBC = VBC/Z ICA = VCA/Z
= 398.378/500 = 398.378/500 = 398.378/500
=0.796743371A =0.796743371A =0.796743371A
e) The line currents are obtained from the phase currents by applying KCL at nodes A, B, and C.
IL =√3 IP
f) Simulation Results for the phase and line currents matches the calculated values.
Methodology 3
b) Determine the line-to-line voltage and phase voltage coming from the supply
c) Determine the line-to-line voltage and phase voltage across the load
Apply KVL to loop aANBba to find phase current The line currents are
-Vab +ZyIa– Z yIb=0 Ia =(Vp/√3∠30°/(Z)
Zy( Ia– Ib)= Vab=VP∠0° = Vp∠-30°/(√3Z)
Ia– Ib=VP/ Zy = 230/(√3x500)
But Ia lags Ib by 120° for abc sequence =0.265581123A
Ia=Ib∠-120°
Ia - Ib= Ia(1-1∠-120°) Ib = Vp∠-120°/(√3Z)
= Ia(1+1/2+j(√3/2) =230/(√3x500)
= Ia (√3∠30°) =0.265581123A
The lab simulation and calculation showed the significance of understanding three-phase power
configurations and the necessity of power factor correction in electrical engineering. By solving the given
problem with calculations and comprehensive simulations, we validated key theoretical principles and
observed their real-world implications. The exploration of different three-phase configurations, including
wye and delta connections, provided a robust understanding of their distinct characteristics and
applications. Moreover, the analysis of power factor correction techniques demonstrated their critical role
in enhancing system efficiency and reducing energy losses. These practical experiences not only
corroborated our theoretical knowledge but also deepened our insight into the dynamic behaviour of
electrical circuits under varying operational conditions. In the end, the lab successfully met its learning
goals and gave us the fundamental knowledge and abilities needed to analyse and improve electrical
circuits.
References
Bird, J. (2021). Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology (6th ed.). Routledge.
Nahvi, M., & Edminister, J. (2017). Schaum's Outline of Electric Circuits (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
ngineerguy. (2021, May 6). Electrical Engineering: Ch 13: 3 Phase Circuit (32 of 53) A Balanced Delta-Y
Circuit: Ex 2 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPM-QHrxPC0