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Theories of Intelligence - Unit 1

theories of intelligence

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81 views23 pages

Theories of Intelligence - Unit 1

theories of intelligence

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aiemyoptimus
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 1

THEORIES OF
INTELLIGENCE

Ref. Journal of Everyman’s Science, Cognitive Psychology by


Sternberg
DEFINITION OF
INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence is a very general mental capability that among


other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve
problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn
quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book
learning, a narrow academic skill, or test taking smarts.
Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability of
comprehending our surroundings – catching on, making
sense of things, or figuring out what to do. (Mainstream
science on intelligence, 1994).
DEFINITIONS GIVEN BY 3

PSYCHOLOGISTS
• Francis Galton- “ intelligence is a function of psychophysical abilities”
• Alfred Binet- intelligence as the function of ability to learn within academic field.
• Intelligence is defined as judgement, otherwise called good sense, practical sense, initiative, the
faculty of adapting one’s self to circumstances.....auto – critique. (Alfred Binet)
• William stern-

• IQ incomplete measurement
• Lewis Terman- Stanford Binet Intelligence scale
• David Wechsler- developed Three Wechsler scales: WAIS, WISC-IV, WPPSI
• The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and
to deal effectively with his environment. (David Wechsler)
4
DEFINITION OF
INTELLIGENCE
• The ability to deal with cognitive complexity (Linda Gottfredson)
• Goal directed adaptive behaviour (Sternberg and Salter)
• The theory of structural cognitive modifiability describes intelligence as the
unique propensity of human beings to change or modify the structure of their
cognitive functioning to adapt to the changing demands of a life situation
(Reuven Feuerstein)
• Innate general cognitive ability (Cyril Burt)
THEORIES OF
INTELLIGENCE
Many theories- each has different
perspectives on thinking

Gives contradictory explanations about


intelligence
6

FACULTY THEORY
❑ Oldest theory
❑ Mind is made up of different faculties like reasoning,
memory, discrimination, imagination.
❑ These faculties are independent of each other
❑ Criticized by experimental psychologist who disproved the
existence of independent faculties in the brain.
7
ONE FACTOR/ UNI FACTOR
THEORY
❑ It reduces all abilities to a single capacity of general
intelligence or common sense.

❑ All abilities are correlated and there is no allowance for


unevenness of people on different abilities.

❑ Criticism – this goes against the common observation


8

SPEARMAN’S TWO FACTOR


THEORY
G FACTOR S FACTOR
❑ General ability ❑ Group of specific abilities
❑ Universal inborn ability ❑ Acquired from environment
❑ Greater g factor greater ❑ Varies from activity to activity
success
9

THORNDIKE’S MULTIFACTOR THEORY

LEVEL- level of difficulty

RANGE- number of the tasks

AREA- total number of situations

SPEED- rapidity
THURSTONE’S THEORY: PRIMARY 10
MENTAL ABILITIES/ GROUP FACTOR
THEORY

Developed the
TEST OF
PRIMARY
MENTAL
ABILITIES
(PMA)
11

GUILFORD’S MODEL OF
STRUCTURE OF
INTELLIGENCE
Three dimensional structure of intellect model
Intellectual task can be classified as
❑ Content
❑ Mental operations
❑ Product
12

GUILFORD’S MODEL OF STRUCTURE OF


INTELLIGENCE
VERNON’S HIERARCHICAL 13

THEORY
14

VERNON’S HIERARCHICAL
THEORY
❑ Studied about the contributions of environmental & genetic
factors to intellectual development

❑ He concluded that 60% can be attributed to genetic factors


for the development of ones intellectual capacity.
15

CATTELL’S FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED


THEORY
GARDENER’S THEORY OF
16
MULTIPLE
INTELLIGENCE
STERNBERG’S TRIARCHIC 17

THEORY
❑ Analytical intelligence – refers to academic ability.
Enables us to solve problems and acquire new
knowledge.
❑ Creative intelligence- ability to cope with novel
situations and to profit from experience.
❑ Practical intelligence or street smarts – enable people
to adapt to the demands of their environment .
ANDERSON’S THEORY – 18
COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
❑ Proposed that human cognitive architectures will have
adapted optimally to the problems posed in their
environment.
❑ Difference in intelligence is based on difference in basic
processing of thinking mechanisms
19

EYSENCK’S STRUCTURAL THEORY


Discovered the neurological correlates of intelligence.
Identified three correlates of intelligence –
❑ Reaction time
❑ Inspection time
❑ Average evoked potential- mental waves
❑ Intelligent people take less reaction and inspection time
❑ Mental waves measured by EEG
❑ mental waves are complex in intelligent people
20
THEORY OF EMOTIONAL
INTELLIGENCE
❑ According to Goleman (1995), emotional intelligence consists of
abilities such as being able to motivate oneself and persist in the
face of frustrations, to control impulse and delay gratification
to regulate one’s moods and keep distress from affecting the
ability to think.
To empathize and to hope.

❑ The main areas – knowing one’s emotions, managing emotions,


motivating oneself, recognizing emotions in others and handling
relationships.
21

INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY


❑ Studies about mental processes
❑ Hunt (2005) – interested in studying how people mentally manipulate
what they learn and how about the world.
❑ Focus on flow of information
❑ Both speed and the accuracy of information processing is important
factor in intelligence.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 22

❑ Goal : Max AI rather the simulation of human intelligence


❑ AI is both the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science
which aims to create it through the study and design of intelligent agents or
rational agents where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its
environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success.
23

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
❑ Achievements in AI include constrained and well defined problems such as games,
crossword solving optical character recognition and robots.
❑ ELIZA & PARRY –programs developed to model belief system
❑ MYCIN-diagnosis bacterial diseases by analyzing blood tests
❑ The traits that researchers hope machines will exhibit are reasoning, knowledge,
planning, learning, communication , perception and the ability to move and
manipulate objects.

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