Chapter 1

Interconnected Power System

Interconnected Power system
• Vs
Z
Vr
I
Load ( Pload)

𝑃
Pload = Vr*I*cos(ɸ) or I =
𝑉𝑟∗𝐶𝑜𝑠(ɸ)
And, Vr = Vs – IZ
When number of consumers increases along with increase in distance from the
generation
Vs Vr I1 I2
Z I5
Load ( Pload)
I
I3 I4

I = I1 + I2 + I3 + ……….
As load increases, current increases. As the current increases, voltage drop increases
and hence the receiving end voltage decreases.
i.e. Vr = Vs – I * Z …..………………(1)
 Interconnected Power System Contd.
And, the power loss also increases
2 𝑃2
i.e. 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 2 R
𝑉𝑟 cos(∅)2
1
i.e. 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝛼 ………………..(2)
𝑉𝑟2
• From equation (1), as the current decreases voltage drop decreases and receiving end voltage
increases.
• As the receiving end voltage increases, power loss decreases
That is why the high voltage transmission system is employed universally. Therefore, for single
generating unit
Transmission Line Load 1

Load 2
Step down
Generating Step up
Transformer
Station Transformer
Interconnected Power System contd. …
• Let us assume that there are two separate generating stations suppling two separate loads
i) For one generation, these are some excess power which is generated in that area is not used
there.
ii) For 2nd case, there is need of more power than amount is being generated.

50 MW 20 MW 50 MW
20 MW
Fig. (i) Fig. (ii)

Interconnected Problem Solved

Interconnected Power System contd. ….

T2
T1 L1
G1 G2

L2 L3

T3 T4

G3 L4 G4

Load 1
Load 2
Fig: Interconnected Power System
 Advantages of Interconnected Power System
i) Load Sharing:
• In an isolated system, the whole load has to be handled by the system itself which
sometimes leads to the system overload.
• But in interconnected system, the load is shared by the whole interconnected
system, so the chances of system overload is reduced.
ii) Decrease in Power Reserve capacity

• Reduces no. of generators or installed capacity

Advantages of Interconnected Power System contd. …
iii) Economical Operation:
• It reduces capital cost and thus generation cost. Power is transmitted according to load sharing
basis. That is because large unit cab be used and healthy and large plant can provide extra power.
iv) Increase Reliability:
• Reliability denotes the state of continuous uninterrupted power supply. Due to the
interconnection of every system, the extra power can be taken from the grid and extra available
power can be provided to the grid.
• Even if one generation is malfunctioned then another healthy (unit) system can provide required.
v) Constant Voltage and Frequency
• Infinite bus has characteristic of maintaining constant voltage and constant frequency despite of
change in load. So, the frequency and voltage of interconnected system remain same.
❖ Voltage constant
V = E - I𝑍𝑒𝑞 ; where V = infinite bus voltage, E = induced emf of generator
𝑍
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑠 ; 𝑍𝑠 = Synchronous impedance of each generator, n =no. of generator
𝑛
If number of generators increase, equivalent impedance decrease and V becomes equal to E.
Advantages of Interconnected Power System contd. …
❖ Constant frequency:
Moment of inertia of n alternator
𝐽𝑒𝑞 =J + J + J + ………..+J = nJ ; where J = moment of inertia of each generator
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑟 𝑇𝑎
Acceleration of alternator = =
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑛𝐽
If number of alternator (n) is very large, equivalent moment of inertia (nJ) is very large;
acceleration of alternator is decrease ( almost zero) and speed/ frequency remain constant.
vi) Interconnected utilities can schedule power transfer during normal periods to take advantage of
energy cost differences in respective areas, load diversity, time zone differences etc.
Disadvantages of Interconnected system
• In increases the fault level at the bus and thus requires protective devices of large
capacity
• It may result in fault propagation.
 Reactive power voltage/ active power- frequency relationships
Generally in power system, real power is related with load angle ( i.e. frequency) and reactive power is related
with voltage.
Consider a two bus system connected through a line
Form equation (1),
P−jQ 𝑄𝑋+𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑋−𝑄𝑅
V2 = V1 - ( R + jX) = V1 - -j
V1 V1 V1
Part –I Part –II
Fig: Single line diagram of power system Real part Img. part

Let 𝑉1 is the reference voltage ( i.e. angle =0)

Transmission line resistance is very small and we can
Now, V1 = V2 + IZ ; where Z = R +j X neglected i.e. R=0 (i.e. we can assume lossless line).
Or, V2 = V1 - I( R + jX) ………..(1) 𝑄𝑋 𝑃𝑋
V2 = V1 − -j …………(3)
V1 V1
Now, 𝑆1 = V1 I∗ (𝑆1 = P +jQ) • V1 is kept constant by changing the excitation of
𝑆1∗ = 𝑉1∗ I synchronous generators.
P−jQ • P and Q are the real and reactive power transmitted
or, I = ……….(2) [ 𝑉1∗ = V1 since angle is zero] to the load bus.
V1
Reactive power voltage/ active power- frequency relationships contd. …
Observation
P−jQ 𝑄𝑋+𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑋−𝑄𝑅
V2 = V1 - ( R + jX) = V1 - -j
V1 V1 V1
𝑄𝑋
1) From equation (iii), V2 is affected mainly by changes in Q and less affected by changes in ‘P’ as is
V1
directly subtracted from V2 and ‘P’ is in quadrature with V1 . This leads to Q-V control.
i) If Q is positive ( Inductive load)
⟹ V2 < V1 (Voltage sag)
ii) If Q is negative ( Capacitive load)
⟹ V2 > V1 (Voltage swell- Ferranti effect)
𝑄𝑋
∴ V2 𝛼 V1 −
V1
Hence line voltage drop mainly depends on the flow of reactive power Q
2) From equation (iii), it is seen that there is negative imaginary part in the equation. However, the phase
angle of V1 is zero ( i.e. reference phase), then V2 lags behind V1 by some angle ‘𝛿’.
If P → 0, then 𝛿 → 0
If P↑ then 𝛿 ↑; Therefore we can say that
𝑷𝑿
𝜹𝜶
𝑽𝟏
Hence, the power angle 𝛿 depends mainly on the flow of active power.
Reactive power and voltage control
1) Shunt Capacitors:
It supply reactive power and boost local voltage. Most loads absorbs reactive power (i.e. they have lagging
power factors) which cause fall in the voltage in that area. Thus, during those condition it is used to supply
positive VAR.

Let Vc = V∠0
𝑉 𝑗𝑉
Ic = 𝑐 = 𝑐
(−𝑗𝑋𝑐 ) 𝑋𝑐
𝑗𝑉 ∗
Sc = 𝑉𝑐 𝐼𝑐∗ = V
𝑋𝑐
−𝑗 𝑉 2
𝑄𝑐 =
𝑋𝑐

Negative sign indicates that it absorbs negative VAR or produces positive VAR.
2) Shunt Reactor
It is used to compensate for the effect of line capacitance particularly to limit voltage rise on open circuit
or light load condition.
Reactive power and voltage control contd. …
3) Rotating VAR generator
It is nothing but a synchronous motor running at no load and having excitation adjustable over a wide
range. It feeds positive VAR into the line under overexcited condition and feeds negative VARs when
underexcited condition. A machine is thus running is called a synchronous condenser.
4) Control by tap changing transformer

It is used to control the voltage over a narrow range. Receiving end voltage which tends to sag owing to
VARs demanded by the load can be raised by simultaneously changing the taps of sending and receiving
end transformers. Such tap changes can be made ‘on load’ and can be done either manually or
automatically, called on load tap changing (OLTP) transformer.
Reactive power and voltage control contd. …
5) Control by mid point booster

It may be desirable on technical or economic ground to increase the voltage at the intermediate point
in a line rather than at the ends as with tap-changing transformers. Boosters are generally used in
distribution feeders where the cost of tap-changing transformers is not warranted.

6) Static Var system

SVC is the shunt connected static var generator/absorber whose output is varied so as to control
specific parameter of the electric power system.
• Thyrister controlled reactor (TCR)
• Thyrister switched Capacitor (TSC)
• Thyrister switched reactor (TSR)
Methods commonly employed for load- frequency control
1) Flat frequency control
G1 G2

Load 1 Load 2

Consider two generating stations G1 and G2 interconnected by a tie line. The frequency of the system
is maintained constant by regulating only one station ( eg. Station 1) and without regulation of station
‘2’.
If the load at either station is changed, ‘G1’ is changed to maintain a balance between generation and
load on the system. This type of frequency control is called flat frequency control.
Drawback:
i) Station ‘G1’ must have enough capacity to absorb the load variations for the entire system.
ii) Tie lines should be of rating which must be sufficient to transmit all load variations in load 2
Methods commonly employed for load- frequency control
2) Parallel frequency control
In this method both ‘G1’ and ‘G2’ would be regulated simultaneously to maintain frequency
constant i.e. both ‘G1’ and ‘G2’ contribute to load swings.
3) Flat tie line control
In this method of frequency control, the increase in load of an area is met by increasing the
generation in that area and thus power flow in the tie line kept constant irrespective of load
demands.
4) Tie line Bias Control
Modification of method (1) and (3) and is widely used method on large interconnected system.
All power system assist in regulating frequency and tie line power regardless of where from the
frequency variation originates.
Modeling of power system components
❖ Loads
- Constant power load
- Constant impedance load
- Constant current load
• Within normal operating range of voltage almost all loads behave as constant power loads.
• As the objective of the AC power flow analysis is to compute the normal steady-state values of the
bus voltage
❖ Transmission Line
- Medium length
- Long length
Medium length line is represented by the nominal pi model
Z
Z = total series impedance
(i) (j) 𝐵𝑐 = Shunt charging susceptance
𝐵𝑐ൗ 𝐵𝑐ൗ
2 2

Fig: Nominal pi model of a line connected buses ‘i’ and ‘j’

Modeling of power system components contd. …
Long transmission line is most accurately represented by its distributed parameter model.
However, for steady-state analysis, a long line can be accurately represented by the
equivalent pi- model.
𝑧
𝑍𝑐ҧ = =characteristic impedance
𝑦
𝛾 = 𝑧ҧ𝑦ത =propagation constant
𝑧ҧ = series impedance per unit length
𝑦ത = shunt admittance per unit length
l = length of the line.

Fig: Equivalent Pi model of a long transmission line

❖ Transformer:
For power system steady-state and fault studies, generally the exciting current of the transformer is
neglected as it is quite low compared to nominal load current flowing through the transformer.
Therefore, two winding transformer connected between buses is represented by its per unit leakage
impedance.

Fig: Equivalent circuit of two winding transformer

Representation of electrical source
Consider a electrical source supplying electrical power to the network

I
Za
Network
+
Es
-
Fig(b)
Fig(a)

Here, Es = Iza + V …………(i)

𝐸 𝑉
Or, 𝑠 = 𝐼 + Thus emf 𝐸𝑠 and its series impedance 𝑍𝑎 can
𝑍𝑎 𝑍𝑎
𝐸𝑠 be interchanged with the current source 𝐼𝑠
Since, = 𝐼𝑠 and its shunt admittance Ya , provided 𝐸𝑠 and
𝑍𝑎
1 𝐼𝑠 may be considered externally applied at the
Or, Is = I +VYa ……….(2) where = Ya
𝑍𝑎
node of transmission line.
 Node Equations and formation of admittance matrix
Consider a three bus system connected by transmission lines.

𝑦120 𝑦120
S1 2 𝑦12 S2
2
I1 I2

𝑦230
Fig(a): Single line diagram of a 3-bus system 𝑦13 2
𝑦130
𝑦23
2
𝑦120 𝑦130 𝑦230
𝑦10 = + 2
2 2
𝑦120 𝑦230 𝑦130
𝑦20 = + 2 I3
2 2
𝑦130 𝑦230
𝑦30 = + S3
2 2
Fig(b): Equivalent circuit of the power system
Node Equations and formation of admittance matrix contd. …
Fig(b) represents the current injection model. The structure of the power system is such that
all the sources are always connected to a common ground node. The transmission lines are
replaced by their nominal pi-equivalent.
After lumping the shunt admittances at the buses, the figures(b) can be redrawn as.

Fig©
Applying KCL at node 1
I1 = y10 V1 + y12 (V1 − V2 ) + y13 (V1 − V3 )
Or, I1 = (y10 + y12 + y13 ) V1 + (- y12 ) V2 + (- y13 ) V3 …………..(1)
Node Equations and formation of admittance matrix contd. …
Applying KCL at node 2
I2 = y20 V2 + y12 (V2 − V1 ) + y23 (V2 − V3 )
Or, I2 = (- y12 ) V1 + (y20 + y12 + y23 ) V2 + (- y23 ) V3 …………..(2)
Applying KCL at node 2
I3 = y30 V3 + y13 (V3 − V1 ) + y23 (V3 − V2 )
Or, I3 = (- y31 ) V1 + (- y23 ) V2 + (y30 + y13 + y23 ) V3 …………..(3)
In matrix form
I1 (y10 + y12 + y13 ) − y12 − y13 V1
I2 = − y12 (y20 + y12 + y23 ) (− y23 ) V2
I3 − y13 (− y23 ) (y30 + y13 + y23 ) V3
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 V1
I2 = Y21 Y22 Y23 V2 Where,
I3 Y31 Y32 Y33 V3 Y11 = y10 + y12 + y13 ; Y22 = y20 + y12 + y23 ; Y33 = y30 + y13 + y23
( Short circuit driving point admittance or self-admittance )
Y12 = Y21 = − y12 ; Y13 = Y31 = − y13 ; Y23 = Y32 = − y23
( short circuit transfer impedance)
Node Equations and formation of admittance matrix contd. …
Extending the above relation to an ‘n’ bus system, the node voltage equation in matrix form is
I1 Y11 Y12 … . . Y1𝑗 … … Y1𝑛 V1
I2 Y21 Y22 … . . Y2𝑗 … … Y2𝑛 V2
. = . . . .
. . . . .
In Y𝑛1 Y𝑛2 … . . Y𝑛𝑗 … … Yn𝑛 V3
IBUS = YBUS VBUS
Where, IBUS is the vector of the injected bus current, VBUS is the vector of the voltage
measured from the reference node; YBUS is known as the bus admittance matrix.
➢ The diagonal element (called driving point impedances) of each node is the sum of
admittance connected to it.
i.e. 𝑌𝑖𝑖 = σ𝑛𝑖=0 𝑦𝑖𝑗 ; i ≠ j = sum of all the admittances connected at bus ‘i’
➢The off diagonal element is equal to the negative of the admittance between the nodes
(called mutual admittances/ transfer admittances)
Yij = 𝑌𝑗𝑖 = - 𝑦𝑖𝑗 i.e negative of the admittance connected between bus ‘i’ and ‘j’
Yij = 0, if there is no physical connection between buses ‘i’ and ‘j’
Feature of admittance matrix
• Ybus is used in solving load flow studies
• It has gained widespread application owing to its simplicity in data preparation and the ease
with which it can be formed and modified for network changes.
• Since matric is largely sparse, it heavily reduces computer memory and time requirement.
Now,
IBUS = YBUS VBUS
IBUS
Or, VBUS = = ZBUS * IBUS
YBUS
• Symmetric YBUS yields symmetric ZBUS
• ZBUS is mainly useful for short circuit studies. It is obtained either through YBUS inversion or
using ZBUS formation algorithm.
Active power and reactive power loss

• 𝑃𝑠 and 𝑄𝑠 are the transmitted active and reactive power

• P and Q are the load active and reactive power
• 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 are active and reactive and reactive power loss
Ploss = 𝐼𝑠2 𝑅; Qloss = 𝐼𝑠2 𝑋
Str = 𝑃𝑠 + j 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠∗
𝑃𝑠 −j 𝑄𝑠
or, 𝐼𝑠 =I =
𝑉𝑠∗

Therefore,
𝑅(𝑃𝑠 −j 𝑄𝑠 )2 𝑅(𝑃𝑠 2 +𝑄𝑠 2 )
Ploss = 𝐼𝑠2 𝑅 = =
|𝑉𝑠 |2 |𝑉𝑠 |2
𝑋(𝑃𝑠 −j 𝑄𝑠 )2 𝑋(𝑃𝑠 2 +𝑄𝑠 2 )
Qloss = 𝐼𝑠2 𝑋 = =
|𝑉𝑠 |2 |𝑉𝑠 |2
Q.) Figure below shows a 3-bus system. The series impedance and shunt admittance of
each line are 0.026+j0.11 p.u. and j0.04 p.u respectively. Find the admittance matrix

1
Soln. Series admittance = = 2.035 – j8.609
0.026+𝑗0.11
= 𝑦12 = 𝑦13 = 𝑦23 (Given that each line have same impedance)
Shunt admittance of each line = j0.04 = 𝑦120 = 𝑦130 = 𝑦230
1 1
𝑌11 = 𝑦12 + 𝑦13 + +
𝑦120 𝑦130
= 2*(2.035 – j8.609) + j0.02 + j0.02
=4.07 –j 17.18
𝑌11 = 𝑌22 = 𝑌33
Also, 𝑌12 = −𝑦12 = 𝑌21 = -2.035 + j8.609
= 𝑌13 = 𝑌31 = 𝑌23 = 𝑌32
Q.1 contd. …

𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13

𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 = 𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌23
𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33
4.07 –j 17.18 -2.035 + j8.609 -2.035 + j8.609
= -2.035 + j8.609 4.07 –j 17.18 -2.035 + j8.609
-2.035 + j8.609 -2.035 + j8.609 4.07 –j 17.18
Q.2) Find the admittance matrix of the following circuit diagram.

1 ∴ 𝑌11 = 𝑦12 + 𝑦13 + 𝑦10 = -j2.5 –j5 – j1 = -j8.5

Soln. 𝑧12 = j0.4 ⇒ 𝑦12 = = -j2.5
𝑧12
1 𝑌22 = 𝑦12 + 𝑦23 + 𝑦20 = -j2.5 –j5 – j1.25 = -j8.5
𝑧23 = j0.2 ⇒ 𝑦23 = = -j5
𝑧23
1 𝑌33 = 𝑦13 + 𝑦23 =-j5 –j5 = -j10
𝑧 13 = j0.2 ⇒ 𝑦13 = = -j5
𝑧13 𝑌44 = 𝑦34 = -j12.5
1
𝑧34 = j0.08 ⇒ 𝑦34 = = -j12.5
𝑧34 𝑌12 = 𝑌21 = - 𝑦12 =j2.5 ; 𝑌23 = 𝑌32 = - 𝑦23 = j5
1 1
𝑦10 = = 𝑗 1 = -j 𝑌13 = 𝑌31 = - 𝑦13 = j5 ; 𝑌34 = 𝑌43 = - 𝑦34 = j12.5
𝑧10
1 1
𝑦20 = = 𝑗 0.8 = -j1.25 𝑌14 = 𝑌41 = 𝑌24 = 𝑌42 = 0
𝑧20
Q.2 contd. …
Therefore,
𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13 𝑌14
𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌23 𝑌24
𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 =
𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33 𝑌34
𝑌41 𝑌42 𝑌43 𝑌44

−𝑗8.5 𝑗2.5 𝑗5 0
𝑗2.5 −𝑗8.75 𝑗5 0
=
𝑗5 𝑗5 −𝑗10 𝑗12.5
0 0 𝑗12.5 − 𝑗12.5
Q.3)Find the admittance matrix
Line (Bus to R in X in
bus) p.u. p.u.
1-2 0.05 0.15
1-3 0.10 0.30
2-3 0.15 0.45
2-4 0.10 0.30
3-4 0.05 0.15 ∴ 𝑌11 = 𝑦12 + 𝑦13 + 𝑦10 = 2.0 –j6.0 + 1.0 –j3.0 + 0 = 3 –j9
𝑌22 = 𝑦12 + 𝑦23 + 𝑦24 + 𝑦20 = 2.0 –j6.0 + 0.667 –j2.0 + 1- j3 0
1 = 3.667 –j11
Soln. 𝑦12 = = 2.0 –j6.0 𝑌33 = 𝑦13 + 𝑦23 + 𝑦34 + 𝑦30 = 1.0 –j3.0 + 0.667 –j2.0 + 2- j6.0
0.05+𝑗 0.15
1 = 3.667 –j11
𝑦13 = = 1.0 –j3.0 𝑌44 = 𝑦24 + 𝑦34 + 𝑦40 = 1.0 –j3.0 +2.0–j6.0 + 0 = 3.0 –j9
0.10+𝑗 0.30
1 𝑌12 = 𝑌21 = - 𝑦12 = -2.0 + j6.0
𝑦23 = = 0.667 –j2.0 𝑌13 = 𝑌31 = - 𝑦13 = -1.0 + j3.0
0.15+𝑗 0.45
1 𝑌13 = 𝑌31 = - 𝑦13 = 0
𝑦24 = = 1.0 –j3.0
0.10+𝑗 0.30 𝑌23 = 𝑌32 = - 𝑦23 = -0.667 + j2.0
1
𝑦34 = = 2.0 –j6.0 𝑌24 = 𝑌42 = - 𝑦24 = -1.0 + j3.0
0.05+𝑗 0.15
𝑌34 = 𝑌43 = - 𝑦43 = -2.0 + j6.0
𝑦10 = 𝑦20 = 𝑦30 = 𝑦40 = 0
Q.3 contd. …
Therefore,
𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13 𝑌14
𝑌 𝑌22 𝑌23 𝑌24
𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 = 21
𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33 𝑌34
𝑌41 𝑌42 𝑌43 𝑌44

𝑦12 + 𝑦13 + 𝑦10 −𝑦12 −𝑦13 −𝑦14

−𝑦21 𝑦12 + 𝑦23 + 𝑦24 + 𝑦20 −𝑦23 −𝑦24
= −𝑦31 −𝑦32 𝑦13 + 𝑦23 + 𝑦34 + 𝑦30 −𝑦34
−𝑦41 −𝑦42 −𝑦43 𝑦24 + 𝑦34 + 𝑦40
3 –j9 -2.0 + j6.0 -1.0 + j3.0 0
-2.0 + j6.0 3.667 –j11 -0.667 + j2.0 − 1.0 + 𝑗3.0
=
-1.0 + j3.0 -0.667 + j2.0 3.667 –j11 -2.0 + j6.0
0 −1.0 + 𝑗3.0 -2.0 + j6.0 3.0 –j9
Q.4) The parameters of a 4-bus system are as follows. Draw the network and find bus
admittance matrix.
Bus Line Half
Code Impedance Charging
(p.u) Admittance
(p.u)
1-2 0.2 + j0.8 j0.02
2-3 0.3 + j0.9 J0.03
2-4 0.25+ j1.0 j0.04
3-4 0.2 + j0.8 j0.02
1-3 0.1 + j0.4 j0.01
1
1 𝑦34 = = 0.2941-j1.1764
𝑦12 =
0.2 + j0.8
= 0.2941-j1.1764 ; 0.2 + j0.8
1 𝑦10 = j0.01 + j0.02 = j0.03
𝑦13 = = 0.588-j2.352 ;
0.1 + j0.4
𝑦20 = j0.02 + j0.04 = j0.06
1
𝑦23 = = 0.333-j1.0 ;
0.3 + j0.9 𝑦30 = j0.01 + j0.02 = j0.03
1
𝑦24 = = 0.235-j0.941 𝑦40 = j0.02 + j0.04 = j0.06
0.25 + j1.0
Q.4 Contd. …
Therefore,

𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13 𝑌14

𝑌 𝑌22 𝑌23 𝑌24
𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 = 21
𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33 𝑌34
𝑌41 𝑌42 𝑌43 𝑌44
𝑦12 + 𝑦13 + 𝑦10 −𝑦12 −𝑦13 −𝑦14
−𝑦21 𝑦12 + 𝑦23 + 𝑦24 + 𝑦20 −𝑦23 −𝑦24
= −𝑦31 −𝑦32 𝑦13 + 𝑦23 + 𝑦34 + 𝑦30 −𝑦34
−𝑦41 −𝑦42 −𝑦43 𝑦24 + 𝑦34 + 𝑦40

0.882 –j3.498 −0.294 + j1.176 −0.588 + j2.352 0

−0.294 + j1.176 0.862 –j3.026 −0.333 + j1.0 − 0.235 + 𝑗0.94
= −0.333 + j1.0 1.215 –j4.468 −0.294 + j1.176
−0.588 + j2.352
0 −0.235 + 𝑗0.94 −0.294 + j1.176 0.529-j2.056