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Paul Turner

Employee Engagement
in Contemporary
Organizations
Maintaining High
Productivity and Sustained
Competitiveness
Employee Engagement in Contemporary
Organizations
 Paul Turner

Employee
Engagement
in Contemporary
Organizations
Maintaining High Productivity
and Sustained Competitiveness
Paul Turner
Leeds Business School
Leeds Beckett University
Leeds, UK

ISBN 978-3-030-36386-4 ISBN 978-3-030-36387-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36387-1

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To Gail
 Preface

The subject of employee engagement has been a fruitful source of aca-

demic research and practice insight. Models and hypotheses have been
put forward over a period of thirty years with many attributed outcomes
arising from each iteration. A narrative that has emerged is that if an
individual is engaged at work, then that person will be more motivated
and have a higher level of well-being; in turn, this will have a positive
rollover effect on personal, team and departmental business or service
performance. Once extrapolated to the whole workforce, employee
engagement assumes strategic importance with significant potential ben-
efits including higher shareholder returns, operating income, revenue
growth, profit margins, creativity and innovation and customer or client
satisfaction; higher levels of well-being; lower workforce turnover; and
lower levels of absence. It follows that employers want engaged employ-
ees because they can deliver improved business performance; employees
want the conditions of engagement because of the impact on their over-
all state of mind, their performance at work and their career prospects.
Given the strength of belief in the power of employee engagement, the
subject continues to be compelling to those who lead, manage and work
for organisations; and the academics who study organisational behaviour.

vii
viii      Preface

Employee engagement transcends any one point of view (such as

from a psychological, sociological or economic perspective) and there-
fore benefits from a holistic approach; with sense making about the
attributional factors, how these relate to the individual and the organ-
isation and the possible links between the two. In this assumption, not
only are clarity of organisational goals and company vision or mission
important, but also the extent to which employees were able to iden-
tify with these. Not only is the quality of leadership and management
understanding important, but also effective two-way communication,
transparency, honesty and constant feedback for employees (e.g. regular
performance reviews). And not only are opportunities for development
important but also the time and resources to take advantage of them.
Factors such as flexible work arrangements, a motivating job role and
the opportunity for finding meaning at work, as enablers of employee
engagement and the overall employee experience will go hand in hand
with the level of resources or complexity of workflow in their signifi-
cance. The challenge is how to integrate all of these diverse requirements
into a meaningful model that takes account of both the organisation’s
and the individual’s needs.

Leeds, UK Paul Turner

 Acknowledgements

Liz Barlow—Palgrave Macmillan

Lucy Kidwell—Palgrave Macmillan
Sneha Sivakumar—Palgrave Macmillan
Ranjith Mohan—Palgrave Macmillan
Michelle Fitzgerald—Shaw
Fostine Opiyo Odhiambo
Peter Greenan
Wojciech Zytkowiak-Wenzel
Jon Davidge
Xiaoxian Zhu
Sultan Mahmud
Niki Kyriakidou
Mahmoud Abubaker

ix
 Contents

1 Employee Engagement and the Employee Experience 1

2 What Is Employee Engagement? 27

3 Why Is Employee Engagement Important? 57

4 A Model for Employee Engagement 85

5 The Psychology of Work and Employee Engagement 113

6 The Sociology of Work and Employee Engagement 141

7 The Organisation of Work and Employee Engagement 167

8 Measuring Employee Engagement 193

xi
xii      Contents

9 Engagement Driven Strategic HRM 223

10 Twenty Important Conclusions About Employee

Engagement 257

Index 273
 List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Supply-push and demand-pull factors for employee

engagement 19
Fig. 2.1 The evolution of employee engagement 34
Fig. 2.2 Drivers of employee engagement 44
Fig. 3.1 Attributed benefits of employee engagement (Sources inter
alia Gelade and Young 2005; Sridevi and Kompaso 2010;
Robertson-Smith and Marwick 2009; King’s Fund 2012;
Rayton 2012; Rice et al. 2012; Sorenson 2013; Gallup
2016; Garrad and Chamorro-Premuzic 2016; Kaur 2017;
Lee et al. 2017; Amah and Sese 2018; Ferreira et al. 2018;
Mirvis and Googins 2018) 61
Fig. 4.1 A model for employee engagement—engagement driven
strategic HRM 91
Fig. 5.1 The key elements of the psychology of work 115
Fig. 6.1 The key elements of the sociology of work 148
Fig. 7.1 The key elements of the organisation of work 168
Fig. 9.1 A framework for engagement driven strategic HRM 237

xiii
 List of Tables

Table 8.1 Selected tools and measures of employee engagement

against the psychology, sociology and organisation of work 205
Table 9.1 Engagement driven strategic HRM and engagement
characteristics 227

xv
 List of Case Studies

Employee Engagement in Practice 10

Employee Engagement in North America 37
Employee Engagement in the Asia Region 69
Employee Engagement and Social Media 93
Employee Engagement in China 126
Employee Engagement and Leadership 144
The Challenges of Employee Engagement in Africa 181
Employee Engagement Through Transfer of Training 201
Employee Engagement and Talent Management in the Health Sector 234
Employee Engagement and Work-Life Balance 259

xvii
 1
Employee Engagement and the Employee
Experience

Employee Engagement Is a Source

of Strategic Advantage
An engaged employee achieves above average levels of productivity and
contributes significantly to team effectiveness; an engaged team is a
source of unit or departmental efficiency; but an engaged workforce
is a potential source of organisation wide competitiveness and strate-
gic advantage. Engaged employees are enthusiastic about their work, are
committed to the organisation’s mission and vision, and willing to go
above and beyond their assigned duties to deliver it (IOSH 2015; Ulrich
and Ulrich 2011; Kaplan et al. 2017; Lee et al. 2017b; Amah and Sese
2018; Hakanen et al. 2018; Singh et al. 2016, 831; Bakker 2017; Car-
rillo et al. 2017). Their collective output can have a disproportionate
impact on the achievement of objectives, the strategies to do so and
effective stewardship and policy in their delivery. The perceived ben-
efits of employee engagement (from the work of inter alia Saks 2006,
2017; Bakker and Schaufeli 2008; Robertson-Smith and Marwick 2009;
Albrecht 2010; Bersin 2015; CIPD 2017) explain why it has been such
a compelling issue over the past thirty years.

© The Author(s) 2020 1

P. Turner, Employee Engagement in Contemporary Organizations,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36387-1_1
2 P. Turner

There has been a good deal of practitioner-based fact finding to

demonstrate its effectiveness and the resulting outputs have linked
employee engagement to better shareholder returns and income; revenue
growth and higher profit margins on the one hand; and lower absen-
teeism and job stress, better health and overall well-being on the other.
Meta-analytic studies have shown that organisations with the highest sus-
tainable engagement scores had above average one-year operating mar-
gins; and those with highly engaged workforces outperformed their peers
significantly in earnings per share or improved performance outcomes in
not for profit organisations. Consultancies and research firms argue that
employee engagement is closely related to business outcomes because
engaged employees ‘go the extra mile’ for their colleagues, their organisa-
tions and themselves (Schwarz 2012; Gallup 2018b; Willis Towers Wat-
son 2018; Akingbola and van den Berg 2019). A nationwide study in
the UK concluded that ‘it is our firm belief that it can be a triple win:
for the individual at work, the enterprise or service, and for the country
as a whole’ (MacLeod and Clarke 2009, 6). From a practitioner perspec-
tive there appears to be much to commend a greater understanding of
the concept of employee engagement. A plethora of awards from pro-
fessional organisations such as SHRM and the CIPD are testament to
the value and importance attached to it and the diverse nature of the
organisations to whom engagement is such a critical subject. (The lead-
ing companies of SHRM’s 2018 ‘When Work Works Awards’ ranged
from the Navy’s Credentials Program Office/Naval Education and Train-
ing; through to the Autumn Group; from Take Flight Learning to iHire;
organisation’s shortlisted for the CIPD’s 2019 Best Employee Experience
Initiative ranged from Companies House to Heathrow Airport; from
Network Homes; to the Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Founda-
tion Trust; and HR Asia’s recognition of China Mobile International and
Hang Lung Properties Limited, Coach Asia Pacific and Haitong Interna-
tional, again reflect the diversity of interest in engagement.)
Additionally, an upsurge of academic activity has meant that ‘the field
has come a long way in understanding what engagement is, and what it
is not, and identifying its drivers and consequences’ (Shantz 2017, 65).
Building on ground-breaking work by Kahn (1990), insightful research
by inter alia Harter et al. (2002), Schaufeli and Bakker (2004), Saks
 1 Employee Engagement and the Employee Experience 3

(2006), Macey and Schneider (2008), Bakker and Leiter (2010), Truss
et al. (2013) and Albrecht et al. (2018) has contributed to a greater the-
oretical understanding of the subject. Throughout the research, employee
engagement is consistently portrayed as something given by the employee
which can benefit both the individual and the organisation through com-
mitment, dedication and discretionary effort; as well as utilising talent to
its fullest extent. It is argued that engagement occurs when people bring
in or leave out their personal selves during their work and is characterised
by physical, cognitive and emotional factors enabling engaged employees
to contribute in a way that is psychologically beneficial leading to appre-
ciation, affirmation, respect and greater meaningfulness in work (Truss
et al. 2013; Geue 2018). When a member of the workforce is clear about
what is expected of them, is confident in having the knowledge and skills
for the chosen role and has a positive attitude and behaviour; when they
work in an organisation where leaders communicate clearly a vision for
the future and who recognise individual contribution towards it; when
values are lived, creating a sense of trust and integrity; and where there is
a channel for the workforce to voice their views and concerns, then the
possibilities of engagement are high (Brown et al. 2015; ACAS 2018).
The passion surrounding the subject means that, for some, the study
of employee engagement has become a ‘movement;’ or an ‘imperative’
because contemporarily the talent and commitment of employees is a
primary source of competitiveness, framed in the link between people
and performance at multiple organisational levels. As a result, some 85%
of executives have identified engagement as a priority for their organisa-
tions (Samara 2016). It is important in both conceptualising and mea-
suring ‘the impact of human capital in organisations and in the integra-
tion of many different aspects of HR – employee satisfaction, commit-
ment, motivation, involvement and the psychological contract, as well as
features such as job design and total rewards’ (McBain 2007, 16). The
context within which organisations operate and the possible impact on
the workforce is an important starting point for both its antecedents and
outcomes.
4 P. Turner

Employee Engagement at a Time

of Disruptive Innovation and Continuous
Change
Employee engagement takes place in a contemporary environment that
is being transformed at an exponential rate. In addition to intense com-
petition, organisations are increasingly faced with disruptive innovation
and continuous change in the social and economic context within which
they operate or compete. As such, organisations seek new strategies ‘to
make their service delivery more sustainable at the economic, environ-
mental and psychological levels’ and the concept of engagement of is
seen as both compelling and necessary in this quest (Graffigna 2017).
For some, a convergence of forces, especially those embodied in the con-
cept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, has created boundless opportu-
nity to engage in both traditional and innovative ways. For others, where
twenty-first century reality butts up against twentieth century organisa-
tion; and where employment is an increasingly personalised affair, trans-
formation and change are challenging and traumatic processes. But for
all, best practice, best fit or best principles in how to structure the organ-
isation, how to shape work- flow and patterns, how to lead and man-
age and how to engage the workforce in the face of the ultra-dynamic
context have rarely been more important. In such an environment, the
concept of ‘VUCA’ meaning volatility, unpredictability, complexity and
ambiguity—influential in management thinking since being introduced
from the annals of US military planners—explains part of the challenge.
But additional powerful, disruptive, technological, social and economic
forces and polarised political viewpoints have coalesced to shape a new
direction for society and the workplace whilst creating contradictory
points of view about their impact. At a macro level, consensus about the
benefits to the world economy, from globalisation and multinationalism
(previously seen as job and wealth creating developments) or the posi-
tive impact of technology on growth and prosperity, are no longer the
only or dominant narratives. Positive perceptions about these and other
recent phenomena are often shaded by a tone couched in the language
of inequality and underdevelopment; of decline in traditional businesses
 1 Employee Engagement and the Employee Experience 5

and social disruption. And when this filters through to the organisational
level it often means creating a new strategic narrative out of challenging
strategic choices, primarily of transforming an existing business model
with the expectation of maximising future potential.
The effect of these changes can be dramatic, as reflected in employee
engagement levels. Gallup’s 2018a study, whilst finding that 34% of
workers were engaged, also found 13% who were actively disengaged;
and the remaining 53% were ‘not engaged’ i.e. they were generally sat-
isfied but not cognitively and emotionally connected to their work and
workplace. Aon Hewitt’s global survey found that 24% of all employees
fell into the Highly Engaged category but that engagement levels could
fluctuate (Hewitt 2018). It would appear that there is both a necessity
and potential for building sustainable models for employee engagement.
The challenge is how to do so.

Employee Engagement and the Future

of Work
In all geographies, employee engagement is bound up in the future of
work; the transformation in how people work, where they work, what
they expect from work and what is expected from them at work. But
interpretations about the implications of change vary considerably. On
the one hand it is ‘regularly portrayed either as one of total novelty- the
end of the post war pattern, the end of trade unions, the end of careers,
the end of manufacturing, the end of male domination at work, the end
of the working class, the end of the factory, the end of going to work.’
But on the other ‘one of untold possibilities; the end of drudgery…’
(Grint 2005, 355). Whatever point of view is taken, there is little doubt
of significant and far reaching changes on the horizon, many of which
have been grouped together under the catch all phrase of the ‘Fourth
Industrial Revolution.’ This represents a combination of cyber-physical
systems, the Internet of Things and the Internet of Systems into new
ways of living and working, where technology becomes embedded in
every aspect of work and life. In this scenario, new technologies combine
the physical, digital and biological worlds impacting on economies and
6 P. Turner

business sectors with knock on effects on identity, privacy, ownership

and consumption patterns. The drivers of this revolution are often por-
trayed as a combination of high-speed mobile internet; artificial intelli-
gence and other significant technological developments; socio-economic
trends driving opportunity through the spread of new technologies, the
expansion of education and the move towards a greener global economy
through new energy technologies. Applications of artificial intelligence
and cloud technology are expected to increase affluence, education and
numbers in the middle classes and the potential for economic growth
is high. However, one of the contradictions is that the very factors con-
tributing to positive growth may also have an impact on negative out-
comes such as increasing protectionism and limits on talent migration;
the potential for more cyber threats by applying the same technology
instrumental in economic growth; or the potentially deleterious effects
of artificial intelligence on the traditional workplace (WEF 2018, 7).
From one perspective, applications of new technology will create a revo-
lution where intelligent technology meets ‘human ingenuity’ to shape
the future workforce—in the USA it is forecast that in the next few
years Artificial Intelligence will eliminate 1.8 million jobs; but it will cre-
ate 2.3 million; and revolutionise not just job numbers but job content
(Wright 2017; Shook and Knickrehm 2018). These positive outlooks
are balanced by a view that the state of flux created by change ‘is causing
considerable anxiety—and with good reason. There is growing polari-
sation of labour-market opportunities between high- and low-skill jobs,
unemployment and underemployment especially among young people,
stagnating incomes for a large proportion of households, and income
inequality’ (Manyika 2017; Schwab, 2016; Yeoh 2017, 9; WEF 2018,
vii). How to engage a workforce in these circumstances is a challenge,
consisting of creating and delivering a model that on the one hand takes
full advantage of new developments and on the other ensures that the
workforce responsible for their successful delivery or implementation is
fully committed to their success. And as the World Economic Forum has
noted:

As technological breakthroughs rapidly shift the frontier between the

work tasks performed by humans and those performed by machines and
 1 Employee Engagement and the Employee Experience 7

algorithms, global labour markets are undergoing major transformations.

These transformations, if managed wisely, could lead to a new age of
good work, good jobs and improved quality of life for all, but if man-
aged poorly, pose the risk of widening skills gaps, greater inequality and
broader polarization. (WEF 2018, vii)

Lessons or perceptions from experience in this context vary consider-

ably and for many organisations the new environment presents largely
uncharted territory. For the optimists, it has been interpreted as a period
of growth and opportunity where companies harness new and emerging
technologies to reach high levels of efficiency; access new markets and
create new products. To do so, employers need workers with new skills
to retain a competitive edge for their enterprises and to expand produc-
tivity (WEF 2018, 9). Because many jobs in advanced economies may be
automated due to digitalisation and robotization—in logistics, accoun-
tancy, transport, manufacturing work and healthcare, amongst others—it
is not difficult to agree with the conclusion that many of today’s jobs will
disappear or change dramatically. For the less optimistic, therefore, large
numbers of the workforce ‘are experiencing a rapidly declining outlook
in a range of job roles traditionally considered “safe bets” and gateways
to a lifetime career’ interpreted as a future of uncertainty and insecurity
(CIPD 2016; Eberhard et al. 2017; WEF 2018). There is an existential
challenge to achieve and maintain high levels of employee engagement
and indeed the whole employee experience in such an environment.

Employee Engagement; an Unparalleled

Challenge; an Unparalleled Opportunity
In response, governments and organisations around the world have
sought ways to harness potential to increase the efficiency of work
and raise productivity. Public policy and private initiatives range from
advanced manufacturing programmes in the USA, the quest for cut-
ting edge technology in Germany; sector-based initiatives in France; to
an action plan for accelerating informatisation and industrialisation in
China. In the UK, Industrial and Digital Strategies cover infrastructure,
Another random document with
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had said to her, that she should never want while he had anything,
and had given her money to buy the expensive unsuitable upper
garment she wore. Poor Miss Jeanie, with her vanities and
simplicities, never discovered that he owed her gratitude; but for
these words of kindness she was tearfully grateful to him.
The month at Ayr passed very quietly. In this winter weather Uncle
Sandy’s little company of workers could no longer visit the leafless
garden; and though there was sometimes a great fire made in the
kitchen, and a special lamp lighted for them, yet their own fireside,
the old man thought, was the most suitable place for them now. So
the family were almost perfectly alone; left to compose themselves
into those quiet days which were but the beginning of a subdued
and chastened life. And Uncle Sandy did for them now, what Martha
was wont to do through the terrible time which preceded Harry’s
death. He read to them sometimes;—sometimes he was himself
their book and reader; and from his long experience, the young
hearts, fainting under this great sorrow, learned how many trials life
can live through, and were unwillingly persuaded that the present
affliction would not kill them, as they sometimes hoped it might; but
must lighten, perhaps must pass away. But they clung the closer to
their sorrow, and defied the very chance of returning gladness; and
Agnes cut away the curls of her bright hair, and said she would wear
this widow’s cap her whole life through; and Rose grew sick at
sounds of laughter, and believed she would never smile again.
 CHAPTER XX.

A gloomy piece this morning with it brings;

The sun for sorrow will not show his head.

romeo and juliet.

It was December, cold and dreary, when the family returned to

Allenders. Their very return was a renewal of the first sorrow to both
themselves and Martha. They came, and Harry was not there to
welcome them; they had never before felt so bitterly his absent
place; they came, but Harry came not with them—and Martha’s very
voice of welcome was choked with her anguish for the dead.
There had been much discussion with Uncle Sandy, whom they
were all anxious to induce to return to Allenders, and remain with
them there. The old man did not consent. Reluctant as he was to be
separated from them now, his own old house and neighbourhood
were parts of his gentle nature. He could not leave them—could not
relinquish his universal charge of “the bairns,” nor deprive his young
embroiderers of the air and sunshine, to which no one else might
think of admitting them. So Uncle Sandy brought his charge to
Glasgow, and bade them an affectionate farewell, promising a yearly
visit to Allenders; but he could not give up his little solitary home.
They settled immediately into the monotonous and still order of
their future life. Martha’s room, where there were few things to
suggest painful remembrances, they made a little work-room; and
here Agnes and Rose sat by the window at their work, and Lettie
and her little companion learned their lessons, and laboured with
varying industry—now enthusiastic—now slack and languid, at the
“opening,” in which they were soon skilled. And Martha, returning
wearied from business out of doors, or in the library, came up here
to take off her outer wrappings, and begin to the other labour which
called for her. And Lettie on the carpet, and Katie on her little stool,
kept up a running conversation, which sometimes gave a passing
moment of amusement to the sadder elder hearts; and little Harry
played joyously, beguiling his sad young mother into momentary
smiles; and the baby began to totter on his little feet, and make
daring journeys from the arms of Martha into his mother’s; and
gradually there grew to be a certain pensive pleasure in their
evening walk, and they roused themselves to open the window,
when the little Leith steamer shot past under the trees; and every
day filled itself with its own world of duty, and passed on—slowly, it
is true—but less drearily than at the first.
No one grudged now, nor mixed ill-feeling in the emulation with
which neighbouring agriculturists watched the fields of Allenders.
Something of fear and solemn awe startled the very labourers in
these fields when Martha passed them, assiduous and diligent in all
the work she set herself to do. They were not afraid of her—she did
not impress them with more than the respect which they gave
willingly as her right; but there was something solemn in a
representative of the dead—a person living, as it seemed, but to
carry out the thoughts and wishes of another who had passed away.
The stir and thrill of renewed and increased industry came again
upon Maidlin Cross. It was true they had no model cottages yet, but
the land lay marked out on the other side of the cross, where Harry’s
new houses were to be; and Armstrong thought Miss Allenders had
answered him almost fiercely, when he proposed to plough this land,
and enclose it in a neighbouring field. No—it was Harry’s will those
houses should be built, and built they must be, when justice and
right permitted; and it soon came to be known in Maidlin, where
Harry in his careless good-humour had promised anything without
bestowing it, that it needed but a hint of this to Martha to secure the
favour. And the works went on steadily and prosperously, and with a
wise boldness Martha drew upon Mr. Buchanan’s thousand pounds.
Armstrong, no longer driven to the sad alternative of doing nothing,
or acting on his own responsibility, became emboldened, and was no
longer afraid to be now and then responsible; and Allender Mains
became a great farm-steading, and began to send off droves to
Stirling market, and Falkirk tryste, and was managed as the cautious
Armstrong never could have managed it, had all this gainful risk and
expenditure been incurred for himself.
And on the Sabbath days when they leave the church—Agnes in
her widow’s weeds leaning on Martha’s arm, and Rose leading the
children—they turn aside to a little space railed off from the wall,
where moulders the mossed gravestone of the old Laird of Allenders,
and where the gowans and forget-me-nots grow sweetly under the
spring sunshine upon Harry’s breast. His name is on a tablet of white
marble on the wall—his name and age—nothing more. They go
there silently—almost as it seems involuntarily—towards their grave,
and stand in silence by the railing, visiting the dead, but saying
nothing to each other; and after a little while, as silently as they
came, the family go away. Nor do they ever allude to this visit,
though the custom is never broken through—it is something sacred,
a family solemnity, a thing to be done in silence.
And the ladies of Nettlehaugh and Foggo do not disdain now to call
on Mrs. and Miss Allenders, nor even Miss Dunlop, though she
stands upon her dignity, and has heard a secret whisper that these
hands she condescends to shake, work at her collars and
handkerchiefs, and earn bread by their labour. But at the end of the
dining-room beside Cuthbert’s window, some preparations were
begun long ago for the erection of that conservatory which Miss
Dunlop recommended to Harry—and to her mother’s consternation,
Miss Dunlop makes cool inquiries about it, and presumes they do not
intend to carry it out now. Martha answers with a blank gravity
which she has learned to assume, to cover the pang with which she
mentions his name, that other more important wishes of Harry’s
have to be carried out before she can come to this; but that what he
intended shall be done without fail, and that it only waits a suitable
time. “They say that Heaven loves those that die young,” says
Martha, with a grave simplicity, “yet the dead who die in their youth
leave many a hope and project unfulfilled—and few have been so full
of projects, and had so little time to work them out.”
This is all—but Miss Dunlop, bewildered and conscience-stricken,
dares scarcely speak again of the fickle weakness of poor Allenders,
and all his vain, magnificent aspirations, and efforts to be great. She
has a vague impression that she has blundered in her hasty estimate
of poor Harry, and that it was indeed because his sun went down at
noon that none of his great intentions ripened into success—for no
one ventures to prophesy failure to Harry’s purposes now.
And Cuthbert comes when he can spare a day—comes to bring
them news of the far-away world whose vexed and troubled
murmurs they never hear, and to receive with affectionate sympathy,
all they tell him of their own plans and exertions. Cuthbert is
admitted to the work-room, and takes out Agnes and Rose to their
nightly walk, upon which Martha, who, herself actively employed,
has no need of this, insists; and Agnes leans upon him as on a good
and gentle brother; and there comes a strange ease and repose to
Rose’s heart as she walks shyly by his side in the twilight, saying
little, but preserving with a singular tenacity of recollection
everything the others say. And Rose, waking sometimes now to her
old personal grief—a thing which seems dead, distant and selfish,
under the shadow of this present sorrow—recollects that Martha’s
“capital” is from Mr. Buchanan—that Cuthbert is his favourite
nephew, and that there may be truth yet in the story which fell like a
stone upon her heart. But Rose only speculates unawares upon
these individual anxieties—they seem to her guilty, and she is
ashamed to harbour them—yet still unconsciously she looks for
Cuthbert’s coming, and when he comes grows abstracted and silent,
and looks like a shy, incompetent girl, instead of the fair, sweet-
hearted woman into whose fuller form and maturity her youth
developes day by day. Yet Cuthbert’s eyes are witched and charmed,
and he has strangely correct understanding of every shy, half-broken
word she says; and Rose would start, and wonder, and scarcely
believe, in her timid unconscious humility, could she see how these
broken words remain in Cuthbert’s heart.
 CHAPTER XXI.

I am a very foolish, fond old man,

Fourscore and upward

king lear.

“I was born this day fourscore and five years ago,” said Dragon. “It’s
a great age, bairns, and what few folk live to see; and for every
appearance that’s visible to me, I may live ither ten, Missie, and
never ane be a prin the waur. I would like grand mysel to make out
the hunder years, and it would be a credit to the place, and to a’
belonging till’t; and naebody wishes ill to me nor envies me for my
lang life. Just you look at that arm, Missie; it’s a strong arm for a
man o’ eighty-five.”
And Dragon stretched out his long thin arm, and snapt the curved
brown fingers—poor old Dragon! Not a child in Maidlin Cross but
could have overcome the decayed power which once had knit those
loose joints, and made them a strong man’s arm; but Dragon waved
it in the air exultingly, and was proud of his age and strength, and
repeated again with earnestness: “But I would like grand to make
out the hunder year.”
Lettie, now a tall girl of fifteen, stood by Dragon’s stair, arranging
flowers, a great number of which lay before her on one of the steps.
They were all wild flowers, of faint soft colour and sweet odours,
and Lettie was blending hawthorn and primroses, violets and
cowslips, with green sprigs of the sweetbriar, and here and there an
early half-opened wild rose—blending them with the greatest care
and devotion; while Katie Calder, developed into a stout little comely
woman-like figure, stood by, looking on with half contempt; for Katie
already had made a superb bouquet of garden flowers, and was
carrying it reverentially in her apron.
“It’s five years this day since Mr. Hairy came first to Allenders”,
continued the old man, “and it’s mair than three since they laid him
in his grave. The like o’ him—a young lad! and just to look at the like
o’ me!”
“But it was God’s pleasure, Dragon,” said Lettie, pausing in her
occupation, while the shadow which stole over her face bore witness
that Harry’s memory had not passed away even from her girl’s heart.
“Ay, Missie,” said the old man vacantly; “do ye think the spirit gaed
willingly away? I’ve thought upon that mony a time when I was able
to daunder up bye to the road, and see the farm; and it’s my belief
that Mr. Hairy will never get right rest till a’s done of the guid he
wanted to do, and a’s undone o’ the ill he did—that’s my belief. I
think myself he canna get lying quiet in his grave for minding of the
work he left to do; and if there was ane here skilled to discern
spirits, he might be kent in the fields. What makes the lady sae
constant at it, think ye, night and morning, putting to her ain hand
to make the issue speedier, if it’s no that she kens about him that’s
aye waiting, waiting, and never can enter into his rest.”
Lettie let her flowers fall, and looked away with a mysterious glance
into the dark shade of the trees; for the vague awe of poetic
superstition was strong upon Lettie still.
“Dragon,” she said in a very low voice, “I used to think I heard
Harry speak, crying on me, and his footstep in his own room, and on
the stair; and all the rest thought that too, for I have seen them
start and listen many a time, thinking it was Harry. Do ye think it
could be true? Do ye think, Dragon, it could be Harry? for I came to
think it was just because he was aye in our mind that we fancied
every sound was him.”
“Ane can never answer for the dead,” said the poor old Dragon.
“Ane kens when a living person speaks, for ye can aye pit out your
hand and touch them, and see that they’re by your side; but I pit
out my hand here, Missie—it’s a’ clear air to me—but for aught I
ken, an angel in white raiment may be standing on my stair-head,
and anither within my door, laying a mark in the Book yonder that I
may open it the night at ae special verse, and read that and nae
ither. How is the like o’ me to ken? And you’ll no tell me that Mr.
Hairy winna stand by the bride the morn, and be the first voice to
wish her joy, though we may ne’er hear what he says.”
With a slight tremble, Violet, putting away her flowers, leaned upon
the step, and looked again into the darkening shadow of the trees;
and Lettie tried to think, and to pray in her simplicity that her eyes
might be opened to discern the spirits, and that she might see Harry,
if he were here. But again the mortal shrank from the visible
immortality, and Lettie covered her eyes with a thrill of visionary fear.
“Dragon, look at Lettie’s flowers,” said Katie Calder; “she wants to
put them on the table, where the minister’s to stand, instead of all
the grand ones out of Lady Dunlop’s; and I never saw such grand
flowers as Lady Dunlop’s, Dragon.”
“The dew never falls on them,” said Lettie, starting to return to her
occupation; “and if you were in the room in the dark, you would
never know they were there; but I gathered this by the Lady’s Well,
and this was growing at the foot of the stone where Lady Violet sat,
and the brier and the hawthorn out of that grand hedge, Dragon,
where a’ the flowers are; and if I put them on the table in the dark,
the wee fairy that Dragon kens, will tell the whole house they’re
there; but Lady Dunlop’s have no breath—and mine are far liker
Rose.”
As Lettie speaks, some one puts a hand over her shoulder, and
lifting her flowers, raises them up very close to a glowing radiant
face; and Dragon, hastily getting up from the easy-chair on his stair-
head, jerks his dangling right arm upward towards the brim of the
low rusty old hat, which he wears always. It is only persons of great
distinction whom Dragon so far honours, and Dragon has forgotten
“yon birkie,” in his excited glee about the approaching wedding, and
his respect for the “groom.”
 “Very right, Lettie,” said the bridegroom, with a little laugh which
has a tremble in it; “they are far liker Rose. And will you be able to
come to the gate to-morrow, Dragon, and see me carry the flower of
Allenders away?”
“But ye see, my man,” said Dragon, eagerly, shuffling about his
little platform, as he looked down on Cuthbert, “I never had her
about me or among my hands, when she was a little bairn; and if it
was either Missie there, or the ither ane, I would have a greater
miss; for I’ve gotten into a way o’ telling them stories, and gieing a
word of advice to the bit things, and training them the way they
should go; so they’re turned just like bairns o’ my ain. But I wish
Miss Rose and you muckle joy, and increase and prosperity, and that
ye may learn godly behaviour, and be douce heads of a family; and
that’s the warst wish that’s in my head, though you are taking ane of
the family away, and I never was married mysel.”
And Cuthbert, responding with another joyous laugh, shook hands
with Dragon, after a manner somewhat exhausting to the loose arm,
of whose strength the old man had boasted, and immediately went
away to the waterside, to take a meditative walk along its banks,
and smile at himself for his own exuberant boyish joy. Serious and
solemn had been many of the past occasions on which he had
visited Allenders; and now, as the fulfilment of all his old
anticipations approached so certainly, so close at hand, Cuthbert’s
moved heart turned to Harry—poor Harry! whose very name had a
charm in it of mournful devotion and love!
The sun shone in next morning gaily to the rooms of Allenders,
now suddenly awakened as out of a three years’ sleep; and Agnes
curls her bright hair, and lets the sunshine glow upon it as she winds
it round her fingers, and with a sigh, lays away the widow’s cap,
which would not be suitable, she thinks, on Rose’s wedding-day; but
the sigh is a long-drawn breath of relief—and with an innocent
satisfaction, Agnes, blooming and youthful still, sees her pretty curls
fall again upon her cheek, and puts on her new white gown. It is a
pleasant sensation, and her heart rises unawares, though this other
sigh parts her lips. Poor Harry! his little wife will think of him to-day!
Think and weep, but only with a serene and gentle melancholy; for
the young joyous nature has long been rising; and Agnes, though
she never can forget, laments no longer with the reality of present
grief. It is no longer present—it is past, and only exists in
remembrance; and Agnes is involuntarily glad, and will wear her
widow’s cap no more.
And Martha is dressing little Harry, who will not be quiet in her
hands for two minutes at a time, but dances about with a perpetual
elasticity, which much retards his toilet. There are smiles on Martha’s
face—grave, quiet smiles—for she too has been thinking, with a few
tears this morning, that Harry will be at the bride’s side, to join in
the blessing with which she sends her other child away.
And Rose, in her own chamber, in a misty and bewildered
confusion, seeing nothing distinctly either before or behind her, turns
back at last to that one solemn fact, which never changes, and
remembers Harry—remembers Harry, and weeps, out of a free heart
which carries no burden into the unknown future, some sweet
pensive tears for him and for the home she is to leave to-day; and
so sits down in her bewilderment to wait for Martha’s summons,
calling her to meet the great hour whose shadow lies between her
and the skies.
And Lettie’s flowers are on the table, breathing sweet, hopeful
odours over the bridegroom and the bride. And Lettie, absorbed and
silent, listens with a beating heart for some sign that Harry is here,
and starts with a thrill of recognition when her heart imagines a
passing sigh. Poor Harry! if he is not permitted to stand unseen
among them, and witness this solemnity, he is present in their
hearts.
 CHAPTER XXII.

Behold I see the haven now at hand

To which I mean my wearie course to bend.
Vere the maine shete, and beare up with the land,
The which afar is fairly to be kend,
And seemeth safe from storms that may offend.

faery queen.

Agnes, with her relieved and lightened spirits, goes cheerfully about
her domestic business now, and has learned to drive the little old
gig, and sometimes ventures as far as Stirling to make a purchase,
and begins to grow a little less afraid of spending money. For some
time now, Agnes has given up the “opening”—given it up at Martha’s
special desire, and with very little reluctance, and no one does
“opening” now at Allenders, except sometimes Martha herself, in her
own room, when she is alone. These three years have paid Miss
Jean’s thousand pounds, and one of Macalister’s four, and Mr.
Macalister is very happy to leave the rest with Miss Allenders, who,
when her fourth harvest comes, has promised to herself to pay Mr.
Buchanan. For assiduous work, and Martha’s almost stern economy,
have done wonders in these years; and the bold Armstrong boasts
of his crops, and his cattle now, and is sometimes almost inclined to
weep with Alexander, that there is no more unfruitful land to
subjugate and reclaim.
But before her fourth harvest time, Martha has intimated to Sir
John Dunlop’s factor that it was her brother’s intention to make an
offer for the little farm of Oatlands, now again tenantless, and
Armstrong does not long weep over his fully attained success;
though Oatlands has little reformation to do, compared with Allender
Mains. And Harry’s model houses are rising at Maidlin Cross;
sagacious people shake their heads, and say Miss Allenders is going
too far, and is not prudent. She is not prudent, it is very true—she
ventures to the very edge and utmost extent of lawful limits—but
she has never ventured beyond that yet, nor ever failed.
And Harry’s name and remembrance lives—strangely exists and
acts in the country in which Harry himself was little more than a
subject for gossip. To hear him spoken of now, you would rather
think of some mysterious unseen person, carrying on a great work
by means of agents, that his chosen privacy and retirement may be
kept sacred, than of one dead to all the business and labour of this
world; and there is a certain mystery and awe about the very house
where Harry’s intentions reign supreme, to be considered before
everything else. So strong is this feeling, that sometimes an ignorant
mind conceives the idea that he lives there yet in perpetual secrecy,
and by and bye will re-appear to reap the fruit of all these labours;
and Geordie Paxton shakes his head solemnly, and tells his
neighbours what the “auld man” says—that Allenders cannot rest in
his grave till this work he began is accomplished; and people speak
of Harry as an active, existing spirit—never as the dead.
It is more than a year now since Rose’s marriage, and not far from
five since Harry’s death, and there is a full family circle round the
drawing-room fireside, where Mrs. Charteris has been administering
a lively little sermon to Lettie about the extravagance of destroying
certain strips of French cambric; (“It would have cost five-and-
twenty shillings a yard in my young days,” says the old lady), with
which Lettie has been devising some piece of ornamental work for
the adornment of Agnes. But Lettie’s execution never comes up to
her ideal, and the cambric is destroyed for ever; though Katie Calder,
looking on, has made one or two suggestions which might have
saved it.
“For you see, my dear, this is waste,” said Mrs. Charteris; “and ye
should have tried it on paper first, before you touched the cambric.”
“So I did,” said Lettie, nervously; “but it went all wrong.”
 And Rose smiles at the childish answer; and Mrs. Charteris bids
Violet sit erect, and keep up her head. Agnes is preparing tea at the
table. Martha, with little Sandy kneeling on the rug before her,
playing with a box of toys which he places in her lap, sits quietly
without her work, in honour of the family party; and Uncle Sandy is
telling Katie Calder all kinds of news about her companions in Ayr.
Why is Lettie nervous? Cuthbert at the table is looking over a new
magazine, which has just been brought in from Stirling with a supply
of other books ordered by their good brother; and constant longing
glances to this magazine have had some share in the destruction of
Lettie’s cambric. But Lettie is sixteen now, and Agnes thinks she
should not be such a child.
“Here is something for you,” says Cuthbert, suddenly. “Listen, we
have got a poet among us. I will read you the ballad of the ‘Lady’s
Well.’”

“She sat in her window like a dream,

She moved not eye nor hand;
Her heart was blind to the white moonbeam,
And she saw not the early morning gleam
Over the dewy land;
Nor wist she of aught but a tale of wrong,
That rang in her ears the dim day long.

Her hair was like gold upon her head,

But the snow has fallen there;
And the blush of life from her face has fled,
And her heart is dumb, and tranced, and dead,
Yet wanders everywhere—
Like a ghost through the restless night,
Wanders on in its own despight.

But hither there comes a long-drawn sigh—

A thrill to her form, a light to her eye:
Only a sigh on the wind, I wiss;
Keep us and guard us from sounds like this!
For she knew in the breath, for a mystic token,
The words of the rede, by that graybeard spoken.

The bridal robes are glistening fair

In the gray eventide,
Her veil upon her golden hair,
And so goes forth the bride—
Who went before to guide astray
All wayfarers from this way;
Whose the voice that led her hence,
How that graybeard came, and whence;
Known were these to her alone,
And she told the tale to none.

The fountain springs out of the earth,

Nor tells what there it sees;
And the wind with a cry, ’twixt grief and mirth,
Alights among the trees.
She sat her down upon the stone,
Her white robes trailed o’er the cold green turf,
Her foot pressed on the dreary earth,
Alone, alone, alone.
Not an ear to hear, not a voice to tell,
How the lady passed from the Lady’s Well.

The lady sat by the Lady’s Well.

When the night fell dark and gray;
But the morning sun shone in the dell,
And she had passed away.
And no man knew on the coming morrow
Aught but the tale of an unknown sorrow;
And nought but the fountain’s silver sound,
And the green leaves closing in around,
And a great silence night and day,
Mourned for her vanishing away.
 But peace to thee, Ladie, lost and gone!
And calm be thy mystic rest.
Whether thou dwellest here unknown,
Or liest with many a kindred one,
In the great mother’s breast;
The woe of thy curse has come and fled,
Peace and sweet honour to our dead!”

But Lettie, growing red and pale, dropping the paper pattern which
Mrs. Charteris has cut for her, and casting sidelong, furtive glances
round upon them all from under her drooped eyelids, trembles
nervously, and can scarcely keep her seat. When Cuthbert comes to
the end there is a momentary silence, and Martha looks with wonder
on her little sister, and Agnes exclaims in praise of the ballad, and
wonders who can possibly know the story so well. Then follows a
very free discussion on the subject, and some criticism from
Cuthbert; and then Martha suddenly asks: “It is your story, Lettie,
and you don’t often show so little interest. How do you like it? Tell
us.”
“I—I canna tell,” said Lettie, letting all her bits of cambric fall, and
drooping her face, and returning unconsciously to her childish
tongue; “for—it was me that wrote it, Martha.”
And Lettie slid down off her chair to the carpet, and concealed the
coming tears, and the agitated troubled pleasure, which did not
quite realize yet whether this was pain or joy, on Martha’s knee.
Poor Lettie! many an hour has she dreamed by the Lady’s Well—
dreamed out grand histories for “us all,” or grander still

“——Resolved
To frame she knows not what excelling thing
And win she knows not what sublime reward
Of praise and honour——”
 But just now the sudden exultation bewilders Lettie; and there is
nothing she is so much inclined to do as to run away to her room in
the dark, and cry. It would be a great relief.
But the confession falls like lightning upon all the rest. Cuthbert,
with a burning face, thinks his own criticism the most stupid in the
world. Rose laughs aloud, with a pleasure which finds no other
expression so suitable. Agnes, quite startled and astonished, can do
nothing but look at the bowed head, which just now she too had
reproved for stooping. And Mrs. Charteris holds up her hands in
astonishment, and Katie claps hers, and says that she kent all the
time. But Martha, with a great flush upon her face, holds Lettie’s wet
cheeks in her hands, and bends down over her, but never says a
word. Children’s unpremeditated acts, simple words and things have
startled Martha more than once of late, as if a deeper insight had
come to her; and now there is a great motion in the heart which has
passed through tempests innumerable, and Martha cannot speak for
the thick-coming thoughts which crowd upon her mind.
That night, standing on the turret, Martha looks out upon the lands
of Allenders—the lands which her own labour has cleared of every
overpowering burden, and which the same vigorous and unwearied
faculties shall clear yet of every encumbrance, if it please God. The
moonlight glimmers over the slumbering village of Maidlin—over the
pretty houses of poor Harry’s impatient fancy, where Harry’s
labourers now dwell peacefully, and know that their improved
condition was the will and purpose of the kindly-remembered dead.
And the little spire of Maidlin Church shoots up into the sky, guarding
the rest of him, whose memory no man dares malign—whose name
has come to honour and sweet fame, since it shone upon that tablet
in the wall—and not one wish or passing project of whose mind,
which ever gained expression in words, remains without fulfilment,
or without endeavour and settled purpose to fulfil. And Martha’s
thoughts turn back—back to her own ambitious youth and its bitter
disappointment—back to the beautiful dawn of Harry’s life—to its
blight, and to its end. And this grand resurrection of her buried
hopes brings tears to Martha’s eyes, and humility to her full and
swelling heart. God, whose good pleasure it once was to put the bar
of utter powerlessness upon her ambition, has at last given her to
look upon the work of her hands—God, who did not hear, according
to her dimmed apprehension, those terrible prayers for Harry which
once wrung her very heart, gave her to see him pass away with
peace and hope at the end, and has permitted her—her, so greedy
of good fame and honour—to clear and redress his sullied name.
And now has been bestowed on Martha this child—this child, before
whom lies a gentle glory, sweet to win—a gracious, womanly,
beautiful triumph, almost worthy of an angel—and the angels know
the dumb, unspeakable humility of thanksgiving which swells in
Martha’s heart.
So to all despairs, agonies, bitternesses, of the strong heart which
once stormed through them all, but which God has chastened,
exercised, at length blessed, comes this end. Harvest and seedtime
in one combination—hopes realized, and hopes to come; and all her
children under this quiet roof, sleeping the sleep of calm, untroubled
rest—all giving thanks evening and morning for fair days sent to
them out of the heavens, and sorrow charmed into sweet repose,
and danger kept away. But though Martha’s eyes are blind with
tears, and her heart calls upon Harry—Harry, safe in the strong hand
of the Father, where temptation and sorrow can reach him never
more—the same heart rises up in the great strength of joy and faith,
and blesses God: Who knoweth the beginning from the end—who
maketh His highway through the flood and the flame—His highway
still, terrible though it be—who conducts into the pleasant places,
and refreshes the failing heart with hope; and the sleep which He
gives to His beloved, fell sweet and deep that night upon the
wearied heart of Martha Muir.
the end.

LONDON:
Printed by Schulze and Co., 13, Poland Street.
 Corrections

The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.
p. 90

to her ttle sister

to her little sister

p. 115

that is my concern—your’s is
that is my concern—yours is

p. 239

the pain of them mingled wlth

the pain of them mingled with

p. 275

ROMEO AND JULIE T.

ROMEO AND JULIET.

p. 287

since Mr. Hairy ame first

since Mr. Hairy came first

Erratum

In chapter numbering, Chapter III is missing.

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