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Technology Summary Notes

This is a revision document with term 3 revision notes for technology for a grade 8 learner

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pmahi2303
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22 views

Technology Summary Notes

This is a revision document with term 3 revision notes for technology for a grade 8 learner

Uploaded by

pmahi2303
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY NOTES TO STUDY FROM :

TOPICS :

 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
 GEAR SYSTEMS
 CALCULATING MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

Electrical circuits
An electric circuit is an arrangement of electrical components to provide a continuous paths for
electricity to move through.

Electrical components used in circuits

Electrical components can be joined or connected in series or parallel.

When electrical components are connected in series , they follow one another and the current
passes through each component.

When electrical components are connected in parallel , they branch out and the electric current
splits so that only part of the current passes through each bulb or component

FIGURE A : SERIES CIRCUIT FIGURE B : PARALLEL CIRCUIT


REVISION ACTIVITY : SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

FIGURE 11.10 – PARALLEL CIRCUIT [THE CELLS ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL]

FIGURE 11.11 – SERIES CIRCUIT [ BOTH THE BULBS AND CELLS ARE IN SERIES]

FIGURE 11.12 – THE BULBS ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES WHEREAS THE BULBS ARE CONNECTED IN
PARALLEL

FIGURE 11.13 – SERIES CIRCUIT [BOTH THE BULBS AND CELLS ARE IN SERIES]

A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM THAT HAS THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS :

- TWO CELLS IN SERIES


- A SWITCH
- AN ELECTROMAGNET
- A BUZZER
Gear systems
If the smaller gear , drives the larger gear, the velocity will increase

Key words :

Gear systems – gears and gear wheels used to change the speed of a turning , or rotational
movement

Types of gears and their meanings

Spur gears

A gear with teeth like spurs on its edge – It is one of the most common types of gears. Examples of
which they are used in are washing machines , eggbeaters and aircraft engines

FIGURE A – SPUR GEAR

Bevel gears

A gear used to change rotation movement through 90◦. The side of the gear has teeth shapes like a
cone. THE SMALLER GEAR USUALLY DRIVES THE GEAR SYSTEM. THE SMALLER GEAR IS CALLED A
PINION GEAR. Examples of which they are used in are : watches , dentists drills and electric
typewrites.

FIGURE B – BEVEL GEAR

Rack and pinion gears


A gear used to change rotational movement into linear movement. This gear is made up of two gears
made of a normal spur gear and meshes with a flat strip of gear called a rack. They are used in
machines such a car’s steering mechanism, in train wheels and in milling machines.

FIGURE C – RACK AND PINION GEAR

Worm gears

A worm gear is a part of a shaft that has one continuous groove in the form of a screw thread. The
shaft is called the worm shaft, and meshes with a spur gear , called the worm gear or worm wheel.
Examples of which this gear is used in are : tuning heads of musical instruments such as guitars , and
in the winding mechanisms of watches, corkscrews and toys.

FIGURE D – WORM GEARS

Counter-rotation occurs when two spur gears mesh together and rotate in opposite directions.
Different sized gears will rotate faster or more slower depending on the size of the driven gear.

Velocity ratio is how fast a gear rotates. Force ratio occurs when a large gear drives a smaller gear.

Although the large gear might rotate more slowly , it has a stronger turning force [force ratio]
Larger driver gear drives
the smaller gear then ,
the smaller gear is
rotated with greater force

Smaller driven gear is


driven faster than the
larger gear then the gear
train will rotate with
greater speed

Calculating mechanical advantage

Mechanical advantage is a force that is measured in newtons [N]

Two main factors that enable more work to be done are

 Distance
 Force

The more distance we use, the less force we need . The more force we use, the less distance we
need.

MA CALCULATIONS FOR GEARS

KEY WORDS :

Tooth ratio – the relationship between the number of teeth of the input gear and the number of
teeth of the output gear

Gear wheel diameter – the diameter of the gear wheel relates to its size, which influences the gear
wheel’s mechanical advantage

Revolves – when a gear wheel rotates one full turn around its own axle
FORMULAS FOR DIFFERENT GEARS :

Gear ratio can be calculated with tooth ratio


𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐠𝐞𝐚𝐫 [𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭]
gear ratio = 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐠𝐞𝐚𝐫 [𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭]

EXAMPLE : USE TOOTH RATIO FORMULA TO DETERMINE GEAR RATIO

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟


gear ratio = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟

80 4
=
20 1

FINAL ANSWER = 4:1

Gear ratio can also be calculated with gear wheel diameters


𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐠𝐞𝐚𝐫 [𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭]
gear ratio = 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐠𝐞𝐚𝐫 [𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭]

EXAMPLE : USE GEAR WHEEL DIAMETER TO DETERMINE GEAR RATIO

𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐠𝐞𝐚𝐫 [𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭]


gear ratio =
𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐠𝐞𝐚𝐫 [𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭]

20 1
60
=3

FINAL ANSWER = 1:3


Gear ratio can also be calculated with velocity ratios
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 [𝑟𝑝𝑚] 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟
gear ratio = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 [𝑟𝑝𝑚] 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟

EXAMPLE : DETERMINE THE DRIVEN GEAR’S SPEED


𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
gear ratio = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 -> output speed = 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟


gear ratio = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟

80 2
40
=1

FINAL GEAR RATIO = 2:1

𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
output speed =
𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

60 30
2
= 1

= 30 : 1

FINAL ANSWER OF OUTPUT SPEED = 30 rpm

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