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Maths Ia

ECONOMICS IA

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12 views

Maths Ia

ECONOMICS IA

Uploaded by

ft.discombobulated
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PASCAL'S TRIANGLE

Pascal's identity

ADITRI KARKI
GRADE 9B

THE INDIAN PUBLIC SCHOOL


TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.1 AIM

1.2 INTRODUCTION

1.3 PASCAL'S IDENTITY

1.4 HOCKEY STICK IDENTITY

1.5 PERSONAL ENGAGEMENT

1.6 CONCLUSION

1.7 BIBILOGRAPHY

1.1 AIM
The aim of this internal assessment is to explore Pascal's Triangle and its related concepts,
including Pascal's identity and the Hockey Stick Identity. By examining the patterns and
relationships within Pascal's Triangle, this study seeks to demonstrate how these identities reveal
important properties of combinations and binomial coefficients. The investigation will involve
calculation, visual representation to deepen the understanding of these mathematical concepts.
The purpose for this IA is to show how Pascal's Triangle serves as a fundamental tool in
combinatory and provides insight into the beauty and interconnectedness of mathematics.
1.2 INTRODUCTION
Pascal's Triangle
A really interesting number patterns is Pascal's triangle named after Blaise Pascal, a famous
French mathematician and philosopher.

To build the triangle, start with "1" at the top, then


continue placing numbers below it in a triangular pattern. Each number is the number directly
above it added together. (Here I have highlighted that 1+3=4)
Patterns within the triangle
Diagonals
The first diagonal is, of course, just "1"S. The next diagonal has the Counting numbers (1, 2, 3,
etc.). The third diagonal has the triangular numbers.
1.3 PASCAL'S IDENTITY
Pascal's identity is a useful theorem of combinatory dealing with combinations also known as
binomial coefficients. It can often be used to simplify complicated expressions involving
binomial coefficients.
Pascal's identity is also known as Pascal's rule, Pascal's formula, and occasionally Pascal's
theorem.
Theorem

Pascal's identity states that

For any positive integers k and n. Here, is the binomial coefficient

This result can be interpreted combinatorial as follows: the number of ways to choose k things
from n things is equal to the number of ways to choose k-1 things from n-1 things added to the
number of ways to choose k things from n-1 things.
Proof
If k > n then and so the result is trivial. So assume
. Then

Alternate proofs
Here, we prove this using committee forming.
Consider picking one fixed object out of n objects. Then, we can choose k objects including that

one in ways.
Because our final group of objects either contains the specified one or doesn't, we can choose the

group in ways.

But we already know they can be picked in ways, so


Also, we can look at Pascal's Triangle to see why this is. If we were to extend Pascal's Triangle

to row n, we would see the term . Above that, we would see the terms and

. Due to the definition of Pascal's triangle, .

1.4 HOCKEY STICK IDENTITY


What is Hockey Stick Identity?
For whole numbers n and r (n ≥ r),

Let's visualize this on the Pascal's triangle for n = 6, r = 2. We know that elements on the triangle
are results of the binomial coefficient. For example = 15 is in row 6, column 2.

Do you see it? It resembles a hockey stick!


Proof
Let's say we have n + 1 = 7 letters (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) and we want to count all possible sets for

r + 1 = 3 letters from it. The answer to this is obviously = 35. That is the right side of our

for example, (E, G, A, D, F, B, C). Now for each k ∈{r,r+1,…,n} = {2,3,4,5,6} we


equation. But we can count it differently. Let's put our letters in a row (the order doesn't matter)

will take the k + 1-st letter and choose the remaining r = 2 letters from
the first k letters. Let's visualize it:

This is the way we get our left side of the equation.


1.5 PERSONAL ENGAGEMENT
Solution
Solution
1.6 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Pascal's triangle serves as a vital tool that organizes numbers in a triangular shape,
with each number representing the sum of the two numbers above it. Pascal's identity shows how
we can relate different rows of the triangle to find combinations in simpler ways. Meanwhile,
Pascal's Hockey Stick Identity provides an easy way to sum numbers in a diagonal line of the
triangle. Together, these concepts show how patterns can make calculations easier.
1.7 BIBILOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle#:~:text=In%20mathematics%2C%20Pascal's
%20triangle%20is,theory%2C%20combinatorics%2C%20and%20algebra.
https://byjus.com/maths/pascals-triangle/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_rule
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zt76rj3Zh7I

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