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MK (MBT) - Unit 4

Bio remediation and related terms definitions. Modes of bioremediation using various microbes.

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Muskaan Kathuria
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22 views11 pages

MK (MBT) - Unit 4

Bio remediation and related terms definitions. Modes of bioremediation using various microbes.

Uploaded by

Muskaan Kathuria
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© © All Rights Reserved
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remediation is the use of biologically mediated processes to remove or degrade pollutants (oil, toxic chemicals}from specific environments. Bioremediation can be done by modifying the environment to accelerate biological processes, either with (bioaugmentation) or without (biostimulation) the addition of specific microorganisms. Biostimulation: Addition of nutrients in the form of nitrogen and phosphate-containing fertilizers Bioaugmentation: Addition of microorganisms ~addition of selected microbes for growth on a certain pollutant Biodegradation: The breakdown of a complex chemical through biological processes that can result in a minor loss of functional groups, fragmentation into smaller constituents, or complete breakdown of carbon dioxide and minerals Bioleaching (ex bioleaching of ores); mineral recovery Biomagnification (ex biomagnification of DDT): Increase in the concentration of a substance (DDT) in higher-level consumer organisms Bioaccumulation (bioaccumulation of heavy metals in humans/fish) biotransformation or microbial transformation The use of living organisms to modify substances that are not normally used for growth Biodetevioration.the chemical or physical alteration of a product mostly decreases the usefulness of that product for its intended purpose Microbial removal of Heavy Metals from industrial effluents, e-waste piosencor A device for the detection of a particular substance (an analyte) that combines a biological receptor with a physicochemical detector. Te receptor senses or captures the analyte. The receptor can be tissue, microorganism, enone, cell receptor, enzyme, antibody, nuclte acid, ete. The detector reports the sensing captures evens and puts that are physicochemical, optical, electrochemical, thermometric, piezoelectric, or magnetic in produces out nature Microorganisms in bioremediation: Degradation of xenobiotics: Pesticides (DDT, Propanil), Plastics Mineral recovery (bioleaching), Removal of heavy metals from aqueous effluents, Removal of dyes and phenolic compounds Xenobiotics A growing problem is the leaching into groundwaters of xenobiotics that are not biodegradable or degrade very slowly and therefore persist in the environment. + is a synthetic product/chemical + not produced by organisms in nature. sources of these materials may include landfills, illegal industrial dumps, or pesticides applied to agricultural crops. Examples of xenobiotics: Pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), munitions, , and plastics. dye Jse of pesticides has benefited the modem society by improving the quantity and quality of the worlds' food production. Pesticides include chlorinated, aromatic, and nitrogen- and phosphorus containing compounds. These may be herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. Awell-known example is the insecticide dichlorodiphenyitrichloroethane (DDT), which proved so resistant that it accumulated to damaging levels in the environment (Biomagnification of DDT) ‘Table: Smal! diferences in chemical structure of different Molecular feature that renders the compound recalcitrant four compounds are herbicides, the lower four insecticides Di Ee HSE ieee (ieemichineen Oma tee Cee eel |e Cea con Counter ees ‘compoundrecaleitrant herbicides ‘Themeta effect, ‘SCH, COOH] wy —8—0— enon, Readily degradable 2- ‘dchlorophenoxyacetic acid (2:40, the common chemical {sed to kil awn weeds) with anexposed meta position on the ting degrades in months (3 months) * Tieptinayankeroph cx, LsopropyiN phenyl carbamate SB (Propham) is cleaved by 1 po oH Pies Nop meta cacamate leans Siodeeaded gute ap et sans! 41,1,1-trichlor02,2bis (o- rmethoxypheny() ethane (methorychlon)is tess ppersistantthen 1.11.- ‘wichlorobis (p-chlorophenyt) ‘ethane (ODT) because the p- methoxy groups are subjected toealkylation, HN a. ¢. 0 Coy or Pesticides can make laige diferences in ter biodegradabity (Table). The upper while, reealrant2.45- Uichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4,5-, used to kl shrubs) with the blocked ‘meta group, can persist fr years Differs only by one additional ct subetitutinin the meta postion, (> chro sueitaion) Persist for many ‘months The additional substitution interferes with the hydroxylation and Cleavage ofthe aromatic ring. The secondary amine group of N leopropyl2 chloroscetanlide (propachion ( alty subsuretion) ts not “subject to attack by such amidases, and this empound persists considerably longer. whereas hexachlorooctahyaro sdimetnanonaphthatene (Alden) (sulin ‘horo suhstiticw) persists oF Undergoes only a minor change by ‘epoxidation whereas two p coro substitution ‘endows DDT with geat biological ang chemical stablticy a a Recalcitrant halogenated pesticides Rocalcivanl means totally esistantto biodegradation Reason for being recalcitrant: 1. Unusual substitutions (as with chlorine and other halogens) Extensively chlorinated pesticides are relatively resistant to microbialattack. The chlorinated pesticides are relatively resistant to microbial attack. In general, the more extensive the chlorine substitution, the more _persistentthe pesticide However less chionnated pesticides can sometimes be degraded slowly by enzymes that normally degrade the structurally related natural compounds. Basically, microbial organisms (mainly bacteria and fungi transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic. ‘action the structure of these xenobiotics and convert to less-loxic compounds that are more readily degraded. cr For example- Mirex (C10C112) and Kepone (C10CH100) are extensively chlorinated insecticides (more extensively chiorinatedthan DDT) and hence extremely resistant to Biodegradation. No biological mineralization was demonstrated for either Kepone (oF Mirex, altwugh both compounds are subjectedto limited

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