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B A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of

one or more minerals.
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The aggregate minerals forming the rocks are
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held together by chemical bonds.
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Grains can be different in color, texture, and sizes.
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Geologists then group rocks into
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three categories based on how the rocks form:
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igneous sedimentary and
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metamorphic rock. Petrology is the scientific
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study of rocks. Petrologists classify
N rocks based on how they were formed.
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B The three main types of rocks are igneous,
S sedimentary, and metamorphic.
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A
B A rock that forms from melted rock is
S igneous rock.
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B Melted rock, called magma, cools and hardens to
S form igneous rock.
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A Igneous rocks are classified by how quickly
B they cool and the size of the mineral grains
S that form.
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Igneous rocks are classified based
on
1.Composition
FELSIC - light in color; feldspar and
silicates
MAFIC - dark in color; made up of
magnesium and iron
INTERMEDIATE – between mafic
and felsic
ULTRAMAFIC - very dark color
Igneous rocks are classified based on

2.Texture- overall appearance of rock

Aphanistic - fine grained
Phaneritic- coarse grained
Porphyritic- large crystals with small
crystals
Glassy- non-ordered solid from rapid
quenching
Pyroclastic- composite of ejected fragments
Examples: Obsidian, pumice, basalt,
granite, diorite, gabbro
Layers of substances are pressed
and cemented together to form
sedimentary rock.
 Three types of sedimentary rocks
a. Clastic Sedimentary rock - formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken rocks
and shells. Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale
b. Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution.
Example: Halite - formed when a body of seawater becomes closed off and
evaporates.
c. Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation of animal debris
Example: Coal - composed of organic matter in the form of plants fragments.
9. Scientists compare the position
of layered rocks to find a rock’s
relative age.
10. A rock layer and any fossils in
that rock have the same relative
age.
 Metamorphic rocks are often formed by processes deep within the
earth that produce new minerals, textures, and crystal structures. The
recrystallization that takes place does so essentially in the solid state,
rather than by complete re-melting, and can be aided by ductile
deformation and the presence of interstitial fluids such as water.
There are two main types of metamorphic rocks: those that are
foliated because they have formed in an environment with either
directed pressure or shear stress, and those that are not foliated
because they have formed in an environment without directed
pressure or relatively near the surface with very little pressure
Metamorphism - transformation of one rock type into another.
11. Heat and pressure form
metamorphic rock.
 12. Metamorphic rocks can form
from igneous and sedimentary
rocks, or from other metamorphic
rocks.
 13. Metamorphic rocks are
different than their original form
because their properties change.
 2 types of metamorphism
1. Regional-due to changes in pressure and temperature over large
region of the crust
2. Contact-mainly by heat due to contact with magma
Classification:
a. Texture - refers to the size arrangement ad grains within the rock.
b. Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural
features within the rock. *Foliated - appeared banded or layered,
contains crystals Example: mica Non-foliated - made up of only few
minerals
14. Rocks change from one form
to another in the rock cycle.
15. People use rocks and
minerals as resources.
16. Rocks and minerals are used
for building schools and other
structures, and to make steel,
aluminum products, silicon
chips, and jewelry.
• Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and
minerals on Earth’s surface. Once a rock has been broken
down, a process called erosion transports the bits of rock
and minerals away. Water, acids, salt, plants, animals, and
changes in temperature are all agents of weathering and
erosion.
• Weathering describes the breaking down or dissolving of
rocks and minerals on the surface of the Earth. Water, ice,
acids, salts, plants, animals, and changes in temperature are
all agents of weathering.
Mechanical weathering, also called physical
weathering and disaggregation, causes rocks to
crumble. Mechanical weathering or physical
weathering is the breakdown of rocks into pieces
without any change in its composition.
 Contributing factors in mechanical
weathering
• 1. Pressure- Due to tectonic forces, granite may rise to form
mountain range. After the granite ascends and cools, the
overlying rocks and sediments may erode. At the point when the
pressure diminishes, the rock expands, cools, and became
brittle and fractured.
• 2. Temperature - Rocks expand and are fractured when expose
to high temperature. However, if the temperature drops to 0°C
(freezing point of water), it also expands and causes fracture.
 Contributing factors in mechanical
weathering

3. . Frost Wedging - Generally, rocks have fracture in its surface and when water
accumulates in the crack and at that point freezes, the ice expands and breaks
the rock apart.
4. Abrasion - The breakdown of rocks is caused by impact and friction. This
primarily occurs during collision of rocks, sand, and silt due to current or waves
along a stream or seashore causing sharp edges and corners to wear off and
become rounded.
5. Organic Activity - The roots grow causing penetration into the crack, expand,
and in the long run, break the rock.
 Contributing factors in mechanical weathering

6.. Human Activities - Activities such as digging,

quarrying, denuding forests and cultivating land
contribute to physical weathering.
7. Burrowing Animals - Animals like rats, rabbits
and squirrels excavate into the ground to create a
space for habitation.
• Chemical Weathering
Chemical weathering changes the molecular structure of
rocks and soil.
In chemical weathering, there are changes in the
composition of rocks due to the chemical reactions presented
below.
• 1.Dissolution - It occurs in specific minerals which are
dissolved in water. Examples of these minerals are Halite
(NaCl) and Calcite (CaCO3). The formation of stalactites and
stalagmites in caves are brought about by this chemical
reaction.
•2. Hydrolysis - Rock-forming minerals like
amphibole, pyroxene, and feldspar react with
water and form different kinds of clay minerals.
•3. Oxidation- It is the response of oxygen with
minerals. If the iron oxidizes, the mineral in rocks
decomposes. Rusting is an example of this
chemical reaction.