Moment Distribution

UNIT 3 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

Structure
3.1 Introduction
Objectives
3.2 Sign Conventions and Other Preliminaries
3.3 Slope Deflection Equations for a Member
3.4 Distribution Factor
3.5 Carry Over Moments
3.6 Moment Distribution Procedure
3.7 Continuous Beams
3.7.1 Moment Distribution Method Applied to Continuous Beam
3.7.2 Continuous Beam with Hinged End Supports
3.8 Portal Frames
3.8.1 Portal Frames and Sway
3.8.2 Portal Frames with Sway Due to Horizontal Load
3.9 Summary
3.10 Answers to SAQs

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The moment distribution method is a very convenient and useful method for
finding the bending moment in a rigid jointed structure, like portal fames and
continuous beams.
P2 P3

B
B C MBC
P1

MBA
MCB
C
HA HD

A D
VA VD
MD
MCD
(a) (b)

Figure 3.1 : A Portal Frame

Figure 3.1 shows a portal frame with vertical members (column members) AB and
CD and the horizontal member (beam member) BC which are rigidly joined at B
and C so that the angles between the members remain fixed (in Figure 3.1 these
are a right angles). As the joints B and C are not hinged, but fixed therefore,
bending moments will appear both in members BA and BC at joint B and
similarly in CB and CD at joint C. In Figure 3.1(b) we have the conditions of
53
Theory of Structures-I static equilibrium at the joints stating that the sum of all the moments acting at the
joint must be zero.
i.e. MBA + MBC = 0 . . . (3.1)
and MCB + MCD = 0
However, the moments themselves are unknowns and can be termed as internal
redundants. Also the portal may be supported in any manner. Here, in Figure 3.1,
the support A is a hinge where two reactions (VA and HA) are present, while the
support D is fixed causing three reactions VD, HD and MD there. Thus, the portal
has five unknown support reactions and we have only three equations of static
equilibrium to determine them. Hence, externally also it is indeterminate to the
second degree (5 – 3 = 2). To solve them by compatibility method will involve a
solution of so many simultaneous equations which is a laborious process.
In the moment distribution method, however, we are not required to solve any
equations to determine the reaction etc. But we directly start finding the fixed end
moments at all the joints and support points. After determining the moments, the
reactions can be found out by equations of statics. Here, the joints are assumed
first to be all rigidly fixed; also without any translation (i.e. without horizontal
movement or sway of any joint). The fixed end moments are first determined for
each member and then the joints are released for the sake of compatibility to
attain equilibrium, which is called balancing. This act of balancing results in
introduction of carry over moments which cause loss of equilibrium again. Hence,
a second balancing is required, and then a second carry over and so on.
This process of repeated adjustments or balancing is carried out till we reach a
point where sufficient accuracy of result is achieved. In fact we may stop at any
point, as the process is a convergent one.
As you will very soon see that the method is quite simple and does not need
solution of a number of simultaneous equations as is usually required for frames
having a large number of redundancies. Figure 3.2 is a portal frame with 4 bays
and 3 storeyes, having 12 beam members and 15 column members.

Figure 3.2
The number of joints are 20. As you can easily see that it has a large number of
external unknown reactions, and internal unknown joint moments which is
difficult to solve without the use of fast digital computers. But it can be solved
mechanically by the moment distribution method. The method was first proposed
by Prof. Handy Cross in 1932 when digital computers and hand calculators were
not available. However, by simple manual calculations fairly accurate results
could be obtained.

54
 Moment Distribution
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
• find the moments and reactions at the supports of a continuous beam
by the moment distribution method, and draw the BM and SF
diagram,
• find out the joint and support moments of a single storey, single bay
portal frame without sway by moment distribution, and to draw its
bending moment and shearing force diagram, and
• solve a similar portal frame when side sway is also present.

3.2 SIGN CONVENTIONS AND OTHER

PRELIMINARIES
The moment distribution method requires a sign convention which must be
clearly defined. As equilibrium of joint moments are to be considered, we assume
all clockwise moments as positive (and therefore anticlockwise moments as
negative). Now with reference to bending of a member it will have a different
meaning depending upon the end at which it is applied. For example, in
Figure 3.3(a), a clockwise moment applied to the left hand end A of the member
AB produces a sagging (or positive) bending moment. The same clockwise
moment when applied to the right hand end B produces a hogging (or negative)
bending moment. Opposite effects will be produced by anticlockwise moments.
Original Beam
Clockwise

A B MD
D
⊕

Clockwise t Hogging t c
c
c
t Clockwise
Sagging
Bent Beam c t
Clockwise

MB C
MA ⊕ MC

Bending Moment Diagram Original Column Bent Column Bending Moment

Diagram
(a) (b)

Figure 3.3
Similarly, on a vertical member CD (Figure 3.3(b)) a clockwise moment at the
lower end C produces tension on the right hand face (compression on left hand
face) marked ‘t’ and ‘c’ respectively. A similar clockwise moment at the upper
end will produce tension on the left hand face (and compression on the right hand
face). So the sign of the bending moments at the ends C and D will be opposite
although the moments are both clockwise in direction. They may not be called
hogging or sagging now. The best way to show their signs are to draw the
positive bending moment on the tension side of the original axis line as shown
above at Figures 3.3(a) and (b). Similarly, in moment distribution notation all
joint rotations or chord rotation is positive if clockwise and negative if
anticlockwise. Hence, the downward deflection of right hand end B with respect
to left hand A will cause a clockwise (positive) rotation as shown in Figure 3.4(a).
55
Theory of Structures-I D D' D
θB

A B
θD
θD
θA

A B θC
θA
θB θC
B'
C C

(a) (b)

Figure 3.4
So will be the case with vertical member where upper end D moves to right with
respect to the lower end C as shown in Figure 3.4(b). The opposite movements
will result in anticlockwise rotations, and shall be given negative sign.

3.3 SLOPE DEFLECTION EQUATIONS FOR A

MEMBER
In this section, we will develop some basic equations needed for further
discussion in the moment distribution context.

MA MB
A B (a)
θA

VA VB

MB (b)
a –
EI
MA
⊕ L–a
EI M/EI Diagram

Figure 3.5
Figure 3.5(a) shows a beam hinged at the end A and fixed at B. A clockwise
moment MA at A produces a clockwise rotation θA at end A, the moment at end B
is assumed MB while the slope at the fixed end B is zero. The vertical reactions at
VA and VB are equal in magnitude but their directions will be opposite as shown in
B

the diagram producing an anticlockwise couple to balance the couple due to the
end moments MA and MB. B

MA + MB
i.e. – VA = VB = B . . . (3.1)
L

To find out MA and MB we shall apply the moment area method. The bending
B

moment (÷ EI) diagram is shown in Figure 3.5(b). At the left hand end clockwise
MA is positive (sagging) BM while at the right hand end clockwise MB is a B

negative (sagging) BM.

M
As the change in slope from end B to A is θA, it is equal to the area of diagram
EI
between these points
56
 MA a M ( L – a) Moment Distribution
i.e. θA = . – B . . . (3.2)
EI 2 EI 2
Also the intercept on the tangent at B made by the vertical through A is equal to
M
the moment of diagram about A. As the tangent at B passes through A, so this
EI
intercept is zero, hence,
⎛ MA a⎞ ⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ MB L − a ⎞ ⎛ 2 ( L − a) ⎞
⎜ EI . 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟ ⎜ a+ ⎟ =0 . . . (3.3)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ EI 2 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
a M
Also we know from similar triangles that = A . . . (3.4)
L − a MB

From Eq. (3.3),

MA . a2 = MB (L – a) [3a + a2 – 2 (L – a)]
B

Dividing by (L – a)2 we have

2
⎛ a ⎞ ⎡ a ⎤
MA ⎜ ⎟ = M B ⎢3 + 2⎥
⎝L – a⎠ ⎣ L–a ⎦

On Substituting Eq. (3.4), we get

2
MA ⎛ MA ⎞ MA
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =3 +2
MB ⎝ MB ⎠ MB
MA
If = r this gives r3 = 3r + 2 or r3 – 3r – 2 = 0
MB

Giving (r + 1)2 (r – 2) = 0 hence r + 1 = 0 or r – 2 = 0

MA
As the ratio r = = – 1 is not acceptable since MA = – MB gives the case of a
MB
uniform sagging moment all over the beam, hence,
MA
∴ = 2 or M A = 2 M B . . . (3.5)
MB

a M 2L
Also = A = 2 or a = . . . (3.6)
L – a MB 3

Substituting Eqs. (3.5) and (3.6) in Eq. (3.2), we get

4E I θ A
MA = . . . (3.7)
L
MA 2E I θ A
and ∴ MB = = . . . (3.8)
2 L
4 E I θA
Thus, a rotation of θA at hinged end A is produced by a moment at the
L
2 E I θA
end A, while at the fixed end B the moment induced is half of this, i.e.
L
and both are clockwise if θA is clockwise.
Next, let us calculate the fixed end moments due to a support settlement or end
deflection as shown in Figure 3.6(a).
57
Theory of Structures-I MA

A B

Δ
L B'

MB

(a) Support Settlement

M
B
M
A EI
EI

(b) BM Diagram

6EIΔ
MA = − 2
L

⊕ 6EIΔ
MB = + 2
L

(c) Actual BM Diagram

Figure 3.6
In the beam AB, the end B moves through a distance BB′ = Δ , such that chord
rotation AB′ is positive (clockwise).
Hence, MA and MB, the fixed end moments, both are anticlockwise as shown. As
B

there is no change in slope between A and B (both tangents remain horizontal).

M
From the first moment area theorem the area of the diagram between A and B
EI
is zero.
(M A + MB ) L
∴ = 0 ⇒ M A + MB = 0 . . . (3.9)
2 EI
Also since the intercept on tangent at A, on a vertical through B is Δ , we have, by
M
taking moment of the diagram about B (Second moment area theorem)
EI
⎛ M A + M B ⎞ ⎛ 2M A + M B L ⎞
⎜ ⎟L⎜ M +M . ⎟=−Δ
⎝ 2 EI ⎠ ⎝ A B 3⎠

Here ∆ is taken negative as B′ is below B.

6E I Δ
Or 2 MA + MB = − . . . (3.10)
L2
B

But MA + MB = 0 B

− 6E I Δ ⎫
MA = ⎪
and ∴ L2 ⎪
. . . (3.11)
⎬
6E I Δ ⎪
MB =
L2 ⎪⎭
58
Thus, MA is negative (hogging) bending moment and MB is a positive (sagging) B
Moment Distribution
6E I Δ
bending moment and is equal to in magnitude (Figure 3.6(b)).
L2
Thus, a support settlement Δ at the right hand end B of the beam AB induces a
negative bending moment
6E I Δ
MA = . . . (3.12(a))
L2
on the left end A and a positive bending moment
6E I Δ
MB = . . . (3.12(b))
L2
at the end B.
Both MA and MB are anticlockwise movements and have, therefore, negative sign.
B

However, the cases with support settlement are beyond the scope of this course.

3.4 DISTRIBUTION FACTOR

The process of moment distribution can be explained by the following example of
a redundant joint :
D D

(E2, I 2) M
L2 θ
(E1, I1) (E3, I3) θ
B
A C A C
B θ
L4 (E4, I 4) θ

E E
L1 L3

(a) (b)

Figure 3.7
In Figure 3.7(a), four bars AB, DB, CB and EB are meeting at joint B, which is a
rigid joint (not hinged).
Also the ends A, D, C, E are fixed-ended supports. The modulus of elasticity,
moment of inertia and lengths of the bars are (E1, I1, L1), (E2, I2,L2) etc as shown.
Now if the bars AB, BC, etc. are loaded by transverse loads fixed ends moments
(FEM) develop at both ends of each bar. Thus, bar AB will have MFAB and MFBA
as fixed end moments at ends A and B respectively. Finally, at the joint B we will
have four fixed end moments MFBA, MFBD, MFBC and MFBE which may have their
own magnitudes and sign [clockwise (+) or anticlockwise (−)].
For statical equilibrium of the joint B, the algebraic sum of all the moments must
be zero. If it is not zero a balancing moment M has to be applied such that
[ M FBA + M FBD + M FBC + M FBE ] + M = 0 . . . (3.13)
Now the balancing moment M will cause a rotation at the joint so that each
member will rotate through an angle θ. This rotation will be the same for all the
members as the joint ‘B’ is a rigid one and angles between the bars cannot
change. This is shown in Figure 3.7(b). However, this rotation θ will introduce a
moment at each of the member ends at B.
59
Theory of Structures-I Now as bars BA is fixed at A, and its elastic modulus; moment of inertia and
length is E1, I1, L1 then the moment M′BA which can cause a rotation θ at end B
4 E1 I1
will be equal to . θ from Eq. (3.7).
L1
4 E2 I 2
Similarly, for member BD, M′BD = . θ and so on.
L2
But the sum of all these central moments should be equal to the balancing
moment M. In other words the balancing moment M will be distributed in certain
ratios to each of these members. Algebraically it can be expressed as
M′BA + M′BD + M′BC + M′BE = M
4 E1 I1 4 E2 I 2 4 E3 I3 4 E4 I 4
or θ+ θ+ θ+ θ=M
L1 L2 L3 L4
Now, if all the bars are of the same material, E is same for all of them and can be
taken as E.
⎛I I I I ⎞
∴ (4 E θ) ⎜ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ⎟ = M
⎝ l1 l2 l3 l4 ⎠

M
or 4E θ =
I
∑
l
Moment of inertia I
Here, the ratio, = of any member is called its stiffness ratio
Length l
and is denoted by K.
M M
∴ 4E θ = = . . . (3.14)
∑K K1 + K 2 + K3 + K 4

Substituting back in M′BA etc., we get

I1 M ⎛ I1 ⎞ K1
′ = (4 E θ)
M BA = ⎜ ⎟=M
L1 ∑ K ⎝ L1 ⎠ ∑K

M ⎛ I2 ⎞ K2
′ =
M DA ⎜ ⎟=M
∑ K ⎝ L2 ⎠ ∑ K . . . (3.15)
M ⎛ I3 ⎞ K3
′ =
M CA ⎜ ⎟=M
∑ K ⎝ L3 ⎠ ∑K

M ⎛ I4 ⎞ K4
′ =
M EA ⎜ ⎟=M
∑ K ⎝ L4 ⎠ ∑K

Thus, the balancing moment M has to be allotted to each member in ratio of their
K
respective stiffnesses, and the multiplying factors. 1 etc. are called the
∑K
moment distribution factors or simply distribution factors (DF).
Ki
DF = . . . (3.16)
∑K
It is interesting to note that the sum of the distribution factors of all the members
meeting at a joint is equal to 1.
60
 Moment Distribution
3.5 CARRY OVER MOMENTS
As soon as we distribute the balancing moment M to each member as in
Eq. (3.15), a fixing moment equal to half its value appears at the other end of the
⎛ K1 ⎞
′ =M ⎜
member. For example, if we distribute a moment M BA ⎟ to end B of
⎝∑ K ⎠
⎛ ′ ⎞
M BA
member BA, a moment ⎜ = appears at the other end A of the member which
⎝ 2 ⎠⎟
is fixed. Refer Eq. (3.8) in Section 3.3. This happens to all the other members DB,
CB and EB which meet at B. These moments are called carry over moments.
Now, if the structure is not a simple joint as shown in Figure 3.7 but forms part of
an extended structure which may extend beyond the joints A, D, C, E, etc. then
these carry over moments produce an unbalanced condition at all these remote
ends. This needs a second cycle of adjustments or moment distribution, with the
next round of carry over and so on. The cycle is repeated.
But as stated above, the distribution moments get smaller in value each time and
the moment distribution process converges fast enough as we shall soon see.

3.6 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION PROCEDURE

With the knowledge gained in previous sections, we see that the moment
distribution method involves the following steps :
(a) Determination of fixed end moments due to externally applied loads
for all the members (this is given in Appendix A for some common
cases).
(b) Determination of distribution factors for members meeting at each
joint.
(c) The sum of the fixed end moments at each joint is calculated. Next
calculate the balancing moments which is equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign to this sum.
(d) At each joint distribution of balancing moments to each member in
the ratios of distribution factors.
(e) Carry over half the distributed moments to the other end of each
member.
(f) Repeat the cycle (d) and (e) once it is completed for all the joints of
the structure.
This process continues till sufficient accuracy of results is achieved.
However, it must be remembered that the process should stop only after a
distribution and never after a carry over.
Finally, the sum of all the moments at each joint is added to get the final resulting
bending moment. Thus, we see that the moment distribution is an approximate
method of analysis and the degree of accuracy depends upon the number of cycles
you perform. However, it can be easily seen that after certain number of cycles
sufficient accuracy has been achieved.

61
Theory of Structures-I
3.7 CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Now, this will be explained by an example of a continuous beam given below.
3.7.1 Moment Distribution Method Applied to Continuous Beam
Example 3.1

A continuous beam fixed at ends A and D is loaded as shown in Figure 3.8.

The end spans AB and CD have moment of inertia I and for the middle span
BC the moment of inertia is 1.5 I. Determine the moments and reactions at
the support and draw the BM and SF diagrams.
8 kN 16 kN
1.5 m 2m

3 kN/m

B C
A D
E I 1.5 I F I

4m 4m 3m

Figure 3.8
Solution
Step 1
The fixed end moments for each member is determined below :
8 × 1.5 × (2.5) 2
M FAB = = − 4.6875 kNm
42
Member AB
8 × (1.5) 2 × 2.5
M FBA = = + 2.8125 kNm
42
3 × 42
M FBC = = − 4.0 kNm
12
Member BC 3 × 42
M FCB = = + 4.0 kNm
12
16 × 1 × 22
M CD = = − 7.1111 kNm
32
Member CD
16 × 12 × 2
M DC = = + 1.7778 kNm
32
Step (2)
The distribution factors for members meeting at each joint is
determined below :
At joint A
The joint A is fixed and there is only one member AB, hence, no
distribution is required here.
At joint B
The joint B is simply supported and two members BA and BC
meet at this joint
62
 I I Moment Distribution
K BA = =
l 4
1.5 I
K BC =
4
∴ By Eq. (3.16), distribution factor for BA,
I
K 4
= BA = = 0.4
∑K I 1.5 I
+
4 4
1.5 I
K BA 4
Distribution factor for BC, = = = 0.6
∑K I 1.5 I
+
4 4
At joint C
1.5 I
There are two members CB and CD and we have KCB =
4
I
and KCD = .
3
1.5 I
and DFCB = 4 = 0.53
1.5 I I
+
4 3
I
and DFCD = 3 = 0.47
1.5 I I
+
4 3
At joint D
As the joint is fixed there will not be any distribution of
moment at the only member DC meeting at this joint (DF = 0).
The actual process of distribution of moments begins. This is
usually done in a tabular form. Various authors have suggested
various forms. For facility of calculation for a continuous beam
the simple scheme in Table 3.1 appears to be good enough.
Table 3.1
Joint A B C D
Distribution Factor 0 0.4 0.6 0.53 0.47 0
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
Fixed End Moments – 4.6875 + 2.8125 – 4.0 + 4.0 – 7.1111 + 1.7778
1st Distribution 0 + 0.4750 + 0.7125 + 1.6489 + 1.4622 0
Carry over + 0.2375 0 + 0.8244 + 0.3563 0 + 0.7311
2nd Distribution 0 – 0.3298 – 0.4946 – 0.1888 – 0.1675 0

Carry over – 0.1649 0 – 0.0944 – 0.2473 0 – 0.0837

3rd Distribution 0 + 0.0378 + 0.0566 + 0.1311 + 0.1162 0

Carry over + 0.0189 0 + 0.0655 + 0.0283 0 + 0.0581

4th Distribution 0 – 0.0262 – 0.0393 – 0.0150 – 0.0133 0
TOTAL – 4.5960 + 2.9693 – 2.9693 + 5.7134 – 5.7134 + 2.4833
63
Theory of Structures-I In Table 3.1, the first row denotes the ‘joints’ which in this case are the four
support points A, B, C, D. Next two rows denote the ‘distribution factors’ and
names of the members meeting at the joint. At end supports A and D, there are
one member each (e.g. AB and DC); at the intermediate supports B and C two
members one from either side meet (e.g. at B we have BA, BC and at C, we have
CB, CD). As the joints A and D are fixed no distribution is to be done at this point
and the DFs are zero.
At joint B, the distribution factors for members BA and BC which are 0.4 and 0.6
as calculated above are noted. Similarly, at joint C, the distribution factors for the
members CB and CD which are 0.53 and 0.47 are noted. A double line at this
point is given showing the beginning of the process.
In the next row, the fixed end moments for each member as calculated previously
in step (1) are noted. The first moment distribution for the unbalanced joint
moments is then done in the next row. Below member AB at joint A, we shall
write 0 as there is no distribution done here. Next at the joint B, we have fixed
end moment + 2.8125 in member BA and – 4.0 kNm in member BC. Thus, there
is an unbalanced moment of + 2.8125 – 4.0 = – 1.1875 kNm. The balancing
moment (M) will be equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, i.e. + 1.1875 kNm.
Now this moment has to be distributed in the ratio of 0.4 : 0.6 ratio in the two
members BA and BC.
∴ Balancing moment for BA = + 1.1875 × 0.4 = + 0.475 kNm
and Balancing moment for BC = + 1.1875 × 0.6 = + 0.7125 kNm.
These two moments are noted in their respective columns in the row
‘1st Distribution’. The same process is done at joints C and D which can be
verified. After completing the first distribution, half the moments at each end are
to be carried over to the other end as explained above. Hence in the first carry
over operation for member AB as the end A had 0 moment corrections, therefore,
carry over to end B will be 0 and end B has +0.4750 kNm correction so
0.4750
+ = + 0.2375 is carried over to end A. This is shown by a pair of arrows.
2
Similar carry overs are done for members BC (CB) and CD (DC).
As you cannot stop after a carry over a second distribution must be done this is
shown in the next column. Thus, two cycles of distributions are completed. In the
table shown two more cycles (i.e. four distributions) of operations are performed.
After the fourth distribution we see that the correction moments have become less
the 0.05 kNm. Hence the moment distribution process is stopped and all the
moments in the same vertical line are algebraically added. This gives the final
bending moments at each joint (member – end).
In member AB : the left hand end A is acted upon by a negative moment
– 4.5960 kNm which is anticlockwise and, therefore, causes a hogging (or
negative) bending moment. At end B we have a positive moment + 2.9693 kNm
which is clockwise and since it is acting at right hand end it will be again hogging
(or negative) BM. By extending the above argument we see that all the support
bending moments are hogging (i.e. negative) BM.
Support Reactions
To find the support reaction we consider the free body diagrams of each
beam span as shown below :

64
 8 kN Moment Distribution

MAB MBA

= – 4.596 kNm A B = 2.9693 kNm

1.5 m 2.5 m

RA RB

(a) Free Body Diagram of AB

8 kN MBA MBC 3 kN/m

MAB MCB
B
A C
= 4.596 kNm = 5.7134 kNm

1.5 m 2.5 m 4m

RA RB RC

(b) Free Body Diagram of ABC

16 kN
MCD

= – 5.7134 kNm C D MDC = 2.4833 kNm

1m 2m

RC RD

(c) Free Body Diagram of CD

16 kN
3 kN/m 1m
MBC MDC
B D
= 2.9693 kNm C = 2.4833 kNm
MCB
MCD
4m 3m

RB RC RD

(d) Free Body Diagram of BCD

Figure 3.9 : Free Body Diagrams

(a) Considering free body diagram of AB, shown in Figure 3.9(a), it

is acted upon by a anticlockwise couple of – 4.5960 at end A,
and + 2.9693 kNm at end B; while a load of 8 kN is acting
downwords at point 1.5 m to right of A. Let the support
reactions at A and B be RA and RB. B

Taking moments about end B, we have,

– 4.596 – 8 × 2.5 + RA × 4 + 2.9693 = 0
giving RA = 5.4066 kN . . . (i)
(b) Next considering the free body diagram of the two spans ABC
shown in Figure 3.9 (b) the end couples are MAB = – 4.596 kNm
and MBC = + 5.7134 kNm. The moment MBA and MBC at the
intermediate support B cancel out each other as they are equal in
B

magnitude but opposite in sign. The concentrate load of 8 kN is

acting in span AB and a uniformly distributed load of 3 kN/m
over span BC. The support reaction at A, B, C are RA, RB, RC of B

which RA is known to be 5.4066 kN.

65
Theory of Structures-I ∴ Taking moment of all forces about point C, we have
– 4.5960 + 5.7134 – 8 × 6.5 – (3 × 4) × 2 + 5.4066 × 8 + RB × 4 = 0
giving RB = 7.9076 kN . . . (ii)
(c) Similarly, from free body of CD, shown in Figure 3.9(c), we get
the equation (taking moment about point C)
– 5.7134 + 2.4833 + 16 × 1 – RD × 3 = 0
giving RD = 4.2564 kN . . . (iii)
Again from free body of BCD shown in Figure 3.9(d), taking
moments about B, we get,
– 2.9693 + 2.4833 + (3 × 4) × 2 + 16 × 5
– RC × 4 – 4.2566 × 7 = 0
giving RC = 18.4294 . . . (iv)
Thus, the four support reaction are as follows :
RA = 5.4066 kN
RB = 7.9076 kN
B

RC = 18.4294 kN
RD = 4.2564 kN
The sum of all these reaction is 36 kN which is the same as the total
downward load, i.e. 8 + 3 × 4 + 16 = 36 kN.
The shear force diagram can be now easily drawn (Figure 3.10(b)).
For bending moment two diagrams are drawn in Figure 3.10(c) the free
positive bending moments due to the vertical loads in each span is first
drawn, over which the negative BM diagrams are superimposed to cut off
the negative values from the positive ones.
However, a better depiction of bending moments is obtained when the some
diagram is drawn on a common horizontal base as shown in Figure 3.10(d).
The BMs and the points of contraflexture may be verified.
The maximum positive BM in central span BC occurs, where the SF = 0,
which is obtained in Figure 3.10(b) at 1.772 m from support B. The value of
the maximum positive BM may then be calculated and found to be
+ 1.659 kNm.
8 kN 16 kN
1.5 m 2m

3 kN/m
MAB MDC
B C
= – 4.596 kNm A D = 2.4833 kNm
E I 1.5 I F I

4m 4m 3m

RA = 5.4066 kN RB = 7.9076 kN RC = 18.4294 kN RD = 4.2564 kN

(a) Reactions

Figure 3.10
66
 Moment Distribution
5.315 11.744 kN
⊕
5.407 ⊕ E B ⊕ C D
A
F
– 4.256 kN
– 2.593
1.772 m
– 6.685

(b) SF Diagram

Contraflexure Points
Points of Contraflexure

A E B C F D
– 2.4833 kNm
– 4.596 kNm
– 2.9693
⊕ ⊕
– 5.7134 ⊕
6.0
7.5
10.67 kNm

(c) BM Diagram (Superimposed)

– 2.9693 – 5.7134

– 4.596
E F – 2.4833 kNm
A D
⊕ B ⊕ C
⊕
3.718
1.772 m
6.569
M = 1.659 kNm

(d) BM Diagram (Common Base)

Figure 3.10

3.7.2 Continuous Beam with Hinged End Supports

In the above example, the end supports of the continuous beam are fixed, hence
no distribution is required there. However, in the case of end supports being
simply supported (hinges) the bending moments will be zero and at this point the
fixed end moments will have to be fully redistributed. This is explained in the
next example.

Example 3.2

Draw the BM and SF diagrams for the continuous beam ABC shown in
Figure 3.11, using moment distribution method. The moment of inertia in
span AB is double that of BC.
16 kN
6 kN/m

B C
A
D
2I I

8m 2m 2m

Figure 3.11

67
Theory of Structures-I Solution
Fixed End Moments
6 × 82
M FAB = – = – 32 kNm, M FBA = + 32
12
16 × 4
M FBC = – = – 8 kNm, M FCB = + 8 kNm .
8
Distribution Factors
At joint A, DF = 0, since it is fixed.
2I I
At joint B, there are two member = K BA = and K BC =
8 4
2I I
∴ ( DF ) BA = 8 = 0.5; ( DF ) BC = 4 = 0.5
2I I 2I I
+ +
8 4 8 4
At joint C, Distribution Factor = 1, since it is hinged.
The process of moment distribution is next carried out in the table below
and does not need any further explanation.
Table 3.2
Joint A B C
Distribution 0 0.5 0.5 1
Factors
Members AB BA BC CB
Fixed end moments – 32.0 + 32.0 – 8.0 + 8.0
1st Distribution 0 – 12.0 – 12.0 – 8.0
Carryover – 6.0 0 – 4.0 – 6.0
2nd Distribution 0 + 2.0 + 2.0 + 6.0
Carryover + 1.0 0 + 3.0 + 1.0
3rd Distribution 0 – 1.5 – 1.5 – 1.0
Carryover – 0.75 0 – 0.5 – 0.75
4th Distribution 0 + 0.25 + 0.25 + 0.75
Carryover + 0.125 0 + 0.375 + 0.125
5th Distribution 0 – 0.1875 – 0.1875 – 0.125
TOTAL – 37.6250 + 20.5625 – 20.5625 0

Support Reactions
(i) From Free Body Diagram of AB shown in Figure 3.12(a), taking
moments about B,
– 37.625 + 20.5625 – (6 × 8) × 4 + RA × 8 = 0
giving RA = 26.133 kN
6 kN/m

B
MAB = –37.625 A MBA = +20.5625 kNm

8m

RA RB

(a) Free Body Diagram of AB

68
 Figure 3.12 Moment Distribution

B C
MBC = –20.5625 kNm MCB= 0

2m 2m
RB RC

(b) Free Body Diagram of BC

Figure 3.12
(ii)
From Free Body Diagram of BC shown in Figure 3.12(b).
Taking moments about B
– 20.5625 + 16 × 2 – RC × 4 = 0
giving RC = 2.859 kN.
Next considering vertical equilibrium of the structure
RA + RB + RC = 6 × 8 + 16 = 64
Substituting the values 26.133 + RB + 2.859 = 64 B

giving RB = 35.008 kN.

Now, the Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) and Shear Force Diagram
(SFD) can be drawn as shown in Figure 3.13.
16 kN

6 kN/m
MAB
B D C
= 37.625 kNm A

2I I

RA = 26.133 kN RB = 35.008 kN RC = 2.859 kN

(a) Loading and Reactions

26.133 ⊕ 13.141
⊕ B
C
A D 2.859 kN
4.356 m 21.86

(b) SF Diagram

A B D C
16
48
⊕
–37.625 ⊕
–20.5625

(c) BM Diagram (Superimposed)

–20.5625
–37.625
Max M = 18.206 kNm
D
A ⊕ C
B
⊕
+5.719

(d) BM Diagram (Common Base)

69
Theory of Structures-I Figure 3.13
Note : Show that the maximum positive BM in the span AB occurs at 4.356 m
from A and its value is 18.906 kNm. Also find the position of points of
contraflexure (BM = 0).

SAQ 1

(a) Analyze the continuous beam shown in Figure 3.14. The beam has
constant EI throughout. Draw the BM and SF diagrams.
10 kN

EI = Constant
B
A C
D

3m 3m 4m

Figure 3.14
(b) Using moment distribution method, find out the support reactions and
draw the BM and SF diagrams for the continuous beam shown in
Figure 3.15 (EI is constant throughout).
10 kN 1 kN/m
EI = Constant

A C
D B

6m 4m 15 m

Figure 3.15
(c) Determine the support moments and reactions of the continuous beam
shown in Figure 3.16. Draw the bending moment and shear force
diagrams. Use moment distribution method. The relative moments of
inertia of the beam is shown within circles in each span.
8 kN 10 kN
2 kN/m 4 kN/m

A D
I B E 2I C I

6m 3m 3m 2m 6m

Figure 3.16

3.8 PORTAL FRAMES

As explained in the introductory section of this unit, portal frames are rigid
jointed structures which may have one or more spans, or one or more storey.
Generally, they are statically indeterminate and the moment distribution method

70
is specially suited to solve them. Here, we shall consider portals of single span Moment Distribution
and single storey only. The supports may be either fixed, hinged or roller.
3.8.1 Portal Frames and Sway
We have seen that the supports of a continuous or fixed beam may move
vertically due to settlement of foundations, etc. As they are statically
indeterminate structures these support movements introduce internal stress
resultants in them. In portal frames, in addition to vertical support movements,
another type of joint movement is possible which is in the horizontal direction
and is known as sway. This sway movement is also capable of affecting the
internal stress resultants in the portal members, and hence cannot be ignored.
However, not all portals are subjected to sway. Look at Figure 3.17(a).
P B B' C C' P B C
E

A D A D

(a) Portal Frame with Sway (b) Portal Frame without Sway
Figure 3.17
The portal ABCD is subjected to a horizontal load B, hence, the joint B and C
having freedom to move towards the right may occupy the position, B′ and C′ as
shown by dotted lines. The movements BB′ (which is same as CC′) will be called
the amount of sway at this level BC. However, in Figure 3.17(b), the portal is
held at joint C to the fixed support E by another member CE. This will not allow
free sway of C (or B). Hence, this portal will be without any sway. In a
multistoreyed portal, independent sways are possible at each ‘floor’ or ‘storey’
level. However, we are not discussing here multi-storeyed portals.
Sway is not only possible due to horizontal loads, but due to lack of symmetry
either in loading or support conditions or geometrical properties of the portal.
In Figure 3.18(a), the loading is unsymmetric (a and b), being unequal even
though the portal is symmetric. Hence, there will be a sway. In Figure 3.18(b), the
load is symmetrically placed on the beam but the columns being of unequal
height causes unsymmetry in the structure and hence, sway will take place. Sway
will take place even in Figure 3.18(c) where the lack of symmetry may be due to
different type of supports on the two sides (fixed at A, hinged at D) or due to
unequal moments of inertia (I1 ≠ I2).
P P

D a b C B a a C
E
I3 E I3

h2
h I1 I2 h1 I1 I2

A D A

71
Theory of Structures-I (a) Sway Due to Unsymmetrical Loading (b) Sway Due to Unsymmetrical
Geometry of Frame
Figure 3.18
P

B a E a C
I3

h I1 I2 h

A D

(c) Sway Due to Unsymmetrical Support

Figure 3.18

The sway BB′ causes a chord rotation of member AB (similarly, CC′ for member
6EI Δ
DC). Due to this chord rotation, fixed end moments − will be introduced at
l2
either end of the member where Δ = BB′.
Now, we shall take the case of symmetrical portals loaded with symmetrical loads
only, in the example below. The moment distribution is carried out in a similar
tabular form as used for continuous beams in the previous section.

Example 3.3

Analyze the portal frame shown in Figure 3.19 and draw the BM and SF
diagrams. The moments of inertia are shown within circles.
2 kN/m

B C
2I

I I 3m

A D
6m

Figure 3.19
Fixed End Moment
As there are no loads on columns AB and CD, there will not be any
fixed moments at their ends. However, the beam member BC will
have fixed end moments.
wl 2 2 × 62
M FBC = – =– = – 0.6 kNm; MFCB = + 6.0 kNm.
12 12
There are no sway moments as the frame and loading is symmetrical.
Distribution Factors
72
 Joints A and D are fixed hence, there will not be any distribution of Moment Distribution
moments there and (DF)AB = 0 and (DF)DC = 0.
At joint B, there are two members BA and BC meeting. Their relative
I 2I I
stiffnesses are K BA = , and K BC = =
3 6 3
I
∴ ( DF ) BA = 3 = 0.5 and ( DF ) BC = 0.5
I I
+
3 3
Similarly, at joint C we have (DF)CB = 0.5 and (DF)CD = 0.5.
The moment distribution is made joint-wise and member-wise as shown below :

Joint A B C D
Distribution 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0
Factor
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
Fixed End 0 0 – 6.0 + 6.0 0 0
Moments
1st Distribution 0 + 3.0 + 3.0 – 3.0 – 3.0 0
Carryover + 1.5 0 – 1.5 + 1.5 0 – 1.5
2nd Distribution 0 + 0.75 + 0.75 – 0.75 – 0.75 0
Carryover + 0.375 0 – 0.375 + 0.375 0 – 0.375
3rd Distribution 0 + 0.187 + 0.188 – 0.188 – 0.187 0
Carryover + 0.093 0 – 0.094 + 0.094 0 – 0.093
4th Distribution 0 + 0.047 + 0.047 – 0.047 – 0.047 0
Carryover + 0.024 0 – 0.024 + 0.024 0 – 0.024
5th Distribution 0 + 0.012 + 0.012 – 0.012 – 0.012 0
TOTAL + 1.992 + 3.996 – 3.996 + 3.996 – 3.996 – 1.992

Calculation of Support Reactions

The support is fixed hence, it will be subjected to three reactions, sign
conventions being horizontal reaction HA (→ positive), VA (↑ positive) and
MA (positive). From the above result MA = + 1.992 kNm.
Considering the free body diagram of vertical member AB (Figure 3.20(a)),
we find that it is acted upon by clockwise moments of MA = + 1.992 and
MB = + 3.996 kNm at ends A and B respectively; in addition to the unknown
B

reactions HA, VA at end A and HB, VB at end B. Taking moments about the
B

point B, we have 1.992 + 3.996 – HA × 3 = 0, giving HA = 1.9968 kN and is

acting toward right as shown.
By consideration of symmetry (or calculation if you so like), the horizontal
reaction at D will be of same magnitudes, but opposite in direction. For
finding VA, taking moments of all the forces acting on the frame as shown in
Figure 3.20(b) about the point D, we have
+ 1.992 – 1.992 + VA × 6 – (2 × 6) × 3 = 0
giving VA = 6 kN.
The frame with the reactions and loading is shown in Figure 3.21(a). By
vertical equilibrium of whole frame 73
Theory of Structures-I VA + VD = 2 × 6
∴ VD = 6 kN.
MB = 3.996 kNm
VB

2 kN/m

HB
B B C
2I

I I

HA HA = +1.996 kN HD = –1.996 kN
A A D

MA = 1.992 kNm MA = 1.992 kNm MD = –1.992 kNm

VA VA VD

(a) Free Body Diagram of AB (b) Free Body for Portal

Figure 3.20
2 kN/m

B C
2I
–3.996 kNm 5.004 kNm –3.996 kNm
3m

6m
–3.996 F G –3.996 kNm
I I HD = 1.996 kN
HA = 1.996 kN B ⊕ C

A D 0.764 m H J
0.764 m
1.0 m

1.0 m
MA = 1.992 kNm ⊕
MD = 1.992 kNm ⊕
D
A 1.992 kNm 1.992 kNm
VA = 6.0 kN VD = 6.0 kN

(a) Reactions and Loads (b) BM Diagram

6.0 kN ⊕ C
B ⊕ 6.0 kN

A D

1.996 kN 1.996 kN

(c) SF Diagram
Figure 3.21
(a) While drawing the BM diagram, for the beam BC, the same
convention is used for sagging and hogging bending moments;
namely the positive sagging moment is drawn below (– ve) the
reference line, i.e. on that side of the beam where fibres are in
tension, and negative (hogging) moments are drawn above the
line where fibres are in tension in this case.
As we cannot have sagging or hogging concept for the columns
AB and CD we shall continue with the convention of drawing
the BM on the tension side as in the beam BC.

74
 For member AB, the positive end moment of + 1.992 kNm Moment Distribution
causes a bending moment producing tension on the right hand
face; while at end B the positive end moment of + 3.996 kNm
produce a tension on the opposite, i.e. left hand face. Thus, they
are plotted on opposite sides of line AB and joined by a straight
line. Similarly, for column CD also the complete BM diagram is
shown at Figure 3.21(b). The compression side is marked ‘C’
the opposite side of the member will be in tension. The points of
contraflexure (where the bending moments change the sign) are
the points of zero bending moments and can be easily
calculated.
For vertical members AB :
1.992 1.992
AH = × AC = × 3 = 1.0 m
1.992 + 3.996 5.998
For horizontal member BC, BF is obtained by putting the
moment equation to zero.
x
Mx = – 3.996 + 6 . x – 2 . x
2
For point of contraflexure Mx = 0, when x = 0.764 m and
5.236 m (from the above quadratic equation).
The maximum positive BM in the beam is at the point where,
dM x
= 0 , or 6 – 2x = 0 or x = 3 m (i.e. at the centre of
dx
the BM).
The maximum positive BM
wl 2 2 × 62
– FEM = – 3.996 = + 5.004 kN m
8 8
(b) The shear force diagram is shown in Figure 3.21(c). For the
beam member BC, you are already familiar with the method.
For the vertical members AB, CD the shear force is equal to the
horizontal reaction ± any lateral force acting on them. As there
are no lateral forces, the members are subjected to constant SF
of 1.996 kN as shown in Figure 3.21(c).
3.8.2 Portal Frames with Sway Due to Horizontal Load
It has been shown above that a portal frame having a lack of symmetry or
subjected to unsymmetrical or horizontal loads will exhibit ‘sway’. This means
that the joints free to move in the horizontal direction will move in that direction
causing the concerned members to rotate in their plane. If this ‘member rotation’
or ‘cord rotation’ is clockwise, it has been shown in Section 3.3 (Eq. (3.10)) that
6EI Δ
it will induce fixed end moments equal to − (anticlockwise moments)
l2
where Δ is the amount of ‘sway’ or relative lateral movement of the member. In
the moment distribution method, first it is assumed that there is no sway and the
moment distribution is carried out for the fixed end moments caused by external
loading only. Next a second distribution known as ‘sway distribution’ is carried
out for the frame for sway moments only. These ‘sway moments’ have to be
adjusted by multiplying them by a ‘factor’ so as to satisfy the conditions of
horizontal equilibrium. As Δ is generally not known the sway moments which are

75
Theory of Structures-I
⎛ E ⋅I ⎞
in the ratio of ⎜⎜ i 2 i ⎟⎟ of the concerned members are assumed as convenient
⎝ Li ⎠
integral numbers in that ratio. Finally, the correction factor and correct moments
are determined by writing down the conditions of horizontal equilibrium. These
‘sway moments’ are then algebraically added to the fixed end moments due to
external loads (already determined), giving the final joint moments. In the
example here a case of pure sway (without any external load moments) is given
and the method of solving it is shown.

Example 3.4

Analyse the rigid jointed portal frame shown in the Figure 3.22(a) subjected
to a horizontal load of 30 kN at the joint B, acting to the right. The relative
moments of inertia of the members are shown within the circles. The
supports A and D are fixed.
Δ Δ
30 kN B C B B' C C'

2I 2I

3m
I I
I
6m

D D
6m I

A A

(a) (b)
Figure 3.22
Solution
Fixed End Moments
There are no fixed end moments in any as the load in the members due to
external loading of 30 kN is acting at one of the joints. However, there will
be fixed end moments due to chord rotations of the members caused by
sway. Figure 3.22(b) shows the deflected shape of the structure. Here, the
joint B moves horizontally to B΄ and C moves to C΄. Since B and C are
connected by the rigid member BC the movement BB΄ = CC΄= Δ (say). The
vertical member AB then takes the new position AB΄ which is a clockwise
6 EI Δ EI Δ
rotation and will cause fixed end moment − 2
=− at both ends
6 6
EI Δ
∴ M FAB = M FBA = −
6
Similarly, the vertical member DC rotates clockwise to DC′ and the fixed
end moments will be
6 EI Δ 2 EI Δ
∴ M FCD = M FDC = −
2
=− .
3 3
As there is no vertical movement of the joints B and C, there will not be any
chord rotation and, therefore, no fixed end moments in the horizontal
member BC.
Now, as we do not know the actual valued of E, I, or Δ so we cannot
76 calculate the fixed end moments in absolute terms.
 Δ Moment Distribution
− EI
However, we can say that
M FAB
= 6 = 1 this shows that the fixed
M FCD Δ 4
− 2 EI
3
end moment in member CD is four times that in member AB.
Here, we will assume some arbitrary values of fixed end moments in these
members in this ratio and perform the moment distribution operation and
later on we will calculate the actual values by considerations of horizontal
equilibrium.
So we begin with fixed end moments of – 10 kNm in member AB and
– 40 kNm in member CD. In member BC, the fixed end moments are 0 at
each end.
Distribution Factors
As the supports A and D are fixed, the distribution factor in the members
AB and DC are both zero, (DF)AB = (DF)DC = 0.
At joint B, the relative stiffnesses of the members are
I 2I I
K BA = and K BC = =
6 6 3
I
6 1 2
∴ ( DF ) BA = = and ( DF ) BC =
I I 3 3
+
6 3
At joint C, the relative stiffnesses of members are
2I I I
KCB = = and KCD =
6 3 3
I
3 1 1
( DF )CB = = and ( DF )CD =
I I 2 2
+
3 3
The moment distribution with the above assumed moments are given in the
table below :
Joint A B C D
Distribution Factor 0 1/3 2/3 1/2 1/2 0
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
Fixed end moments – 10 – 10 0 0 – 40 – 40
1st Distribution 0 + 3.333 + 6.667 20 + 20 0
Carryover + 1.667 0 + 10 + 3.333 0 + 10
2nd Distribution 0 – 3.333 – 6.667 – 1.667 – 1.666 0
Carryover – 1.667 0 – 0.833 – 3.333 0 – 0.833
3rd Distribution 0 + 0.278 + 0.555 + 1.667 + 1.666 0
Carryover + 0.139 0 + 0.833 + 0.278 0 + 0.833
4th Distribution 0 – 0.278 – 0.555 – 0.139 – 0.139 0
Carryover – 0.139 0 – 0.070 – 0.278 0 – 0.070
5th Distribution 0 +.023 + 0.067 + 0.139 + 0.139 0
77
Theory of Structures-I Total – 10 – 9.977 + 9.977 + 20 – 20 – 30.070
After further distribution the values of the BMs will converge to
(– 10K) (– 10K) (+ 10K) (+ 20K) (– 20K) (– 30K)

where K is an unknown multiplying factor.

After the above distribution it is clear that the fixed end moments are in the
ratios as indicated in the last row, where K is an unknown multiplying
factor. To find K we find the support reactions and use the equations of
equilibrium.
Considering the free body diagram of AB as shown in Figure 3.23(a) and
taking moments about B, we have
– HA × 6 + MAB + MBA = 0
− 10 K
– HA × 6 – 10 K – 10 K = 0 giving HA =
3
Similarly, considering the free body diagram of CD at Figure 3.23(b);
taking moments about D
or – HD · 3 + MCD + MDC = 0
− 50 K
or, – HD · 3 – 20 K – 30 K = 0 giving H D =
3
Now considering the horizontal equilibrium of the whole frame (∑ H ≡ 0)
We have, HA + HD + 30 = 0;
10 K 50 K
On substitution − − + 30 = 0 giving K = 1.5.
3 3
10
Hence, H A = − × 1.5 = − 5 kN, towards left and
3
50
HD = − × 1.5 = − 25 kN towards right. The negative sign shows that
3
they will be acting in a direction opposite to that shown (i.e. toward left).
The moment for the various members will be also multiplied by this factor,
K = 1.5, and the final values (in kNm) are shown in kNm is given below :
AB BA BC CB CD DC
Relative
– 10 K – 10 K +10 K + 20 K – 20 K – 30 K
Values
Actual
Values – 15 – 15 +15 + 30 – 30 – 30
(in kNm)

78
 VB VC Moment Distribution
MB = –10 K MC = –30 K

HB B HC C

3m
6m
HD
D

MD = –20 K
VD

HA A

MA = –10 K
VA

(a) (b)
Figure 3.23
The vertical reaction VA is obtained by taking moment of all forces about D
in the free body diagram of Figure 3.23(a).
VA × 6 + 30 × 3 – 15 – 45 + 5 × 3
giving VA = – 7.5 kN
showing that VA acts vertically downward.
Similarly, considering the vertical equilibrium of the frame VA + VD = 0.
∴ VD = 7.5 kN acting upwards (↑)
The reactions are shown in Figure 3.24.
The BM and SF diagrams are shown in Figures 3.25(a) and (b),
respectively.
30 kN B C

2I
I
I HD = 25 kN
D

HA = 5 kN A VD = 7.5 kN

VA = 7.5 kN

Figure 3.24
Explanation
As shown in Figure 3.25(a), for the beam BC, the clockwise moment
15 kNm at left hand end B produces a sagging (positive) bending moment.
At end C, the clockwise moment of 30 kNm produces a hogging (negative)
bending moment.

79
Theory of Structures-I –30 kNm
+15 kNm B C
B
⊕ C 7.5 kN
+15 ⊕
⊕
⊕ D
D ⊕
+ 45 kNm
25 kN

A A
–15 kNm 5 kN
(a) BM Diagram (b) SF Diagram
Figure 3.25

For the column AB, the anticlockwise moment of 15 kNm at end A produces
tension on left hand or outer face (as plotted). The anticlockwise moment of
15 kN at end B produces tension on right hand (inner) face. They will be
plotted on the opposite sides of the AB.
Similarly, for column CD, the BM diagram may be drawn.
The shear force diagram given in Figure 3.25(b) is self-explanatory.
SAQ 2

(a) Analyze the rigid-jointed frame shown in Figure 3.26. Find the
reactions and draw the BM and SF diagrams. The moment of inertia
of the beam is 1.5 times that of the column.
30 kN 30 kN

3m 3m
B C
E F
1.5 I
4m

I I

A D
10 m

Figure 3.26

(b) Portal frame ABCD shown in Figure 3.27 is fixed at support A and
hinged at D. It carries horizontal load of 15 kN at the joint B. Find the
support reactions and draw the BM and SF diagram.

80
 B C Moment Distribution
15 kN
2I

I I

4.5 m
4m
A

4m

Figure 3.27

3.9 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have learnt about moment distribution procedure after deriving
the slope deflection equation for the members. The concepts of distribution factor
and carryover moment along with basic rules have been explained. The
illustrative examples of continuous beams and portal frames with and without
sway have been presented in this unit.

3.10 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1
(a)
3 3 4

+ 15
⊕
– 9.259 ⊕ – 3.983

BM Diagram

5.88 0.99

4.12
SF Diagram

M AB = − 9.259 kNm

M BA = − M BC = − 3.983 kNm

M CB = 0
81
Theory of Structures-I VA = 5.88 ↑ ; VB = 5.12 ↑ ; VC ↓ kN

(b)

28.125
– 5.352 24
⊕
⊕ – 23.459

BM Diagram

2.189 9.064
⊕ ⊕

– 7.811
– 5.936
SF Diagram

M AB = − 5.352 kNm

M BA = − M CA = − 23.459 kNm

M CB = 0

VA = 2.189 kN ↑ ; VB = 16.875 kN ↑ ; VC = 5.936 kN ↑

(c) M AB = 0
M BA = − M BC = − 13.511 kNm

M CB = − M CD = − 9.154 kNm
M DC = − 8.66 kNm

12
B C D
A
+ 18 12
⊕
9 ⊕ – 8.66
– 9.154
– 13.511 + 12

BM Diagram

16.726 7.562
3.748 + + +
4.726
– 8.252 – 15.274 –

3.274 2.438

SF Diagram

VA = 3.748 kN ↑

VB = 24.978 kN ↑

VC = 22.836 kN ↑

VD = 2.438 kN ↑

SAQ 2
82
(b) MAB = – 27.695 kN Moment Distribution

MBA = – MBC = – 21.768

MCB = – MCD = + 11.855
MDC = 0
HA = 12.348 leftwards
HD = 2.652
VB = 8.408
B

VA = – 8.408.

83
Theory of Structures-I

84