Sample Question Paper - 7

Biology (044)
Class- XII, Session: 2021-22
TERM II

Time allowed : 2 hours Maximum marks : 35

General Instructions :
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) The question paper has three sections and 13 questions. All questions are compulsory.
(iii) Section–A has 6 questions of 2 marks each; Section–B has 6 questions of 3 marks each; and Section–C has a
case-based question of 5 marks.
(iv) There is no overall choice. However, internal choices have been provided in some questions. A student has to
attempt only one of the alternatives in such questions.
(v) Wherever necessary, neat and properly labeled diagrams should be drawn.

SECTION - A
1. Innate immunity provides the first line of defence against pathogen because it consists of different barriers
to prevent the entry of foreign agents into our body. Explain the different barriers of innate immunity.

2. List the events that reduce the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of a primary effluent during sewage
treatment.

OR
(a) ‘‘Bottled fruit juices are clearer as compared to those made at home’’. Explain.
(b) Write the commercial use of product obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

3. State the functions of primary and secondary lymphoid organs in humans.

4. Biofertilisers are the organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. Name two organisms belonging
to two different kingdoms that are commonly used as biofertilisers and explain how?

5. What is mutualism? Mention any two examples where the organisms involved are commercially exploited
in agriculture.

6. How do desert lizards cope with temperature variations in their environment? Explain.
OR
Tourists when visit Rohtang pass near Manali experience altitude sickness. List three symptoms of high
altitude sickness and three adaptations to overcome it.

SECTION - B
7. Name the causative organism, two symptoms and mode of transmission of ringworms.
OR
More and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the
changing environment. Name an allergen and write the response of the human body when exposed to it.

8. (a) What makes some viruses cause cancer in humans?

(b) How do benign tumors turn malignant? How does the latter harm the human body?
9. Write any four ways used to introduce a desired DNA segment into a bacterial cell in recombinant technology
experiments. Discuss any two methods.

10. (a) “India has greater ecosystem diversity than Norway”. Do you agree with the statement? Give reasons in
support of your answer.
(b) Write the difference between genetic biodiversity and species biodiversity that exists at all the levels of
biological organisation.

11. Explain giving three reasons, why tropics show greatest levels of species diversity?

12. (a) Which instrument is shown in the given figure?

(b) Identify the parts labelled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

(c) What is its use in gene transfer methods?

SECTION - C
13. Unless the vector and source DNA are cut, fragments separated and joined, the desired recombinant vector
molecule cannot be created.
(a) How are the desirable DNA sequences cut?
(b) Explain the technique used to separate the cut fragments.
(c) How are the resultant fragments joined to the vector DNA molecule?
OR
Gene therapy is most recent and advanced therapeutic treatment of defective gene that has been diagnosed
in a child/embryo. It involves insertion of normal healthy and functional gene into a person’s cells and
tissues to treat the disease and at the same time silencing the defective gene of individual. Correction of
ADA deficiency is an example of gene therapy.
(a) Expand the term ADA.
(b) What is the role of this enzyme in the body? What is the cause of disorder?
(c) Explain how gene therapy help patients with ADA deficiency.
 Solution

BIOLOGY - 044

Class 12 - Biology

1. Innate immunity consist of four types of barriers. 4. Rhizobium (Kingdom Monera) and Glomus
These are- (Kingdom Fungi) are commonly used as biofertilisers.
(i) Physical barriers : The skin on our body is the main Rhizobium forms symbiotic association with root
barrier which prevents entry of the microorganisms. nodules of leguminous plants. They fix nitrogen in the
Mucus coating of the epithelium lining the respiratory, nodule which becomes available to the plant and to
gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts also help in the soil.
trapping microbes entering our body. Glomus forms mycorrhizal association with roots of
(ii) Physiological barriers: The acid in the stomach, higher plants which is mutually benefical to both the
saliva in the mouth, tears from eyes - all prevent partners. The fungus performs functions like:
microbial growth. (i) absorption of water
(iii) Cellular barriers : Certain types of leukocytes of (ii) solubilisation of organic matter of soil humus
our body like polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL- (iii) direct absorption of minerals from the soil
neutrophils), monocytes and natural killer cells (a type (iv) secretion of anti-microbial substances that protect
of lymphocytes) in the blood, as well as macrophages the plant root from pathogenic attack.
in tissues, can phagocytose and destroy microbes. In return it gets sugar and other food ingredients from
(iv) Cytokine barriers : Virus-infected cells secrete the plant.
proteins called interferons which protect non-infected
cells from further viral infection. 5. Mutualism is an interaction between two
organisms of different species where both the partners
2. Secondary treatment or biological treatment of
are benefitted and the association is obligatory.
sewage considerably reduces the biological oxygen
E.g., : nitrogen fixation in root nodule of legume by
demand (BOD) of primary effluent during sewage
Rhizobium bacteria and pollination of orchid flower
treatment. The organic matter present in the effluent
Ophrys by bee.
is decomposed with the help of microbial flora called
as sewage fungus. The effluent is constantly agitated 6. Desert lizards lack the physiological ability that
or aerated. This causes the growth of various aerobic mammals have to deal with the high temperature.
microorganisms and sewage fungi. These microbes They keep their body temperature fairly constant
digest the organic matter thereby reducing the BOD by behavioural means. They enjoy in the sun and
of original sewage by 10-15%. absorb heat when their body temperature drops
OR below the comfort zone, but move into shade when
(a) The fruit juices sold in market or bottled juices the surrounding temperature starts increasing. Some
are treated with pectinases and proteases which makes species are capable of burrowing into the soil to hide
them clearer than those made at home. and escape from too much heat.
(b) Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is used for OR
commercial production of ethanol. Atmospheric pressure is low at higher altitudes as
3. There are two types of lymphoid organs : compared to plains. When we go for a trek/trip on
primary lymphoid organs and secondary lymphoid high altitude, then due to low atmospheric pressure
organs. The primary lymphoid organs e.g., bone our body does not get enough oxygen, as a result
marrow and thymus where T lymphocytes and B of which we experience nausea, fatigue and heart
lymphocytes, mature and acquire their antigen- palpitation (altitude sickness). But by taking rest for
specific receptors. After maturation, the lymphocytes first two days, body gets acclimatised to high altitude
migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, e.g., spleen and conditions. The body compensates low oxygen
lymph nodes where they undergo proliferation and availability by increasing red blood cell production,
differentiation. The acquired immune response to thereby, decreasing binding capacity of haemoglobin
antigens usually develops in these organs and become and increasing breathing rate. Hence, we will
effector cells. automatically stop experiencing altitude sickness.
7. Ringworm is a fungal disease caused by regions. In tropical region, more solar energy is
dermatophytes, which include Trichophyton, available that also promotes higher productivity and
Microsporum and Epidermophyton. Symptoms of increased biological diversity.
ringworm are appearance of dry, scaly lesions on skin, (b) Differences between genetic and species
nails, scalp. Ringworm infection is acquired by sharing biodiversity are as follows :
towels or clothes or comb with infected person. Genetic Species
OR biodiversity biodiversity
Pollen grain is an allergen. Exposure to pollen causes (i) It is related to It is related to number
hay fever. It is the form of allergy due to pollen of the number of and distribution of species
grasses, trees and other plants. It is characterised by genes and their found in an area.
inflammation of the membrane lining the nose and alleles found in
sometimes of the conjunctiva. The symptoms are organisms.
sneezing, running nose and watering eyes due to (ii) It is trait of the It is trait of a community.
histamine release. species.
(iii) It influences the It influences biotic
8. (a) Cancer causing viruses are called oncogenic adaptability and interactions and stability
viruses. The genes of oncogenic viruses are known distribution of a of the community.
as viral oncogenes which could lead to oncogenic species in diverse
transformation of cells, causing cancer. habitats.
(b) Abnormal increase in number of cells in a tissue (iv) Example : India Example : Western ghats
or organ forms a clone of proliferative cells. This has more than have greater amphibian
excessive proliferation gives rise to a mass of cells which 50,000 genetically species diversity as
is initially known as benign tumor. The benign tumor different strains compared to Eastern
cells sometimes enter into the blood vessels and migrate of rice and 1,000 ghats.
to other sites in the body where these cells continue to varieties of mango.
divide and start a new tumor there, such tumor cells 11. The reasons for more species biodiversity in
are known as malignant cells and tumors are called tropical latitudes are:
malignant tumors. The malignant tumors are designated (i) Temperate region was subjected to frequent
as cancer. The malignant tumors damage normal cells glaciations in the past, while tropical latitudes have
and compete with them for vital nutrients and disrupt remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years
the normal metabolism. and thus, had a long evolutionary time for species
9. Four ways to form a desired DNA segment into diversification.
a host cell are (i) Electroporation, (ii) Chemical (ii) Tropical environments, unlike temperate ones,
mediated gene transfer (iii) Microinjection and (iv) are less seasonal, relatively more constant and
biolistic gun. predictable. Such constant environments promote
(i) Electroporation : It is the formation of temporary niche specialisation and lead to a greater species
pores in the plasma membrane of host cells by using diversity.
lysozyme or calcium chloride. These pores are used (iii) There is more solar energy available in the tropics,
for introduction of foreign DNA. which contributes to higher productivity; this in turn
(ii) Microinjection : In this method, foreign DNA is might contribute indirectly to greater diversity.
directly injected into the nucleus of animal or plant 12. (a) The instrument shown is gene gun.
cell by using microneedles or micropipettes. (b) (1) Firing pin, (2) DNA coated pellets (Micropro-
10. (a) Yes, India has greater ecosystem diversity than jectiles) (3) Vent, (4) Stopping plate and (5) Target
Norway as India comes under the tropical region cells.
whereas, Norway lies in temperate region. Tropical (c) Gene gun (or biolistic) method is a vectorless
regions account for greater biological diversity as method of gene transfer in which tungsten or gold
they have deserts, rainforests, mangroves, coral reefs, particles, coated with foreign DNA are bombarded
wetlands, estuaries and alpine meadows than temperate into target cells at a very high velocity.
13. (a) Desirable DNA sequences are cut by the use The separated DNA fragments can be seen only
of enzyme restriction endonuclease. When restriction after staining the DNA with a compound known as
enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from the ethidium bromide (EtBr) followed by exposure to UV
centre of the palindromic sites, between the same radiation. The fragments are visible as bright orange
two bases on the opposite strands, it leaves single coloured bands.
stranded portions at the ends. This forms overhanging (c) DNA ligase help to join resultant fragments to the
stretches called sticky ends on each strand. They are vector DNA molecule. DNA ligases join two individual
called sticky as they form hydrogen bonds with their fragments of double stranded DNA by the formation
of phosphodiester bond between them.
complementary cut counterparts. The stickiness of the
OR
ends facilitates the action of the enzyme DNA ligase.
(a) ADA → Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency
(b) After the cutting of DNA by restriction enzyme,
(b) Adenosine deaminase enzyme is crucial for the
fragments of DNA are formed. Separation of DNA
immune system to function. This disorder is caused due
fragments according to their size or length is done by
to the deletion of the gene for adenosine deaminase.
a technique called agarose gel electrophoresis. (c) The first step towards gene therapy for an
Since, DNA fragments are negatively charged molecules ADA deficient patient is extraction of lymphocytes.
they can be separated by forcing them to move towards Lymphocytes, a kind of white blood cells, are extracted
the anode under an electric field through a medium/ from the bone marrow of the patient and are grown in
matrix. Most commonly used matrix is agarose. a culture outside the body. A functional ADA cDNA
DNA fragments separate according to size through the (using a retroviral vector) is then introduced into these
pores of agarose gel. Hence the smaller, the fragment lymphocytes, which are reinjected to the patient’s bone
size, the farther it moves. marrow.