International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar 2021, pp. 170~182

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp170-182  170

Impact of the hybrid reactive power compensator on the power

grid used a fuzzy PI regulator

Abdelkader Rahmouni
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, Tahri Mohammed Bechar University, Bechar, Algeria

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The work presented in this article is a contribution to the problem of
controlling reactive powers and voltages in an electrical network. Among
Received Feb 6, 2020 these control tools, the static reactive power compensator (SVC) was chosen
Revised Dec 2, 2020 because of its simplicity of control. SVC is one of the alternative flexible
Accepted Jan 9, 2021 current transmission systems (FACTS) devices which help to solve the
problems encountered in the operation of electrical networks, either on the
distribution side or on the transport side. To increase its compensation
Keywords: efficiency in the face of harmonic currents which cause voltage distortion,
we have introduced a three-phase harmonic filter. This new hybrid SVC is
FACTS used to control the reactive power, the voltage and in addition to reduce the
Fuzzy PI voltage distortion and the correction of the power factor in the electrical
Harmonics filters energy transport network. In order to improve its efficiency, two voltage
HSVC regulation systems have been chosen in the control system for this
TCR compensator, the fuzzy PI regulator and the PIP regulator.
TSC
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Abdelkader Rahmouni
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology
Tahri Mohammed Bechar University
Bechar, Algeria
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing use of electrical energy in the economic, social and industrial life of each country is
causing more and more problems of disturbances, overvoltages, voltage drops and harmonics in electrical
networks. The rapid development of power electronics has had a considerable effect on improving the
operating conditions of electrical networks by controlling their parameters by introducing control devices
based on advanced very high power electronic components known as the name of FACTS: Alternative
Current Transmission Systems [1]-[3].
The research reported in this article is motivated by the desire to improve the control of reactive
powers and voltages to further reduce the distortion of voltage and current in an electrical energy transport
network by means of a FACTS device, the hybrid static Var Compensator SVC. This new SVC hybrid
compensator is made up of SVC based on the controllable power electronics coponents [4], and the three-
phase harmonic filters used to eliminate different order harmonic currents and thus maintain the stable state
of the transient voltage within the desired limits. The SVC injects or absorbs reactive power into the busbar
where it is installed to meet the demand for reactive power from the load. It allows flexible and continuous
control of the busbar tension [5], [6].
In this work, this hybrid SVC is used to control reactive power and voltage in an electrical power
transmission network, using two voltage control systems in the control system of this compensator to
improve its performance the first is the fuzzy PI regulator and the second is the PIP regulator [7]-[9].

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  171

Harmonic filters reduce harmonic currents by diverting them into low impedance paths so they reduce the
THD (Harmonic distortion rate) of the voltage at the same time.

2. STATIC REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATOR HYBRID (HSVC)

The SVC reactive power compensator hybrid is a device used to keep the transient and stationary
voltage within the desired limits in the presence of harmonic currents in the network. It injects reactive power
into the bar where it is connected in order to satisfy the demand for reactive power of the load. In general, the
SVC hybrid is a combination of thyristor-controlled reactors (TCR), TSC (thyristor-switched capacitors), and
three-phase harmonic filters. These are three constituents of the HSVC are:

2.1. Thyristors controlled reactance (TCR)

The TCR is one of the most important components of an SVC. It provides fast, continuous control
of reactive power on the power grid. The Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (TCR) thyristor controlled reactor has
a bidirectional thyristor valve T1 and T2 connected in series with a fixed inductance coil L, shown in
Figure 1. The thyristors are switched on with a certain ignition angle α and drive alternately over half a
period. The ignition angle α varies from 90° to 180°. In full conduction (α = 90°), the current is essentially
reactive and sinusoidal, and when α = 180°, one is in null conduction [10]-[12].

Figure 1. Single-phase circuit of a TCR

Relationship between the ignition angle α and Bmax the susceptance BTVR of inductance L:
Let the source voltage vs given by the following relation:

𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin⁡(𝜔𝑡) (1)

From Figure 1 the equation of the voltage of the circuit is:

𝑑𝑖𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡)
𝐿 − 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) (2)
𝑑𝑡

With the initial condition (ωt0 = α), the solution of this equation is given by:
1 𝑡
𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = ∫𝛼/𝜔 𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 (3)
𝐿

We then get:
𝑉𝑚
𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = − (𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝜔𝑡) (4)
𝜔𝐿

According to the Fourier analysis, the fundamental component iTCR (t) of the current is given by:

𝑖1𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝜔𝑡 + ⁡ 𝑏1 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝜔𝑡 (5)

From (4), the current is a function pair iTCR (t) = iTCR (-t), that is to say b1 = 0. The coefficient a1 is:

Impact of the hybrid reactive power compensator (HSVC) on the power grid .... (Abdelkader Rahmouni)
172  ISSN: 2088-8694

4𝜔 𝜋/𝜔 𝑚 𝑉
𝑎1 𝑡 = ∫𝛼/𝜔 − 𝐿𝜔 (𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝜔𝑡). 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 (6)
𝜋

The magnitude of the fundamental current is the result of (6):

𝑉 2𝜋−2𝛼+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼
𝐼1𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑎1 (𝑡) = 𝑚 ( ) (7)
𝜔𝐿 𝜋

𝐼1𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝛼) (8)

This relationship can be written as:

2𝜋−2𝛼+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼
𝐵𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝛼) = 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( ) (9)
𝜋

1 1
𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = (10)
𝜔𝐿 𝑋𝑙

2.2. Thyristor switched capacitor (TSC)

The thyristor-switched capacitor TSC is composed of a fixed capacitor C plus an attenuation
inductance coil L connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve Figure 2. The function of the switch
is to turn on and off the capacitor for an integer number of half cycles of the applied voltage. The capacitor is
thus not controlled in phase, but simply switched on and off. The attenuation inductance serves to limit the
current in case of abnormal operation and to avoid resonance with the grating at particular frequencies. To
have a minimum of transient disturbances, the switching times are chosen so that the voltage across the
thyristors is minimal. Interlocking is therefore performed when the residual voltage of the capacitor is equal
to the instantaneous network voltage [13]-[16].
The capacitor can be switched with a minimum of transient if the thyristor is on (state on), at the
instant when the voltage vC of the capacitor and the voltage vs of the network have the same value. Since the
susceptance is fixed, the current in the TSC varies linearly with voltage V (which explains the absence of
harmonics on the TSC). Typically, TSC type SVC contains n bench of TSCs mounted in parallel. The
susceptance is adjusted by controlling the number of parallel capacitors in conduction. Each capacitor always
drives for an integral number of half cycles.

Figure 2. Single-phase circuit of a TSC with series inductance

2.3. Three-phase harmonic filters (HF)

Three-phase harmonic filters (built of RLC elements) Figure 3 are shunt elements that are used in
power systems for decreasing voltage distortion and for power factor correction. Nonlinear elements such as
power electronic converters generate harmonic currents or harmonic voltages, which are injected into power
system. The resulting distorted currents flowing through system impedance produce harmonic voltage
distortion. Harmonic filters reduce distortion by diverting harmonic currents in low impedance paths.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  173

Harmonic filters are designed to be capacitive at fundamental frequency, so that they are also used for
producing reactive power required by converters and for power factor correction.
The most commonly used filter types are [17], [18]:
a) Band-pass filters, which are used to filter lowest order harmonics such as 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, etc. Band-
pass filters can be tuned at a single frequency (single-tuned filter) or at two frequencies (double-tuned
filter).
b) High-pass filters, which are used to filter high-order harmonics and cover a wide range of frequencies. A
special type of high-pass filter, the C-type high-pass filter, is used to provide reactive power and avoid
parallel resonances. It also allows filtering low order harmonics (such as 3rd), while keeping zero losses
at fundamental frequency.

Single-tuned C-type High-pass Double-tuned High-pass

Figure 3. Shows the different types of three-phase RLC harmonic filter

The Frequency-Domain Response of three-phase harmonic filters HF is given according to its four
components. The frequency of the single-tuned filter is fn = 5 * 60Hz (filtering of the 5th order harmonic), of
the C-type high-pass filter is fn = 3 * 60Hz (filtering of the 3rd order harmonic), of the Double – tuned filter
are fn1 = 11 * 60Hz and fn2 = 13 * 60Hz (filtering of the 11rd and 13rd order harmonics) and the high-pass
filter is fn = 24 * 60Hz (filtering of the 24rd order harmonic). This frequency domain and the phase of this
filter are shown in Figure 4.
Impedance (ohms)

Impedance
3000
2000
1000
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Phase
Phase (deg)

100
50
0
-50
-100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 4. Frequency-domain response and phase of three-phase harmonic filters HF

3. SVC COMMAND
The SVC adjusts these values automatically in response to changes in network operating conditions
as it has possibilities to establish capacitive or inductive currents of this network. The operation of an SVC is
based on the main function of the essential elements that constitute this compensator such as the measuring
circuits, the voltage regulator, the comparators, and the conduction circuits of TCR and TSC.The control
model of an SVC is shown in Figure 5 with a measured voltage regulator. In this work I will compare the
results for two regulators, the PIP and the PI fuzzy.

Impact of the hybrid reactive power compensator (HSVC) on the power grid .... (Abdelkader Rahmouni)
174  ISSN: 2088-8694

1 mesure
K Circuit
1+pTs
__
Vmes +
Ʃ Regulator Ʃ QSVC

TCR

TSC
Vref +
ISVC
_ Control
Ʃ of
reactive _
Qmes
+
Qref

Figure 5. Simplified block diagram for controlling an SVC

3.1. PIP regulator

The proposed PIP regulator is an IP regulator associated in parallel with a proportional regulator P
[19], [20]. The block diagram of the control voltage Vmes including the PIP controller is illustrated in
Figure 6.

Bmax
+
Vref + + + BSVC

_ _ _ +
Vmes _ _ _
Bmin
Xs

Figure 6. PIP regulator scheme for the rms value (Vmes) of the network voltage

where Ki is an integral gain, and Kp a proportional gain.

Xs is a reactance obtained from the following relation: Vmes = Vref-Xs.ISVC

3.2. Fuzzy PI regulator

The fuzzy PI regulator is given in Figure 7. The basic diagram of the PI-fuzzy regulator rests on the
structure of a traditional regulator PI [21]-[24]. On found in input and output of the controller fuzzy gains
known as "factors of "scale" which allows to change the sensitivity of the fuzzy controller without changing
the structure, the input and output variables being normalized.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  175

Bmax
E
Vref + + K1 BSVC
_ _ K3
p K2
Vmes Bmin
Ė

Figure 7. Regulator scheme of the rms value (Vmes) of the inter-phase network voltage

The error : E= (Vref –Vmes)-Xs.ISVC

Ė: the derivative of the error.
We find in the input and output of the fuzzy controller gains called "scale factors" that can change
the sensitivity of the fuzzy controller without changing the structure. Each linguistic variable (E, Ė, u) is
characterized by seven terms of fuzzy subsets: NG: negative grand; NM: negative Medium; NP: negative
Small; EZ: about zero; PG: Positive grand; PM: Positive Medium; PP: positive Small. The rule base for the
fuzzy logic controller can be framed by taking possible combinations of the input variables as presented in
Table 1.

Table 1. Inference rule of the PI fuzzy regulator managing the output

E
NG NM NP EZ PP PM PG
Ė
NG NG NG NG NG NM NP EZ
NM NG NG NG NM NP EZ PP
NP NG NG NM NP EZ PP PM
EZ NG NM NP EZ PP PM PG
PP NM NP EZ PP PM PG PG
PM NP EZ PP PM PG PG PG
PG EZ PP PM PG PG PG PG

4. SIMULATIONS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The different parts of the HSVC studied previously, the electrical network and a non-linear load
(high voltage AC/DC converters HVDC with 12-pulse thyristors) are simulated on MATLAB/Simulink. The
structure studied in Figure 8 is composed of the Hybrid SVC (HSVC) with these two power and control
parts, used to compensate the reactive power and therefore regulates the voltage at the busbar of the electrical
network and reduce the distortion of current and voltage.
The nominal source voltage is initially set at 1.004 pu. In addition, the reference voltage Vref is fixed
at 1.0 pu, the SVC is initially floating (zero current). This operating point is obtained with a TSC in operation
and the TCR almost in full conduction. The source voltage is programmed with two variations (Figure 9), the
first an overvoltage of 1.0125 pu, the second a voltage drop of 0.93 pu carried out respectively in time
intervals in seconds [0,1 0.4] and [0.4 0.7].
The three-phase harmonic filters are: Single-Tuned, High-Pass filter, Double–tuned filter, C-type
High-pass filter already described above. To optimize the efficiency of the HSVC, I used tow regulation of
the effective value (Vmes) of the network voltage between phase, two regulators the PIP and the fuzzy PI. The
HSVC compensator controls the fundamental voltage and sends the appropriate pulses to the 24 thyristors (6
thyristors for each phase) to obtain the susceptance required by the voltage regulation. The values of various
components of the system to be simulated are shown in Figure 10.

Impact of the hybrid reactive power compensator (HSVC) on the power grid .... (Abdelkader Rahmouni)
176  ISSN: 2088-8694

19
alpha
(deg.)1 alpha_deg

A A A aA A
Q
<------
a aA a A
SVC Vabc_Prim Demux
A
B
C
PY

60 Freq PD
N B B B bB B b bB b B freq1 Block
C C C cC C c cC c C Synchronized
Programmable 735kV 6000 MVA Primary 12-Pulse Generator1
Voltage Source3 (735 kV) 735/16 kV Secondary Brk1
333 MVA (16 kV) 1

C
P
A
B

P
A
B

P
A
B

P
A
B
B2 1 A Vabc
aA Iabc Py
Pd pos Vdc
a2 Ay 500 Mw
bB B a A b2 By
cC b B c2 Cy
TCR TSC1 TSC2 TSC3 a3 Ad -
109 Mvar 94 Mvar 94 Mvar 94 MVar C c C b3 Bd neg
c3 Cd

C
A

B
Three-Phase 1200 MVA1 Rectifier1
Brk2 V-I Measurement1

c
Non linear load
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s. TCR
Vabc_Prim Vabc_prim
TSC1

TSC2
Vabc_Sec Vabc_sec
TSC3

C
A

B
r

C
A
B

B
SVC control C2 F1 F2 F3

Capacitor 3C 11th / 13th 24th HP

(150 Mvar) (150 Mvar) (150 Mvar) 150 Mvar)

Three-phase harmonic filters

Figure 8. Overall scheme of the system to simulate in MATLAB/Simulink

Tension entre phases au secondaire

2
vab-sec(pu)

1
0
-1
-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Amplitude mesurée de la tension au primaire et sa réference

1.1
Vréf
Vmes(pu)

1.025 Vmes
1

0.93
0.9
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Figure 9. Voltage between phase in primary and its amplitude provided by the programmable source

735/16KV
333MVA
RL=10 Ω LL=1H ISVC
Identical 3TSC
ITC ITSC 94MVAR each

735/500K
+ R
LL=à.5H

Vs 735KV V
60Hz 1200MVA
Rp=92.85 Ω
P=500Mw

R=0.14 ΏLL=18.7m

Ls=1.13m

-
Elements

H
RLC

Vmes Rectifier
Rs=8.52m
C=308.4µF

Three-Phase Harmonic
Filter
Vref
TCR
Control system
109MVAR

Figure 10. Overall scheme of the system to simulate (single-line diagram)

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  177

4.1. Simulation results (hybrid SVC disconnected)

In this first case, we represent the shape of the source voltage, its amplitude, the voltage of the
nonlinear load, their zoom, and their total harmonic distortion THD (Figure 11). The SVC and the three-
phase harmonic filter are disconnected.

VOLTAGE THE LOAD VOLTAGE

2 THE SOURCE VOLTAGE
1

v(pu)
0
-1
-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Measured amplitude of the source voltage

Vmes(pu)

1,025
1
0,95

0,87
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Times

VOLTAGE(ZOOM) THE LOAD VOLTAGE

2 THE SOURCE VOLTAGE
v(pu)

-2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
20 THD OF THE VOLTAGE
16.4
15
THDv

10 THDv OF THE LOAD

THDv OF THE SOURCE
5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Times

Figure 11. Source voltage, its amplitude, load voltage and their THD (total harmonic distortion)

In the same case we represent the shape of the currents of the source and of the nonlinear load, their
zoom, and their total harmonic distortion THD (Figure 12).

CURRENT
10 THE LOAD CURRENT
i(pu/100MVA

THE SOURCE CURRENT

5

-5

-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Times
CURRENT (ZOOM)
10 THE LOAD CURRENT
i(pu/100MVA

THE SOURCE CURRENT

5

-5

-10
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Times

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178  ISSN: 2088-8694

THD OF THE CURRENT

20
THD OF THE LOAD
15 THD OF THE SOURCE

THDi
10
5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Times

Figure 12. Currents of the source and of the nonlinear load and their THD

4.2. Simulation results (hybrid SVC connected)

In the second case, we represent the shape of the source voltage, its amplitude, the voltage of the
nonlinear load, their zoom, and their total harmonic distortion THD (Figure 13). The SVC and the three-
phase harmonic filter are connected.

VOLTAGE THE LOAD VOLTAGE

2 THE SOURCE VOLTAGE
1
v(pu)

0
-1
-2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Measured amplitude of the primary
1.1
Vmes(pu)

1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Times
VOLTAGE(ZOOM) THE LOAD VOLTAGE
2 THE SOURCE VOLTAGE
1
v(pu)

0
-1
-2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

20 THD OF THE VOLTAGE

16.4
15
THDv

THDv OF THE LOAD

10 THDv OF THE SOURCE
5
0.65
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Times

Figure 13. Source voltage, its amplitude, load voltage and their THD

In the same case we represent the shape of the currents of the source and of the nonlinear load, their
zoom, and their total harmonic distortion THD also the reactive power absorbed or provided by the SVC to
compensate the disturbances of the source voltage (voltage drop, overvoltage or distortion) (Figure 14).

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  179

CURRENT THE LOAD CURRENT

i(pu/100MVA)
10 THE SOURCE CURRENT

-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
20 THD OF THE CURRENT
THDi OF THE SOURCE
15 THDi OF THE LOAD

THDi
12.2
10
5
1.3
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Times
CURRENT(ZOOM) THE LOAD CURRENT
i(pu/100MVA)

10 THE SOURCE CURRENT

-10
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
REACTIVE POWER OF THE SYSTEM
400
Q(MVAR)

200

-200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Times

Figure 14. Currents of the source and of the nonlinear load, their THD and the reactive power absorbed or
provided by the SVC

4.3. Simulation results (SVC connected and the three-phase filter disconnected)
In the tird case, we represent the shape of the source voltage, its amplitude, the voltage of the
nonlinear load, their zoom, and their total harmonic distortion THD (Figure 15). The SVC is connected and
the three-phase harmonic filter is disconnected.

VOLTAGE THE LOAD VOLTAGE VOLTAGE THE LOAD VOLTAGE

2 THE SOURCE VOLTAGE 2 THE SOURCE VOLTAGE

1 1
v(pu)
v(pu)

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
THD OF THE VOLTAGE
15 Measured amplitude of the source voltage
13.15
Vmes(pu)

1
THDv

10 THDv OF THE LOAD

THDv OF THE SOURCE 0.95
5 0.92

0 0.85
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Times
Times

Figure 15. Source voltage, its amplitude, load voltage and their THD

Impact of the hybrid reactive power compensator (HSVC) on the power grid .... (Abdelkader Rahmouni)
180  ISSN: 2088-8694

In the same case we represent the shape of the currents of the source and of the nonlinear load, their
zoom, and their total harmonic distortion THD also the reactive power absorbed or provided by the SVC to
compensate the disturbances of the source voltage (voltage drop, overvoltage or distortion) (Figure 16).

CURRENT(ZOOM) THE LOAD CURRENT

i(pu/100MVA)
THE LOAD CURRENT
i(pu/100MVA)

CURRENT
10 THE SOURCE CURRENT 10 THE SOURCE CURRENT

0 0

-10 -10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
20 THD OF THE CURRENT REACTIVE POWER OF THE SYSTEM
THDi OF THE LOAD 400

Q(MVAR)
15 THDi OF THE SOURCE
12.67 200
THDi

10
0
5
0 -200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Times Times

Figure 16. Currents and their THD and the reactive power absorbed or provided by the SVC

4.4. Comparative result of the amplitude of the source voltage

In Figure 17, we represent the shape of the amplitude of the source voltage for comparison between
the three cases of simulation.

HSVC DISCONNECTED
Measured amplitude of the source voltage HSVC CONNECTED
SVC CONNECTED
1,025
Vmes(pu)

0,95

0,87
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Times

Figure 17. Comparative result of Vmes for the three cases

4.5. HSVC behavior with the two regulators

In Figure 18 we have represented the amplitude of the voltage source and the reactive power
absorbed or provided by the SVC with the two regulators proposed, the PIP and the Fuzzy PI in order to
compare these results.

Measured amplitude of the source voltage Reactive power of the system Q-Fuzzy PI regulator
1.1 Vmes - Fuzzy PI regulator 400 Q-PIP regulator
Vmes - PIP regulator
Vmes(pu)

Q(MVAR)

1.05
200
1
0
0.95

0.9 -200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Times Times

Figure 18. Source voltage amplitude and reactive power absorbed or provided by the SVC

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4.6. Discussions results

4.6.1. 1st case: the HSVC disconnect
Initially, the source voltage undergoes a deep fall because of the two variations existing from the
source and presents a distortion and because of the nonlinear load which generates harmonic currents and
therefore consumes of two ways the reactive power. The voltage dropped in this case down to-0.87 pu
(Figure 11 voltages and their THD (Harmonic distortion rate) and amplitude of the source voltage). So no
compensation is reached by the HDVC.

4.6.2. 2nd case: the HSVC connected

In this case, the harmonics filter eliminates harmonic currents and therefore reduces the
consumption of the reactive power. The THD (Harmonic distortion rate) of current and voltage are very
visibly reduced, the THDv becomes 0.65% (Figure 13) and the THDi becomes 1.30% (Figure 14). At t = 0.1s,
the voltage increases to 1.025 pu. The SVC reacts to deliver it to its reference by absorbing reactive power.
At this point all the TSCs are out of service and the TCR is almost in full conduction. At t = 0.4s, the source
voltage is abruptly decreased to 0.93 pu. The SVC reacts by producing reactive power, thereby increasing the
voltage near its reference. At this point the three TSCs are in service and the TCR absorbs approximately
40% of the reactive power. Each time a TSC is initiated, the angle α of the TCR changes suddenly from 180
degrees (no conduction) to 90 degrees (full conduction). Finally, at t = 0.7s, the busbar voltage is increased to
1.0 pu and the reactive power of the SVC is reduced to zero (Figure 13 amplitude of the source voltage).

4.6.3. 3nd case: SVC connected and HF disconnected

The SVC reacts to return the voltage to its reference by supplying the reactive power during the time
interval [0.1 1] (Figure 16) reactive power of the SVC). At this point in the time interval [0.1 0.4], two TSCs
are in service and in the remaining time the three TSCs are in service the TCR remains closed (the angle α of
the TCR remains at 180 degrees (no conduction)) given the large reactive power consumed. In this case the
fall is improved but it is not the most desirable. This is due to harmonic currents and the consumption of
reactive power by the non-linear load.
The SVC alone without the harmonic filter does not achieve the desired compensation, the
Harmonic distortion rate THDi = 12.65% of the load current and the THDv = 12.65% of the source voltage
remain unchangeable (Figure 15 and Figure 16). Finally, In general, the SVC was able to give satisfactory
compensation results by using the two voltage regulators. With the PI Fuzzy regulator, the SVC gave
maximum compensation and the best results compared to the PIP regulator. The PIP regulator has a shorter
stabilization time compared to PI fuzzy (Figure 18).

5. CONCLUSION
In this work, I have tried to illustrate the usefulness, efficiency and speed of control ling voltages
and reactive power, as well as eliminating harmonic currents and voltages by inserting the hybrid SVC
controller. In this dispute I have described the structure of the hybrid SVC with a study of each model. The
simulations are made on the SVC constituted by a TCR and three TSCs by adding an HF harmonic filter to it
to become the hybrid SVC (HSVC). And to make the latter more efficient I have introduced two voltage
regulators, the first is the PIP and the second is the regulator using the fuzzy PI. The results obtained show
that the HSVC control device can play a very important role in the field of reactive power compensation and
the control of the voltages of the different nodes. In particular, the HSVC with the fuzzy PI regulator
presented more satisfactory results.

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Impact of the hybrid reactive power compensator (HSVC) on the power grid .... (Abdelkader Rahmouni)
182  ISSN: 2088-8694

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BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHOR

Abdelkader RAHMOUNI was born in Bechar, Algeria, in 1968. He received the Engineer
degree in Electrotechnics in 1992 from Sidibelabes University, Algeria and the Magister degree
in Energetic Physics from Bechar University, Algeria, in 2008. Obtained his Doctorate degree in
Electrical Engineering from Bechar university in 2015. He is currently Teacher in Bechar
University, Algeria. His main research activity is focused on energy quality Flexible AC
Transmission systems (FACTS), power electronics, process control and renewable energy

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2021 : 170 – 182